scholarly journals Methyl Salicylate Enhances Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Tea Leaves by Stimulating the Phenylpropanoid Pathway

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Li ◽  
Li-Ping Zhang ◽  
Lan Zhang ◽  
Peng Yan ◽  
Golam Ahammed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Salicylate ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽  
Flavonoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Tea Leaves ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Key Enzyme

The phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) is a secondary metabolite that regulates plant growth, development and responses to stress. However, the role of SA in the biosynthesis of flavonoids (a large class of secondary metabolites) in tea (Camellia sinensis L.) remains largely unknown. Here, we show that exogenous methyl salicylate (MeSA, the methyl ester of SA) increased flavonoid concentration in tea leaves in a dose-dependent manner. While a moderate concentration of MeSA (1 mM) resulted in the highest increase in flavonoid concentration, a high concentration of MeSA (5 mM) decreased flavonoid concentration in tea leaves. A time-course of flavonoid concentration following 1 mM MeSA application showed that flavonoid concentration peaked at 2 days after treatment and then gradually declined, reaching a concentration lower than that of control after 6 days. Consistent with the time course of flavonoid concentration, MeSA enhanced the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL, a key enzyme for the biosynthesis of flavonoids) as early as 12 h after the treatment, which peaked after 1 day and then gradually declined upto 6 days. qRT-PCR analysis of the genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis revealed that exogenous MeSA upregulated the expression of genes such as CsPAL, CsC4H, Cs4CL, CsCHS, CsCHI, CsF3H, CsDFR, CsANS and CsUFGT in tea leaves. These results suggest a role for MeSA in modulating the flavonoid biosynthesis in green tea leaves, which might have potential implications in manipulating the tea quality and stress tolerance in tea plants.

Naked Poly(amidoamine) Dendrimer Nanoparticles Exhibit Intrinsic Embryotoxicity During the Early Stages of Normal Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 1454-1462
Author(s):  
Hadeel Kheraldine ◽  
Ishita Gupta ◽  
Hashim Alhussain ◽  
Ayesha Jabeen ◽  
Saghir Akhtar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Normal Development ◽  
Chorioallantoic Membrane ◽  
Pamam Dendrimers ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
The Impact

To investigate the impact of poly(amidoamine) dendrimers (PAMAMs) in the embryo, we explored the outcome of different generations (G4 and G6) on the early stages of embryogenesis using the chicken embryo as a model. We also monitored their effect on angiogenesis in the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). Our data revealed that cationic PAMAMs provoke substantial embryotoxicity, as they significantly induce death (up to 50%, p < 0 05) and inhibit angiogenesis of the CAM (up to 30%, p < 0 05) in a generation-dependent manner in comparison to controls and other types of PAMAMs (anionic and neutral). Moreover, cationic PAMAMs alter the expression of genes related to cell survival, cell cycle, proliferation, transcription factor, apoptosis, and angiogenesis, as shown by RT-PCR analysis. Our data suggest that PAMAM dendrimers exhibit intrinsic toxicity in embryos at the early stages and inhibits angiogenesis of the CAM. Thus, future studies are necessary to illustrate the exact mechanism of PAMAM dendrimers in embryotoxicity.

scholarly journals Both canonical and non-canonical NF-κB activation contribute to the proliferative response of the middle ear mucosa during bacterial infection

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 626-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Gun Cho ◽  
Kwang Pak ◽  
Nicholas Webster ◽  
Arwa Kurabi ◽  
Allen F Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ear ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Middle Ear Mucosa ◽  
Mucosal Hyperplasia ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Canonical Pathways

A major aspect of pathology in otitis media (OM), the most common childhood bacterial disease, is hyperplasia of the middle ear mucosa. Activation of innate immune receptors during OM leads to the activation of NF-κB, a pleiotropic transcription factor involved both in inflammation and tissue growth. To explore the role of NF-κB in mucosal hyperplasia during OM, we evaluated the expression of genes involved in two modes of NF-κB activation during a complete episode of acute, bacterial OM in mice. We also determined the effects of inhibitors of each pathway on infection-stimulated mucosal growth in vitro. A majority of the genes that mediate both the canonical and the non-canonical pathways of NF-κB activation were regulated during OM, many with kinetics related to the time course of mucosal hyperplasia. Inhibition of either pathway reduced the growth of cultured mucosal explants in a dose-dependent manner. However, inhibition of the canonical pathway produced a greater effect, suggesting that this mode of NF-κB activation dominates mucosal hyperplasia during OM.

scholarly journals Antibacterial Activity ofRhus javanicaagainst Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureus

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong-Ouk You ◽  
Na-Young Choi ◽  
Sun-Young Kang ◽  
Kang-Ju Kim
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Bactericidal Effect ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Inhibited Acid

In the present study, the leaves ofRhus javanica(R. javanica) were extracted with ethanol, and we investigated the antimicrobial activity of the ethanol extract ofR. javanicaagainst methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA). Control groups were treated with media containing 0.1% DMSO. The ethanol extract ofR. javanicainhibited the growth of MRSA at concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 0.2 mg/mL and inhibited acid production at concentrations higher than 0.1 mg/mL (P<0.05). MRSA biofilm formation was determined by scanning electron microscopy and safranin staining. The ethanol extract ofR. javanicainhibited the formation of MRSA biofilms at concentrations higher than 0.05 mg/mL. In confocal laser scanning microscopy, high concentration (0.4–1.6 mg/mL) ofR. javanicaextract showed bactericidal effect in a dose-dependent manner. In real-time PCR analysis,R. javanicaextract showed the inhibition of the genetic expression of virulence factors such asmecA,sea,agrA, andsarAin MRSA. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the strong presence of phenolics. These results suggest thatR. javanicamay be a useful medicinal plant for inhibiting MRSA, which may be related to the presence of phenolics in theR. javanicaextract.

Does coffee, tea and caffeine consumption reduce the risk of incident breast cancer? A systematic review and network meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Shu Wang ◽  
Xiang Li ◽  
Yue Yang ◽  
Jingping Xie ◽  
Mingyue Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Tea Consumption ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Coffee Intake

Abstract Objective: We aimed to evaluate the association between coffee and/or tea consumption and breast cancer (BC) risk among premenopausal and postmenopausal women and to conduct a network meta-analysis. Design: Systematic review and network meta-analysis. Setting: We conducted a systematic review of electronic publications in the last 30 years to identify case–control studies or prospective cohort studies that evaluated the effects of coffee and tea intake. Results: Forty-five studies that included more than 3 323 288 participants were eligible for analysis. Network meta-analysis was performed to determine the effects of coffee and/or tea consumption on reducing BC risk in a dose-dependent manner and differences in coffee/tea type, menopause status, hormone receptor and the BMI in subgroup and meta-regression analyses. According to the first pairwise meta-analysis, low-dose coffee intake and high-dose tea intake may exhibit efficacy in preventing ER(estrogen receptor)− BC, particularly in postmenopausal women. Then, we performed another pairwise and network meta-analysis and determined that the recommended daily doses were 2–3 cups/d of coffee or ≥5 cups/d of tea, which contained a high concentration of caffeine, particularly in postmenopausal women. Conclusions: Coffee and tea consumption is not associated with a reduction in the overall BC risk in postmenopausal women and is associated with a potentially lower risk of ER− BC. And the highest recommended dose is 2–3 cups of coffee/d or ≥5 cups of tea/d. They are potentially useful dietary protectants for preventing BC.

scholarly journals NtbHLH1, a JAF13-like bHLH, interacts with NtMYB6 to enhance proanthocyanidin accumulation in Chinese Narcissus

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuxin Fan ◽  
Jiayu Peng ◽  
Jiacheng Wu ◽  
Ping Zhou ◽  
Ruijie He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flavonoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Flavonoid Pathway ◽  
Regulation Of Expression ◽  
Over Expression ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Regulatory Complex ◽  
Positive Regulators ◽  
R2r3 Myb

Abstract Background Flavonoid biosynthesis in plants is primarily regulated at the transcriptional level by transcription factors modulating the expression of genes encoding enzymes in the flavonoid pathway. One of the most studied transcription factor complexes involved in this regulation consists of a MYB, bHLH and WD40. However, in Chinese Narcissus (Narcissus tazetta L. var. chinensis), a popular monocot bulb flower, the regulatory mechanism of flavonoid biosynthesis remains unclear. Results In this work, genes related to the regulatory complex, NtbHLH1 and a R2R3-MYB NtMYB6, were cloned from Chinese Narcissus. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that NtbHLH1 belongs to the JAF13 clade of bHLH IIIf subgroup, while NtMYB6 was highly homologous to positive regulators of proanthocyanidin biosynthesis. Both NtbHLH1 and NtMYB6 have highest expression levels in basal plates of Narcissus, where there is an accumulation of proanthocyanidin. Ectopic over expression of NtbHLH1 in tobacco resulted in an increase in anthocyanin accumulation in flowers, and an up-regulation of expression of the endogenous tobacco bHLH AN1 and flavonoid biosynthesis genes. In contrast, the expression level of LAR gene was significantly increased in NtMYB6-transgenic tobacco. Dual luciferase assays showed that co-infiltration of NtbHLH1 and NtMYB6 significantly activated the promoter of Chinese Narcissus DFR gene. Furthermore, a yeast two-hybrid assay confirmed that NtbHLH1 interacts with NtMYB6. Conclusions Our results suggest that NtbHLH1 may function as a regulatory partner by interacting directly with NtMYB6 to enhance proanthocyanidin accumulation in Chinese Narcissus.

scholarly journals Volatile 1-octanol of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) fuels cell division and indole-3-acetic acid production in phylloplane isolate Pseudomonas sp. NEEL19

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Poovarasan Neelakandan ◽  
Chiu-Chung Young ◽  
Asif Hameed ◽  
Yu-Ning Wang ◽  
Kui-Nuo Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Tea Leaves ◽  
Acetic Acid Production ◽  
Iaa Production ◽  
Solvent Tolerant ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid

AbstractTea leaves possess numerous volatile organic compounds (VOC) that contribute to tea’s characteristic aroma. Some components of tea VOC were known to exhibit antimicrobial activity; however, their impact on bacteria remains elusive. Here, we showed that the VOC of fresh aqueous tea leaf extract, recovered through hydrodistillation, promoted cell division and tryptophan-dependent indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production in Pseudomonas sp. NEEL19, a solvent-tolerant isolate of the tea phylloplane. 1-octanol was identified as one of the responsible volatiles stimulating cell division, metabolic change, swimming motility, putative pili/nanowire formation and IAA production, through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, microscopy and partition petri dish culture analyses. The bacterial metabolic responses including IAA production increased under 1-octanol vapor in a dose-dependent manner, whereas direct-contact in liquid culture failed to elicit such response. Thus, volatile 1-octanol emitting from tea leaves is a potential modulator of cell division, colonization and phytohormone production in NEEL19, possibly influencing the tea aroma.

scholarly journals A Synergistic Anti-Diabetic Effect by Ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg3 through Adipogenic and Insulin Signaling Pathways in 3T3-L1 Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1725
Author(s):  
Hee-Do Hong ◽  
Sun-Il Choi ◽  
Ok-Hwan Lee ◽  
Young-Cheul Kim
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Insulin Signaling ◽  
Adipocyte Differentiation ◽  
Red Ginseng ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Maximal Expression

Although ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg3 have been identified as the significant ginsenosides found in red ginseng that confer anti-diabetic actions, it is unclear whether insulin-sensitizing effects are mediated by the individual compounds or by their combination. To determine the effect of ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg3 on adipocyte differentiation, 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were induced to differentiate the standard hormonal inducers in the absence or presence of ginsenosides Rb1 or Rg3. Additionally, we determined the effects of Rb1, Rg3, or their combination on the expression of genes related to adipocyte differentiation, adipogenic transcription factors, and the insulin signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 cells using semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Rb1 significantly increased the expression of CEBPα, PPARγ, and aP2 mRNAs. However, Rg3 exerted its maximal stimulatory effect on these genes at 1 μM concentration, while a high concentration (50 μM) showed inhibitory effects. Similarly, treatment with Rb1 and Rg3 (1 μM) increased the expression of IRS-1, Akt, PI3K, GLUT4, and adiponectin. Importantly, co-treatment of Rb1 and Rg3 (9:1) induced the maximal expression levels of these mRNAs. Our data indicate that the anti-diabetic activity of red ginseng is, in part, mediated by synergistic actions of Rb1 and Rg3, further supporting the significance of minor Rg3.

scholarly journals Decoding the temporal nature of brain GR activity in the NFκB signal transition leading to depressive-like behavior

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young-Min Han ◽  
Min Sun Kim ◽  
Juyeong Jo ◽  
Daiha Shin ◽  
Seung-Hae Kwon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Action ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Middle Phase ◽  
Temporal Shift

AbstractThe fine-tuning of neuroinflammation is crucial for brain homeostasis as well as its immune response. The transcription factor, nuclear factor-κ-B (NFκB) is a key inflammatory player that is antagonized via anti-inflammatory actions exerted by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). However, technical limitations have restricted our understanding of how GR is involved in the dynamics of NFκB in vivo. In this study, we used an improved lentiviral-based reporter to elucidate the time course of NFκB and GR activities during behavioral changes from sickness to depression induced by a systemic lipopolysaccharide challenge. The trajectory of NFκB activity established a behavioral basis for the NFκB signal transition involved in three phases, sickness-early-phase, normal-middle-phase, and depressive-like-late-phase. The temporal shift in brain GR activity was differentially involved in the transition of NFκB signals during the normal and depressive-like phases. The middle-phase GR effectively inhibited NFκB in a glucocorticoid-dependent manner, but the late-phase GR had no inhibitory action. Furthermore, we revealed the cryptic role of basal GR activity in the early NFκB signal transition, as evidenced by the fact that blocking GR activity with RU486 led to early depressive-like episodes through the emergence of the brain NFκB activity. These results highlight the inhibitory action of GR on NFκB by the basal and activated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis during body-to-brain inflammatory spread, providing clues about molecular mechanisms underlying systemic inflammation caused by such as COVID-19 infection, leading to depression.

scholarly journals Uptake and Distribution of Administered Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell Extracellular Vesicles in Retina

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 730
Author(s):  
Biji Mathew ◽  
Leianne A. Torres ◽  
Lorea Gamboa Gamboa Acha ◽  
Sophie Tran ◽  
Alice Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cell ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Paracrine Effects

Cell replacement therapy using mesenchymal (MSC) and other stem cells has been evaluated for diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma. This approach has significant limitations, including few cells integrated, aberrant growth, and surgical complications. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Exosomes/Extracellular Vesicles (MSC EVs), which include exosomes and microvesicles, are an emerging alternative, promoting immunomodulation, repair, and regeneration by mediating MSC’s paracrine effects. For the clinical translation of EV therapy, it is important to determine the cellular destination and time course of EV uptake in the retina following administration. Here, we tested the cellular fate of EVs using in vivo rat retinas, ex vivo retinal explant, and primary retinal cells. Intravitreally administered fluorescent EVs were rapidly cleared from the vitreous. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) had maximal EV fluorescence at 14 days post administration, and microglia at 7 days. Both in vivo and in the explant model, most EVs were no deeper than the inner nuclear layer. Retinal astrocytes, microglia, and mixed neurons in vitro endocytosed EVs in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, our results indicate that intravitreal EVs are suited for the treatment of retinal diseases affecting the inner retina. Modification of the EV surface should be considered for maintaining EVs in the vitreous for prolonged delivery.

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