scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Hydrophilic Ingredients in Toad Skin and Toad Venom Using the UHPLC-HR-MS/MS and UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS Methods Together with the Anti-Inflammatory Evaluation of Indolealkylamines

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Zhang ◽  
Bo Yuan ◽  
Norio Takagi ◽  
Hongjie Wang ◽  
Yanyan Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Zebrafish Embryo ◽  
Bufo Bufo ◽  
Toad Skin ◽  
Bufo Melanostictus ◽  
Bufo Gargarizans ◽  
Toad Venom ◽  
Quantitative Results ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
The Difference

Toad skin and toad venom, as two kinds of Chinese medicine, are prepared from Bufo bufo gargarizans Cantor and Bufo melanostictus Schneider. However, they display distinct properties in traditional application, and the hydrophilic ingredients are the possible distinguishing chemicals between them. In this work, 36 and 22 hydrophilic components were characterized from toad skin and venom, respectively, by UHPLC-HR-MS/MS, including amino acids, nucleosides, polypeptides, and indolealkylamines (IAAs). Among them, 15 compounds were unambiguously confirmed by comparison with standards. The CID-MS/MS fragmentation behaviors of seven indolealkylamine references were investigated to ascertain three types of structures. Subsequently, 11 high abundance contents of hydrophilic ingredients were determined from 11 batches of toad skin and 4 batches of toad venom by UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS. The quantitative results showed that the content of main IAAs in toad venom was much higher than in skin. In addition, the N-methyl serotonin (free IAA), bufothionine (combined IAA), and total IAAs sample were selected for anti-inflammatory evaluation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated zebrafish embryo models. The obvious anti-inflammatory activities of IAAs were observed, especially for the free IAAs. This study illustrated IAAs were the main distinct hydrophilic components that probably lead to the difference between toad skin and toad venom in traditional applications.

scholarly journals A New Indole Alkaloid from the Toad Venom of Bufo bufo gargarizans

Molecules ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying-Hui Dai ◽  
Bo Shen ◽  
Ming-Yu Xia ◽  
An-Dong Wang ◽  
Yu-Lin Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indole Alkaloid ◽  
Bufo Bufo ◽  
Bufo Gargarizans ◽  
Toad Venom

Efficient purification of low molecular weight nitrogen polar compounds from the skin of Bufo bufo gargarizans Cantor by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography with a polar-copolymerized C18 stationary phase

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (14) ◽  
pp. 5183-5190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaolong Li ◽  
Runqi Huang ◽  
Yanfang Liu ◽  
Hongli Jin ◽  
Huihui Wan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Stationary Phase ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Polar Compounds ◽  
Bufo Bufo ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Toad Skin ◽  
Bufo Gargarizans ◽  
Novel Method

A novel method based on the polar-copolymerized C18 stationary phase was developed to separate polar compounds from toad skin.

scholarly journals Two New Indole Alkaloids from Toad Venom of Bufo bufo gargarizans

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (19) ◽  
pp. 4511
Author(s):  
Yu-Lin Chen ◽  
Ying-Hui Dai ◽  
An-Dong Wang ◽  
Zi-Ying Zhou ◽  
Miao Lei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malignant Melanoma ◽  
Indole Alkaloids ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Bufo Bufo ◽  
Spectroscopic Methods ◽  
Human Malignant Melanoma ◽  
Mtt Method ◽  
Bufo Gargarizans ◽  
Toad Venom ◽  
First Time

Two new indole alkaloids, Bufotenidine B (2) and Bufocarboline A (6), along with seven known indole alkaloids (1, 3–5, and 7–9) and three organic acids (10–12), were isolated from the water extract of toad venom. The structures of the new alkaloids were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods. The absolute configurations of 4, 6, and 8 were determined for the first time by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. The cytotoxic activity of all compounds was tested against human malignant melanoma cells A375 by the MTT method, and no antitumor activity was observed.

scholarly journals Toad Glandular Secretions and Skin Extractions as Anti-Inflammatory and Anticancer Agents

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji Qi ◽  
C. K. Tan ◽  
Saeed M. Hashimi ◽  
Abu Hasanat Md. Zulfiker ◽  
David Good ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anticancer Agents ◽  
Bufo Bufo ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Toad Skin ◽  
Natural Agents ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Infection And Inflammation ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Novel Drug

Toad glandular secretions and skin extractions contain many natural agents which may provide a unique resource for novel drug development. The dried secretion from the auricular and skin glands of Chinese toad (Bufo bufo gargarizans) is named Chansu, which has been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for treating infection and inflammation for hundreds of years. The sterilized hot water extraction of dried toad skin is named Huachansu (Cinobufacini) which was developed for treating hepatitis B virus (HBV) and several types of cancers. However, the mechanisms of action of Chansu, Huachansu, and their constituents within are not well reported. Existing studies have suggested that their anti-inflammation and anticancer potential were via targeting Nuclear Factor (NF)-κB and its signalling pathways which are crucial hallmarks of inflammation and cancer in various experimental models. Here, we review some current studies of Chansu, Huachansu, and their compounds in terms of their use as both anti-inflammatory and anticancer agents. We also explored the potential use of toad glandular secretions and skin extractions as alternate resources for treating human cancers in combinational therapies.

scholarly journals Meroterpenoids: A Comprehensive Update Insight on Structural Diversity and Biology

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 957
Author(s):  
Mamona Nazir ◽  
Muhammad Saleem ◽  
Muhammad Imran Tousif ◽  
Muhammad Aijaz Anwar ◽  
Frank Surup ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
Chemical Diversity ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
Natural Sources ◽  
Hybrid Compounds ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Meroterpenoids are secondary metabolites formed due to mixed biosynthetic pathways which are produced in part from a terpenoid co-substrate. These mixed biosynthetically hybrid compounds are widely produced by bacteria, algae, plants, and animals. Notably amazing chemical diversity is generated among meroterpenoids via a combination of terpenoid scaffolds with polyketides, alkaloids, phenols, and amino acids. This review deals with the isolation, chemical diversity, and biological effects of 452 new meroterpenoids reported from natural sources from January 2016 to December 2020. Most of the meroterpenoids possess antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, enzyme inhibitory, and immunosupressive effects.

Pseudogenized Amelogenin Reveals Early Tooth Loss in True Toads (Anura: Bufonidae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Shaheen ◽  
Austin B Mudd ◽  
Thomas G H Diekwisch ◽  
John Abramyan
Keyword(s):  
Tooth Loss ◽  
Tooth Enamel ◽  
Synonymous Substitution ◽  
Bufo Bufo ◽  
Molecular Dating ◽  
Bufo Gargarizans ◽  
The Family ◽  
Synonymous Substitution Rates ◽  
Mandibular Teeth ◽  
Early Tooth Loss

Abstract Extant anurans (frogs and toads) exhibit reduced dentition, ranging from a lack of mandibular teeth to complete edentulation, as observed in the true toads of the family Bufonidae. The evolutionary timeline of these reductions remains vague due to a poor fossil record. Previous studies have demonstrated an association between the lack of teeth in edentulous vertebrates and the pseudogenization of the major tooth enamel gene amelogenin (AMEL) through accumulation of deleterious mutations and the disruption of its coding sequence. In the present study we have harnessed the pseudogenization of AMEL as a molecular dating tool to correlate loss of dentition with genomic mutation patterns during the rise of the family Bufonidae. Specifically, we have utilized AMEL pseudogenes in three members of the family as a tool to estimate the putative date of edentulation in true toads. Comparison of AMEL sequences from Rhinella marina, Bufo gargarizans and Bufo bufo, with nine extant, dentulous frogs, revealed mutations confirming AMEL inactivation in Bufonidae. AMEL pseudogenes in modern bufonids also exhibited remarkably high 86–93% sequence identity among each other, with only a slight increase in substitution rate and relaxation of selective pressure, in comparison to functional copies in other anurans. Moreover, using selection intensity estimates and synonymous substitution rates, analysis of functional and pseudogenized AMEL resulted in an estimated inactivation window of 46-60 MYA in the lineage leading to modern true toads, a timeline that coincides with the rise of the family Bufonidae.

Bufadienolides from the Eggs of the Toad Bufo bufo gargarizans and Their Antimelanoma Activities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shi-wen Zhou ◽  
Jing-yu Quan ◽  
Zi-wei Li ◽  
Ge Ye ◽  
Zhuo Shang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bufo Bufo ◽  
Bufo Gargarizans ◽  
Toad Bufo ◽  
Toad Bufo Bufo
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