scholarly journals A New Indole Alkaloid from the Toad Venom of Bufo bufo gargarizans

Molecules ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying-Hui Dai ◽  
Bo Shen ◽  
Ming-Yu Xia ◽  
An-Dong Wang ◽  
Yu-Lin Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indole Alkaloid ◽  
Bufo Bufo ◽  
Bufo Gargarizans ◽  
Toad Venom

scholarly journals Two New Indole Alkaloids from Toad Venom of Bufo bufo gargarizans

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (19) ◽  
pp. 4511
Author(s):  
Yu-Lin Chen ◽  
Ying-Hui Dai ◽  
An-Dong Wang ◽  
Zi-Ying Zhou ◽  
Miao Lei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malignant Melanoma ◽  
Indole Alkaloids ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Bufo Bufo ◽  
Spectroscopic Methods ◽  
Human Malignant Melanoma ◽  
Mtt Method ◽  
Bufo Gargarizans ◽  
Toad Venom ◽  
First Time

Two new indole alkaloids, Bufotenidine B (2) and Bufocarboline A (6), along with seven known indole alkaloids (1, 3–5, and 7–9) and three organic acids (10–12), were isolated from the water extract of toad venom. The structures of the new alkaloids were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods. The absolute configurations of 4, 6, and 8 were determined for the first time by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. The cytotoxic activity of all compounds was tested against human malignant melanoma cells A375 by the MTT method, and no antitumor activity was observed.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Hydrophilic Ingredients in Toad Skin and Toad Venom Using the UHPLC-HR-MS/MS and UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS Methods Together with the Anti-Inflammatory Evaluation of Indolealkylamines

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Zhang ◽  
Bo Yuan ◽  
Norio Takagi ◽  
Hongjie Wang ◽  
Yanyan Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Zebrafish Embryo ◽  
Bufo Bufo ◽  
Toad Skin ◽  
Bufo Melanostictus ◽  
Bufo Gargarizans ◽  
Toad Venom ◽  
Quantitative Results ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
The Difference

Toad skin and toad venom, as two kinds of Chinese medicine, are prepared from Bufo bufo gargarizans Cantor and Bufo melanostictus Schneider. However, they display distinct properties in traditional application, and the hydrophilic ingredients are the possible distinguishing chemicals between them. In this work, 36 and 22 hydrophilic components were characterized from toad skin and venom, respectively, by UHPLC-HR-MS/MS, including amino acids, nucleosides, polypeptides, and indolealkylamines (IAAs). Among them, 15 compounds were unambiguously confirmed by comparison with standards. The CID-MS/MS fragmentation behaviors of seven indolealkylamine references were investigated to ascertain three types of structures. Subsequently, 11 high abundance contents of hydrophilic ingredients were determined from 11 batches of toad skin and 4 batches of toad venom by UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS. The quantitative results showed that the content of main IAAs in toad venom was much higher than in skin. In addition, the N-methyl serotonin (free IAA), bufothionine (combined IAA), and total IAAs sample were selected for anti-inflammatory evaluation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated zebrafish embryo models. The obvious anti-inflammatory activities of IAAs were observed, especially for the free IAAs. This study illustrated IAAs were the main distinct hydrophilic components that probably lead to the difference between toad skin and toad venom in traditional applications.

Pseudogenized Amelogenin Reveals Early Tooth Loss in True Toads (Anura: Bufonidae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Shaheen ◽  
Austin B Mudd ◽  
Thomas G H Diekwisch ◽  
John Abramyan
Keyword(s):  
Tooth Loss ◽  
Tooth Enamel ◽  
Synonymous Substitution ◽  
Bufo Bufo ◽  
Molecular Dating ◽  
Bufo Gargarizans ◽  
The Family ◽  
Synonymous Substitution Rates ◽  
Mandibular Teeth ◽  
Early Tooth Loss

Abstract Extant anurans (frogs and toads) exhibit reduced dentition, ranging from a lack of mandibular teeth to complete edentulation, as observed in the true toads of the family Bufonidae. The evolutionary timeline of these reductions remains vague due to a poor fossil record. Previous studies have demonstrated an association between the lack of teeth in edentulous vertebrates and the pseudogenization of the major tooth enamel gene amelogenin (AMEL) through accumulation of deleterious mutations and the disruption of its coding sequence. In the present study we have harnessed the pseudogenization of AMEL as a molecular dating tool to correlate loss of dentition with genomic mutation patterns during the rise of the family Bufonidae. Specifically, we have utilized AMEL pseudogenes in three members of the family as a tool to estimate the putative date of edentulation in true toads. Comparison of AMEL sequences from Rhinella marina, Bufo gargarizans and Bufo bufo, with nine extant, dentulous frogs, revealed mutations confirming AMEL inactivation in Bufonidae. AMEL pseudogenes in modern bufonids also exhibited remarkably high 86–93% sequence identity among each other, with only a slight increase in substitution rate and relaxation of selective pressure, in comparison to functional copies in other anurans. Moreover, using selection intensity estimates and synonymous substitution rates, analysis of functional and pseudogenized AMEL resulted in an estimated inactivation window of 46-60 MYA in the lineage leading to modern true toads, a timeline that coincides with the rise of the family Bufonidae.

Bufadienolides from the Eggs of the Toad Bufo bufo gargarizans and Their Antimelanoma Activities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shi-wen Zhou ◽  
Jing-yu Quan ◽  
Zi-wei Li ◽  
Ge Ye ◽  
Zhuo Shang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bufo Bufo ◽  
Bufo Gargarizans ◽  
Toad Bufo ◽  
Toad Bufo Bufo

Bufogargarizins A and B: Two Novel 19-Norbufadienolides with Unprecedented Skeletons from the Venom of Bufo bufo gargarizans

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (36) ◽  
pp. 10989-10993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hai-Yan Tian ◽  
Lei Wang ◽  
Xiao-Qi Zhang ◽  
Ying Wang ◽  
Dong-Mei Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bufo Bufo ◽  
Bufo Gargarizans

Bufadienolides and polyhydroxycholestane derivatives from Bufo bufo gargarizans

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 364-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan-Min Wang ◽  
Zong-Yun Li ◽  
Jing-Jing Wang ◽  
Xi-Yan Wu ◽  
Hui-Min Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bufo Bufo ◽  
Bufo Gargarizans

scholarly journals Cinobufacini from the Skin of Bufo bufo gargarizans Induces Apoptosis, Possibly via Activation of the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway, in Human Osteosarcoma Cells

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1801300
Author(s):  
Xiu-cai Ma ◽  
Hui-qiang Ding ◽  
Jian-dang Shi ◽  
Long Hei ◽  
Ning-kui Niu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Cell Morphology ◽  
Bufo Bufo ◽  
Tunel Staining ◽  
Osteosarcoma Cell ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Bufo Gargarizans ◽  
Human Osteosarcoma Cells ◽  
Induced Apoptosis ◽  
Related Proteins

Cinobufacini (huachansu) is a traditional Chinese medicine extracted from the skin of Bufo bufo gargarizans, which is used in clinical cancer therapy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the signaling pathways regulating cinobufacini-induced apoptosis in the osteosarcoma cell line, U2OS. We used 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol- 2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay to evaluate the effects of cinobufacini on cell proliferation in U2OS cells. Changes in cell morphology and apoptosis were detected by TUNEL staining. The expression of apoptosis-related and Wnt/β-catenin pathway proteins was detected by immunofluorescence, RT-PCR, and western blot analysis. Our data indicated that cinobufacini significantly inhibited cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Marked changes in cell morphology and apoptosis rate were clearly observed after cinobufacini treatment. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway was activated, and β-catenin expression was positive in cells after treatment. Further, protein expression of bax was increased, whereas bcl-2 was decreased, resulting in an increased bax/bcl-2 ratio. Moreover, after cinobufacini treatment, the expression of Wnt/β-catenin pathway-related proteins was similar to controls. Taken together, our study indicates that cinobufacini can induce apoptosis in U2OS cells, likely through activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.

Bufospirostenin A and Bufogargarizin C, Steroids with Rearranged Skeletons from the Toad Bufo bufo gargarizans

2017 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 1182-1186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hai-Yan Tian ◽  
Li-Jun Ruan ◽  
Tong Yu ◽  
Qing-Fei Zheng ◽  
Nan-Hao Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bufo Bufo ◽  
Bufo Gargarizans ◽  
Toad Bufo ◽  
Toad Bufo Bufo
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