scholarly journals Effect of New Thiophene-Derived Aminophosphonic Derivatives on Growth of Terrestrial Plants. Part 2. Their Ecotoxicological Impact and Phytotoxicity Test Toward Herbicidal Application in Agriculture

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 3173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Rogacz ◽  
Jarosław Lewkowski ◽  
Zbigniew Malinowski ◽  
Agnieszka Matusiak ◽  
Marta Morawska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Polymeric Carrier ◽  
Toxic Impact ◽  
Phytotoxicity Test ◽  
Aliivibrio Fischeri ◽  
Thiophene Derivatives ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Heterocypris Incongruens

Background: The aim of this work was to evaluate phytotoxicity of the thiophene derivatives against three persistent weeds of a high degree of resistance (Galinsoga parviflora Cav., Rumex acetosa L., and Chenopodium album) as well as their ecotoxicological impact on Heterocypris incongruens. In addition, Aliivibrio fischeri was measured. Two of eight described aminophosphonates, namely dimethyl N-(2-methoxyphenyl)amino(2-thienyl)methylphosphonate (2d) and dimethyl N-(tert-butyl)- (2-thienyl)methylphosphonate (2h), have never been reported before. Methods: The phytotoxicity of tested aminophosphonates toward their potential application as soil-applied herbicides was evaluated according to the OECD 208 Guideline. Ecotoxicological properties of investigated compounds were made using the OSTRACODTOXKITTM and Microtox® tests. Results: Obtained results showed that four aminophosphonates have interesting herbicidal properties and N-(2-methylphenyl)amino- (2-thienyl)methylphosphonate (2a) was found to kill efficiently the most resistant plant Chenopodium album. None of the tested compounds showed important toxicity against Aliivibrio fischeri. However, their toxic impact on Heterocypris incongruens was significantly elevated. Conclusions: The aminophosphonate 2a showed herbicidal potential and it is not toxic against tested bacteria (EC50 over 1000 mg/L). It was found to be moderately toxic against ostracods [mortality 48% at 10 mg/kg of soil dry weight (s.d.w.)] and this problem should be solved by the use of the controlled release from a polymeric carrier.

scholarly journals The Effect of New Thiophene-Derived Diphenyl Aminophosphonates on Growth of Terrestrial Plants

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 2018
Author(s):  
Diana Rogacz ◽  
Jarosław Lewkowski ◽  
Marta Siedlarek ◽  
Rafał Karpowicz ◽  
Anna Kowalczyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Raphanus Sativus ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Rumex Acetosa ◽  
Raphanus Sativus L ◽  
Aliivibrio Fischeri ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Heterocypris Incongruens

The aim of this work was to evaluate the impact of the thiophene-derived aminophosphonates 1–6 on seedling emergence and growth of monocotyledonous oat (Avena sativa) and dicotyledonous radish (Raphanus sativus L.), and phytotoxicity against three persistent and resistant weeds (Galinsoga parviflora Cav., Rumex acetosa L., and Chenopodium album). Aminophosphonates 1–6 have never been described in the literature. The phytotoxicity of tested aminophosphonates toward their potential application as soil-applied herbicides was evaluated according to the OECD (Organization for Economic and Cooperation Development Publishing) 208 Guideline. In addition, their ecotoxicological impact on crustaceans Heterocypris incongruens and bacteria Aliivibrio fischeri was measured using the OSTRACODTOXKITTM and Microtox® tests. Obtained results showed that none of the tested compounds were found sufficiently phytotoxic and none of them have any herbicidal potential. None of the tested compounds showed important toxicity against Aliivibrio fischeri but they should be considered as slightly harmful. Harmful impacts of compounds 1–6 on Heterocypris incongruens were found to be significant.

Interference and Seed Production by Common Lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) in Soybeans (Glycine max)

Weed Science ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kent Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Weed Biomass ◽  
Common Lambsquarters

Multiple regression and response surface plots were used to analyze the effects of common lambsquarters population density and interference duration on weed growth and soybean seed yield. Under favorable growing conditions in 1986, weed biomass production at all population densities and interference durations was four to five times that produced in 1987, under less favorable conditions. However, there was no significant treatment by year interaction for soybean seed yield reduction by common lambsquarters, and production of each kg/ha weed biomass resulted in an average soybean yield reduction of 0.26 kg/ha. Utilizing 5% yield loss as an arbitrary threshold level, the regression equation predicted a common lambsquarters density threshold of 2 plants/m of row for 5 weeks of interference after crop emergence and 1 plant/m of row for 7 weeks. Seed production by individual common lambsquarters plants was highly correlated (r=0.92) with weed dry weight, and seed production ranged from 30 000 to 176 000 seeds/plant.

scholarly journals ESTIMATION OF THE PURITY OF PREPARATIONS OF ELEMENTARY BODIES OF VACCINIA

1939 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph E. Smadel ◽  
Thomas M. Rivers ◽  
Edward G. Pickels
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Vaccine Virus ◽  
Elementary Body ◽  
High Degree

A method of estimating the purity of preparations of elementary bodies of vaccinia is described. It depends on the comparison of the number of infective units of virus in a given material with the number of elementary bodies. The latter figure is estimated from the dry weight of the preparation by means of a calculated value for the weight of a single dehydrated elementary body. Values for the ratio of infective units of vaccine virus to elementary bodies varied between 1 : 2.4 and 1 : 9.2 in seven consecutive experiments; the average was 1:4.2. These ratios indicate a high degree of purity of the preparation. Moreover, they indicate that a relatively high percentage of the elementary bodies in the preparations was infective.

Evidence for silicon as a prevalent elemental component in pollen wall structure

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (10) ◽  
pp. 2171-2174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard E. Crang ◽  
Georgiana May
Keyword(s):  
Tapetal Cell ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Pollen Wall ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Elemental Silicon ◽  
Pollen Ontogeny ◽  
Elemental Component ◽  
High Degree

Lychnis alba pollen possesses 0.73–0.79% elemental silicon (dry weight), and levels at least as high as in pollen exines have been indicated in tapetal orbicules upon maturation. Even higher levels of elemental silicon (1.30–1.37%) were recorded from Impatiens sultanii pollen. This may indicate that silicon is an important elemental component of exine materials characteristic of many types of pollen, in which silicate compounds may aid in the high degree of pollen resistance to geological weathering, microbial decay, and acetolysis treatments. Further, the data for the incorporation of silicon in L. alba pollen in this report support the concept that exine materials are derived from tapetal cell secretions during pollen ontogeny.

scholarly journals Activity of the Recommended and Optimized Rates of Pyridate on Chickpea - Mesorhizobium mediterraneum Symbiosis

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi PARSA ◽  
Akbar ALIVERDI ◽  
Hossein HAMMAMI
Keyword(s):  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Recommended Dose ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
L Value ◽  
Symbiotic Properties ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Chickpea Cultivars

Crop-rhizobium symbiosis can be influenced by leaching of herbicides which is unavoidable after their application. Due to an adjuvant which might help to develop the low-use-rate of herbicide, an experiment was carried out to compare the impact of the recommended rate (1200 g active ingredient ha-1) and the optimized rate (282.15 g active ingredient ha-1) of pyridate on the biological properties of eight chickpea cultivars inoculated with Mesorhizobium mediterraneum, grown in pots. Based on the required rate of herbicide to give 95% control of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) value, the efficacy of pyridate improved up to 3.87-fold by adding methylated rapeseed oil to spray solution. The ‘Desi’ cultivar had significantly higher nodulation than ‘Kabuli’ cultivar. In general, toxicity of the recommended rate was higher than the optimized rate. With the exception of root dry weight, all of the measured parameters were significantly affected by the recommended rate of pyridate in varying degrees. The symbiotic properties of chickpea cultivars were affected more than 10% at the recommended dose. The reduced nodulation ranged from 29% to 73% among cultivars exposed to pyridate at the recommended dose. The ‘Desi’ cultivar was more sensitive than the ‘Kabuli’ to the recommended rate of pyridate. We may conclude that effective low-use-rate of pyridate via applying of activator adjuvants should be noted.

Characterization of Selected Common Lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) Biotypes with Tolerance to Glyphosate

Weed Science ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 685-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew M. Westhoven ◽  
Greg R. Kruger ◽  
Corey K. Gerber ◽  
Jeff M. Stachler ◽  
Mark M. Loux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Flower Primordia ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Early Portion ◽  
Dose Response Study

Biotypes of common lambsquarters with tolerance to glyphosate have been identified in a number of states, but little is known about their fitness characteristics. Field and greenhouse studies were conducted to characterize the response of selected glyphosate-tolerant common lambsquarters biotypes to glyphosate, and also their biological and reproductive characteristics. In a greenhouse dose-response study, GR50and GR90values for four tolerant biotypes ranged from 1.48 to 3.22 and 8.73 to 18.7 kg ae ha−1, respectively, compared to 0.57 and 2.39 kg ae ha−1, respectively, for a glyphosate-sensitive biotype. In a field dose-response study, the GR50and GR90values were 0.06 and 0.48 kg ae ha−1, respectively, for a tolerant biotype, compared to 0.036 and 0.19 kg ae ha−1, respectively, for the sensitive biotype. The growth rate, time until flowering, and seed production of eight tolerant and two sensitive biotypes was evaluated in a field study. The tolerant biotypes grew taller, amassed more leaf area and dry weight, and advanced through growth stages more rapidly than sensitive biotypes during the early portion of the growing season. The tolerant biotypes were taller than sensitive biotypes at 6 and 10 wk after transplanting, but had lower dry weight at maturity. Tolerant biotypes initiated flower primordia approximately 6 to 8 wk after transplanting, whereas sensitive biotypes required 12 wk. However, no apparent fitness penalties were observed in glyphosate-tolerant biotypes based on seed-production estimates.

Polyol and sugar content of terrestrial plants from continental Antarctica

1992 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 413-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Roser ◽  
D.R. Melick ◽  
H.U. Ling ◽  
R.D. Seppelt
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Total Carbohydrate ◽  
Antarctic Species ◽  
Prasiola Crispa ◽  
Windmill Islands ◽  
Carbohydrate Levels

Ethanol extractable polyols and sugars from the dominant cryptogams of the Windmill Islands, Wilkes Land, East Antarctica, were characterized and quantified by gas liquid chromatography. Arabitol, ribitol and mannitol were the major low molecular weight carbohydrates extracted from all eight species of lichen analysed. Total extractable carbohydrate levels (20–60 mg g−1 dry weight) were comparable to those for temperate lichens. Extracts of four common bryophyte species were dominated by sucrose, glucose and fructose; little polyhydric alcohol was detected except in the liverwort Cephaloziella exiliflora which contained a substantial proportion of mannitol. Total carbohydrate levels in the bryophytes (9–60 mg g−1 dry weight) were comparable to those in lichens. The compositions of eight species of algae varied considerably. Prasiola crispa, Desmococcus vulgaris and Schizogonium murale possessed sorbitol as their main constituent and had extractable carbohydrate contents comparable to those found in bryophytes on a dry weight or chlorophyll a content basis. The one snow alga with comparable carbohydrate levels, Mesotaenium berggrenii, contained sucrose, glucose, glycerol and a number of unidentified compounds. The remaining four species (Oscillatoria sp., Chloromonas sp.1 and Chlorosarcina sp. 2 and Chlamydomonas pseudopulsatilla) did not accumulate comparable levels of sugars and polyols. Though the levels of these compounds were much lower in the Windmill Islands lichens than in maritime Antarctic species, their content with respect to water content (0.7–7 molal) was well above that at which cold acclimated plants accumulate these compounds (c. 100–500 millimolal), and which provide cryoprotection in vitro. In the case of the bryophytes and algae, however, the in vivo content was generally < 100 millimolal.

Inheritance of Resistance to The Auxinic Herbicide Dicamba in Kochia (Kochia scoparia)

Weed Science ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Preston ◽  
David S. Belles ◽  
Philip H. Westra ◽  
Scott J. Nissen ◽  
Sarah M. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Inheritance Of Resistance ◽  
Kochia Scoparia ◽  
Susceptible Line ◽  
Degree Of Dominance ◽  
Hand Pollination ◽  
Single Allele ◽  
Seven Generations ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Family Segregation

The inheritance of resistance to the auxinic herbicide dicamba was examined in a kochia population from Nebraska. An inbred, resistant line was developed by selection and selfing over seven generations to ensure any resistance alleles would be homozygous in the parents. An inbred, susceptible line was similarly developed, but without selection. Dose–response experiments with dicamba determined a glyphosate-resistant concentration required to inhibit dry weight accumulation by 50% (GR50) of 45 and 1,331 g ae ha−1for the susceptible and resistant populations, respectively. F1crosses were made between resistant and susceptible inbred individuals by hand-pollination, and the F1plants were selfed to produce F2plants. The F2population was screened with 280 g ha−1dicamba, a rate that could discriminate between susceptible and resistant plants. A total of eight F2families were screened twice. In the first screen, seven F2families segregated in a 3:1 ratio, consistent with a single dominant allele controlling resistance, and in the second screen six F2families segregated in a 3:1 ratio. F2individuals were selfed, the F3progeny were tested with 280 g ha−1dicamba, and the genotype of each F2parent was determined based on F3progeny segregation. F3family segregation was consistent with the F2parents having a 1:2:1 homozygous-susceptible:heterozygote:homozygous-resistant pattern, confirming that resistance to dicamba in kochia is likely conferred by a single allele with a high degree of dominance.

The relative competitiveness of atrazine susceptible and resistant populations of Chenopodium album and C. strictum

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 689-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. I. Warwick ◽  
L. Black
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Replacement Series ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
Resistant Population ◽  
Reproductive Biomass ◽  
Susceptible Populations

The total aboveground biomass and reproductive dry weight of one atrazine resistant and one susceptible population from southern Ontario of each of two species of Chenopodium, C. album and C. strictum, were compared. The comparison was made between plants grown under both noncompetitive and competitive conditions. Results from a spaced noncompetitive trial provided evidence for: (1) greater total and reproductive biomass production and earlier flowering of resistant and susceptible populations of C. album as compared with both populations of C. strictum, (2) greater aboveground total and reproductive biomass production of the susceptible population of C. album as compared with the resistant population, and (3) greater total aboveground biomass production (but similar reproductive biomass) of the susceptible population of C. strictum as compared with the resistant population. Results from the competition trials (i.e., plants grown in a de Wit replacement series), provided evidence for inter- and intra-specific differences in competitive ability: (1) the susceptible population of C. album was found to be more competitive than the susceptible population of C. strictum, (2) the susceptible population of C. album was a superior competitor to the resistant population, and (3) the resistant and susceptible populations of C. strictum appeared to be equally competitive.

scholarly journals Weight-to-weight conversion factors for benthic macrofauna: recent measurements from the Baltic and the North Seas

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayya Gogina ◽  
Anja Zettler ◽  
Michael L. Zettler
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Assessment ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Conversion Factors ◽  
Food Web Interactions ◽  
The North ◽  
Reference Information ◽  
Region Data ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
High Degree

Abstract. Estimates of biomass often involve the use of weight-to-weight conversion factors for rapid assessment of dry-weights based metrics from more widely available measurements of wet weights. Availability of standardized biomass data is essential amid research on population dynamics, energy flow, fishery and food web interactions. However, for many species and groups the widely-applicable freely available conversion factors until now remained very rough approximations with high degree of taxonomic generalization. To close up this gap, here for the first time we publish the most detailed and statically robust list of ratios of wet weight (WW), dry weight (DW) and ash-free dry weight (AFDW). The dataset includes over 17000 records of single measurements for 497 taxa. Along with aggregated calculations, enclosed reference information with sampling dates and geographical coordinates provides the broad opportunity for reuse and repurposing. It empowers the future user to do targeted sub selections of data to best combine them with own local data, instead of only having a single value of conversion factor per region. Data can help to quantify natural variability and uncertainty, and assist to refine current ecological theory. The dataset is available via an unrestricted repository from: http://doi.io-warnemuende.de/10.12754/data-2021-0002 (Gogina et al., 2021).

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