scholarly journals The Effects of Different Degrees of Procyanidin Polymerization on the Nutrient Absorption and Digestive Enzyme Activity in Mice

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 2916 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huairong Zhong ◽  
Yong Xue ◽  
Xiaoyuan Lu ◽  
Qiang Shao ◽  
Yuelei Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Digestive Enzyme ◽  
Degree Of Polymerization ◽  
Nutrient Absorption ◽  
Digestive Enzyme Activity ◽  
Total Food Intake ◽  
Total Food ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
High Degree

Proanthocyanidins, including polymers with both low and high degrees of polymerization, are the focus of intensive research worldwide due to their high antioxidant activity, medicinal applications, and pharmacological properties. However, the nutritional value of these compounds is limited because they readily form complexes with proteins, polysaccharides, and metal ions when consumed. In this study, we examined the effects of proanthocyanidins with different degrees of polymerization on white mice. Twenty-four male white mice were randomly divided into three groups of eight mice each and fed proanthocyanidins with a low degree of polymerization or a high degree of polymerization or a distilled water control via oral gavage over a 56-day period. We examined the effects of these proanthocyanidins on digestive enzyme activity and nutrient absorption. Compared to the control group, the group fed high-polymer proanthocyanidins exhibited a significant reduction in net body mass, total food intake, food utility rate, amylase activity, protease activity, and major nutrient digestibility (p < 0.05), while the group fed low-polymerization proanthocyanidins only exhibited significant reductions in total food intake, α-amylase activity, and apparent digestibility of calcium and zinc (p < 0.05). Therefore, proanthocyanidins with a high degree of polymerization had a greater effect on digestive enzyme activity and nutrient absorption than did those with a low degree of polymerization. This study lays the foundation for elucidating the relationship between procyanidin polymerization and nutrient uptake, with the aim of reducing or eliminating the antinutritional effects of polyphenols.

scholarly journals Probiotic feeding effect of Bacillus subtilis on broilers chicks’ microflora, TLRs and interleukin gene expression

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zaigui Wang ◽  
Ru Yang ◽  
Salman Khan ◽  
Chunjie wei ◽  
Hu Qian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Protease Activity ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Digestive Enzyme ◽  
Digestive Enzyme Activity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Treatment Groups

Abstract The broiler chicks provide the major portion of daily food items. The current study aimed to investigate the effects of Bacillus subtilis (BS) on broiler chicken gut microflora diversity, digestive enzyme activity and expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). A total of 240 crossbred broiler chickens were randomly allocated into 4 groups with 3 replicates. The groups were named as control group (basal diet, BD), group Ⅰ (BD with 300 g/d BS,1.08×107 CFU/kg), group Ⅱ (BD with 600 g/d BS, 2.16×107 CFU/kg), and group Ⅲ (BD with 900 g/d BS, 3.24×107 CFU/kg). Samples were collected at the 21st day. The difference of α diversity and β diversity between control group and treatment groups were not significant, but the abundance of some microorganisms in the treatment groups were improved, and the core microorganisms were different between groups. In comparison of control group, the protease activity in ileum of experimental groups was significantly increased (p < 0.05). Protease activity in ileum of group Ⅱ and Ⅲ was improved by 22.59% (p < 0.01) and 14.49% (p < 0.05). The amylase activity in ileum of treatment groups were also significantly increased (p < 0.05). Amylase activity of group Ⅱ was increased by 41.85% (p < 0.01) in comparison to control, group Ⅰ and Ⅲ. Expression of TLR1A and TLR7 in the jejunum and caecum of treatment groups were significantly up-regulated while their expression in ileum was decreased. Similarly, the expression of TLR1B gene was significantly improved in the ileum, and down regulated in the cecum. Transcription levels of TLR2A and MyD88 in jejunum, liver, spleen and kidney were significantly increased, but their expression was significantly lower in the ileum and cecum. The TLR2B, TLR3, TLR4, TLR15, TLR21 expression were also significantly modulated in various organ of broiler chicken. The most important inflammatory factor such as IL-1β expressions in spleen and kidney were significantly increased in the current data. Bacillus subtilis could not regulate the caecal microflora diversity, but improved amount of some gut probiotics such as lactobacillus, the digestive enzyme activity, regulate some immunogenic expressions and enhance the immune capacity of animal. We hope that the impact of this data will explore the diseases control and feeding quality of broiler chicks at industrial level.

scholarly journals Effects of chitosan supplementation on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and digestive enzyme activity in weaned pigs

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 156-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Xu ◽  
B. Shi ◽  
S. Yan ◽  
J. Li ◽  
T. Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Digestive Enzyme ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Digestive Enzyme Activity ◽  
Proximal Jejunum ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Weaned Pigs

The present experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of dietary chitosan on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and digestive enzyme activities in weaned pigs. A total of 180 weaned pigs (35 days of age, 11.56 &plusmn; 1.61 kg of body weight (BW)) were selected and assigned randomly to 5 treatments containing 0, 100, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg chitosan per kg feed, respectively. Each treatment involved six replicate pens and six pigs per pen. On days 14 and 28, all pigs were weighed and six from each treatment (one from each replicate pen) were killed, and the contents of the stomach, jejunum, and rectum were collected and used for determining nutrient digestibility and digestive enzyme activity. The results showed that supplementation of chitosan improved quadratically average daily gain (ADG) (P &lt; 0.05). Moreover, dietary chitosan quadratically (P &lt; 0.05) increased apparent digestibility of crude protein (CP) on days 14 and 28, and quadratically increased apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM) on day 14 and of Ca and P on day 28, whereas decreased (P &lt; 0.05) apparent digestibility of ether extract in comparison with the control diet. In addition, dietary chitosan quadratically increased (P = 0.062) amylase activity of proximal jejunum and decreased (P &lt; 0.05) lipase activity of distal jejunum compared with the control. These data indicated that diets supplemented with increasing levels of chitosan (0, 100, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg chitosan per kg) quadratically improved ADG of weaned pigs. The growth-promoting action was achieved probably by improved digestibility of major nutrients (DM, CP, Ca, and&nbsp;P) and increased amylase activity of jejunum. &nbsp;

scholarly journals Probiotic feeding effect of Bacillus subtilis on broilers chicks’ microflora, TLRs and interleukin gene expression

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salman Khan ◽  
Ru Yang ◽  
Chunjie wei ◽  
Anam Khalid ◽  
Zaigui Wang
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Protease Activity ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Digestive Enzyme ◽  
Digestive Enzyme Activity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Treatment Groups

Abstract Background The broiler chicks provide the major portion of daily food items. The current study aimed to investigate the effects of Bacillus subtilis on broiler chicken gut microflora diversity, digestive enzyme activity and expression of Toll-like receptors. A total of 240 crossbred broiler chickens were randomly allocated into 4 groups with 3 replicates. The groups were named as control group (basal diet), group Ⅰ (BD with 300 g/d BS,1.08×107 CFU/kg), group Ⅱ (BD with 600 g/d BS, 2.16×107 CFU/kg), and group Ⅲ (BD with 900 g/d BS, 3.24×107 CFU/kg). Samples were collected at the 21st day. The difference of α diversity and β diversity between control group and treatment groups were not significant, but the abundance of some microorganisms in the treatment groups were improved, and the core microorganisms were different between groups. Results In comparison of control group, the protease activity in ileum of experimental groups was significantly increased (p < 0.05). Protease activity in ileum of group Ⅱ and Ⅲ was improved by 22.59% (p < 0.01) and 14.49% (p < 0.05). The amylase activity in ileum of treatment groups were also significantly increased (p < 0.05). Amylase activity of group Ⅱ was increased by 41.85% (p < 0.01) in comparison to control, group Ⅰ and Ⅲ. Expression of TLR1A and TLR7 in the jejunum and caecum of treatment groups were significantly up-regulated while their expression in ileum was decreased. Similarly, the expression of TLR1B gene was significantly improved in the ileum, and down regulated in the cecum. Transcription levels of TLR2A and MyD88 in jejunum, liver, spleen and kidney were significantly increased, but their expression was significantly lower in the ileum and cecum. The TLR2B, TLR3, TLR4, TLR15, TLR21, IL- β expression in spleen and kidney were also significantly modulated in various organ of broiler chicken. Conclusion Bacillus subtilis could not regulate the caecal microflora diversity, but improved amount of some gut probiotics such as lactobacillus, the digestive enzyme activity, regulate some immunogenic expressions and enhance the immune capacity of animal. We hope that the impact of this data will explore the diseases control and feeding quality of broiler chicks at industrial level.

Stimulation of β-(l → 6)-glucanase production by oxidized pustulan

1972 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 1543-1550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Isoelectric Focusing ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Cellulase Production ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Degree Of Oxidation ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Stimulation Of

A strain of Penicillium lilacinum, isolated from soil, produced pustulanase, β-(1 → 3)-glucanase, (EC. 3.2.1.6) and cellulase (EC.3.2.1.4) when cultivated on a medium containing pustulan as the sole source of carbon. If pustulan was replaced by ketopustulan, the production of pustulanase was stimulated about 10-fold although the amount of stimulation was dependent on the degree of oxidation of pustulan. β-(1 → 3)-Glucanase production was stimulated slightly by ketopustulan; however, the degree of oxidation did not affect significantly the yield of this enzyme. Cellulase production was either unaffected by the oxidized polymer, or at higher degrees of oxidation, decreased. Tween 80 stimulated the production of the three enzymes in media containing ketopustulan with a low degree of oxidation but was inhibitory to pustulanase and cellulase production in media containing ketopustulan with a high degree of oxidation. A combination of gel filtration and isoelectric focusing revealed that each enzyme activity was attributable to at least two proteins.

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