scholarly journals Enhancing the Delivery of Chemotherapeutics: Role of Biodegradable Polymeric Nanoparticles

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 2157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jyoti Ahlawat ◽  
Gabriela Henriquez ◽  
Mahesh Narayan
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Polymeric Nanoparticles ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
Drug Dose ◽  
Mononuclear Phagocyte ◽  
The Body ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Pharmaceutical Drugs

While pharmaceutical drugs have revolutionized human life, there are several features that limit their full potential. This review draws attention to some of the obstacles currently facing the use of chemotherapeutic drugs including low solubility, poor bioavailability and high drug dose. Overcoming these issues will further enhance the applicability and potential of current drugs. An emerging technology that is geared towards improving overall therapeutic efficiency resides in drug delivery systems including the use of polymeric nanoparticles which have found widespread use in cancer therapeutics. These polymeric nanoparticles can provide targeted drug delivery, increase the circulation time in the body, reduce the therapeutic indices with minimal side-effects, and accumulate in cells without activating the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS). Given the inroads made in the field of nanodelivery systems for pharmaceutical applications, it is of interest to review and emphasize the importance of Polymeric nanocarrier system for drug delivery in chemotherapy.

Monocyte as an Emerging Tool for Targeted Drug Delivery: A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (44) ◽  
pp. 5296-5312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fakhara Sabir ◽  
Rai K. Farooq ◽  
Asim.ur.Rehman ◽  
Naveed Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Targeted Drug Delivery ◽  
The Body ◽  
Carrier System ◽  
Bone Marrow Precursor ◽  
Extensive Introduction ◽  
Cancer Inflammation ◽  
Targeted Drug ◽  
Cluster Of Differentiation

Monocytes are leading component of the mononuclear phagocytic system that play a key role in phagocytosis and removal of several kinds of microbes from the body. Monocytes are bone marrow precursor cells that stay in the blood for a few days and migrate towards tissues where they differentiate into macrophages. Monocytes can be used as a carrier for delivery of active agents into tissues, where other carriers have no significant access. Targeting monocytes is possible both through passive and active targeting, the former one is simply achieved by enhanced permeation and retention effect while the later one by attachment of ligands on the surface of the lipid-based particulate system. Monocytes have many receptors e.g., mannose, scavenger, integrins, cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) and cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36). The ligands used against these receptors are peptides, lectins, antibodies, glycolipids, and glycoproteins. This review encloses extensive introduction of monocytes as a suitable carrier system for drug delivery, the design of lipid-based carrier system, possible ways for delivery of therapeutics to monocytes, and the role of monocytes in the treatment of life compromising diseases such as cancer, inflammation, stroke, etc.

scholarly journals Modulation of Macrophages M1/M2 Polarization Using Carbohydrate-Functionalized Polymeric Nanoparticles

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 88
Author(s):  
Raquel G. D. Andrade ◽  
Bruno Reis ◽  
Benjamin Costas ◽  
Sofia A. Costa Lima ◽  
Salette Reis
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Polymeric Nanoparticles ◽  
Interaction Mechanism ◽  
Mannose Receptor ◽  
The Body ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Production Methods ◽  
Polymeric Nanocarriers ◽  
Efficient Delivery

Exploiting surface endocytosis receptors using carbohydrate-conjugated nanocarriers brings outstanding approaches to an efficient delivery towards a specific target. Macrophages are cells of innate immunity found throughout the body. Plasticity of macrophages is evidenced by alterations in phenotypic polarization in response to stimuli, and is associated with changes in effector molecules, receptor expression, and cytokine profile. M1-polarized macrophages are involved in pro-inflammatory responses while M2 macrophages are capable of anti-inflammatory response and tissue repair. Modulation of macrophages’ activation state is an effective approach for several disease therapies, mediated by carbohydrate-coated nanocarriers. In this review, polymeric nanocarriers targeting macrophages are described in terms of production methods and conjugation strategies, highlighting the role of mannose receptor in the polarization of macrophages, and targeting approaches for infectious diseases, cancer immunotherapy, and prevention. Translation of this nanomedicine approach still requires further elucidation of the interaction mechanism between nanocarriers and macrophages towards clinical applications.

scholarly journals Microbiocenosis Of Open Cavities Of The Body

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (07) ◽  
pp. 1-45
Author(s):  
Ziyaeva E.R. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Human Life ◽  
The Body ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Drugs ◽  
Topical Problem ◽  
Normal Microflora ◽  
Open Cavities

The article is devoted to a review of the topical problem of our time “Microbiocenosis of open cavities of the body and its role in the occurrence of many diseases of the human body ”. It has now been proven that the normal microflora of the human body plays a huge role in the normal course of life processes. The slightest violation of the composition of microorganisms leads to various irreversible defects in the normal course of human life, which are associated with the functions of the microbiocenosis and which no medicine can replace. The concept of microbiocenosis appeared in the 70s of the last century, although the first stone in this direction was put by Louis Pasteur, who proved the role of a microorganism in the process of fermentation and digestion. Many scientists contributed to the leap forward development of this science, which was forced due to errors in the use of antibiotics and chemotherapeutic drugs. Yes, indeed, the path of development of the science of biocenoses is closely related to the misuse of drugs, which often leads to dysbiosis. In addition, environmental pollution due to the uncontrollable development of urbanization plays a huge role in the development of dysbiotic processes.Therefore, with the aim of acquainting readers with the concept of biocenoses, certain pathways of pathogenetic links in the development of various diseases in violation of the composition of the normal microflora of the human body, we set ourselves the task of conducting a partial review of the achievement of the science of biocenoses of open cavities of the body.

Furor Liturgicus: The Religious Concerns of Russian Poetry

2020 ◽  
pp. 395-411
Author(s):  
Martha M. F. Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Literary Tradition ◽  
Russian Literature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Poetic Tradition ◽  
The World ◽  
Russian Poetry ◽  
Modern Russian

In a now classic 1994 article Victor Zhivov counters the idea that the eighteenth-century quest to create a modern Russian literature represented a wholesale rejection of Russia’s previous literary tradition. He shows instead how poets appropriated elements of Orthodox liturgical tradition in a bid to adapt the classical notion of ‘furor poeticus’, marking it by the eruption of Church Slavonic norms into modern poetics. This chapter demonstrates how, as Zhivov contends, elements of Orthodox liturgical culture have continued to shape the modern Russian poetic tradition from the eighteenth century into the present. In particular, Russian poets have long presented poetry as uniquely able to transform the world by drawing on Orthodox imagery of theosis or divinization—the transfiguration of human life and thus the world, by the divine light and being. The liturgically inflected religious concerns of Russian poetry that sections address include prophecy, human co-creation with God, the problem of the body, and the role of silence.

Anthropomorphic Clay Figurines of the Jomon Period of Japan

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koji Mizoguchi
Keyword(s):  
Female Body ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Visual Representation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Body ◽  
Japanese Archipelago ◽  
Bodily Experiences ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Japanese Archipelago

This chapter charts the trajectory of change of Jomon period clay anthropomorphic figurines in the Japanese archipelago. The earliest specimens embodied the perception of the body and female bodily experiences rather than accurately representing the body itself. Emphasis gradually shifted from the material embodiment of unmediated bodily perception and experiences to the visual representation of the body. Through this process, the subject of the representation expanded from the female body to the bodies of various categories of being, including animals and fantastic/supernatural beings, and the figurines came to embody the mutual transformability. These beings were networked to form an ‘animistic’ cosmology whose successful reproduction was metaphorically linked to that of human life and community. The decline of the symbolic role of the female reproductive faculty as the universal referent in the prayer for communal well-being led to the end of the Jomon clay anthropomorphic figurines.

scholarly journals Diet and Skin Aging—From the Perspective of Food Nutrition

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 870 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changwei Cao ◽  
Zhichao Xiao ◽  
Yinglong Wu ◽  
Changrong Ge
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Skin Aging ◽  
The Body ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Healthy Skin ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Chronological Aging ◽  
Complex Biological Process ◽  
Food And Nutrition

We regularly face primary challenges in deciding what to eat to maintain young and healthy skin, defining a healthy diet and the role of diet in aging. The topic that currently attracts maximum attention is ways to maintain healthy skin and delay skin aging. Skin is the primary barrier that protects the body from external aggressions. Skin aging is a complex biological process, categorized as chronological aging and photo-aging, and is affected by internal factors and external factors. With the rapid breakthrough of medicine in prolonging human life and the rapid deterioration of environmental conditions, it has become urgent to find safe and effective methods to treat skin aging. For diet, as the main way for the body to obtain energy and nutrients, people have gradually realized its importance to the skin. Therefore, in this review, we discuss the skin structure, aging manifestations, and possible mechanisms, summarize the research progress, challenges, possible directions of diet management, and effects of foodborne antioxidants on skin aging from the perspective of food and nutrition.

Role of size of drug delivery carriers for pulmonary and intravenous administration with emphasis on cancer therapeutics and lung-targeted drug delivery

RSC Advances ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (62) ◽  
pp. 32673-32689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chetna Dhand ◽  
Molamma P. Prabhakaran ◽  
Roger W. Beuerman ◽  
R. Lakshminarayanan ◽  
Neeraj Dwivedi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Intravenous Administration ◽  
Targeted Drug Delivery ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
Drug Carriers ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Targeted Drug

The design of a drug delivery system and the fabrication of efficient, successful, and targeted drug carriers are two separate issues that require slightly different design parameters.

scholarly journals Stimuli responsive polymeric nanoparticles in regulated drug delivery for cancer

2012 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepak Yadav ◽  
Suruchi Suri ◽  
Anis Chaudhary ◽  
Mohd Beg ◽  
Veena Garg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Polymeric Nanoparticles ◽  
Polymer System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Stimuli Responsive ◽  
Preferred Temperature ◽  
Thermally Responsive ◽  
Property Changes

Stimuli responsive polymeric nanoparticles in regulated drug delivery for cancer Stimuli-responsive drug delivery system is a concept in which a drug is delivered at a suitable rate in response to stimuli. States of diseases may cause an alteration in some parameters of the body (e.g. in tumors) and the onset and offset of the drug delivery can be done by using this as a stimuli or a "trigger". Stimuli-responsive ("intellectual" or "sharp") resources and molecules show abrupt property changes in response to miniature changes in external stimuli such as pH, temperature etc. For regulated drug delivery, environmental stimuli such as pH and temperature, which undertake phase transition in polymer system, have been investigated. Thermally-responsive polymers can be tuned to a preferred temperature variety by copolymerization with a hydrophilic co-monomer or a hydrophobic co-monomer. Hydrophilic co-monomers increase the LCST while hydrophobic co-monomers decrease the LCST. The stimuli responsive polymer for regulated drug delivery can contain a polymer and copolymers having equilibrium of hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups. A number of these polymers have been investigated extensively and some success in drug delivery with them has been achieved, such as polymers and copolymers of N-isopropylacrylamide, PLGA, and PLA, HEMA etc. Thus this review is designed for stimuli pH and temperature responsive polymeric nanoparticles, which would be helpful to treat various cronic diseases such as cancer and others, for scientists in the field of the regulated drug delivery system.

scholarly journals Nanotechnology to the Rescue: Treatment Perspective for the Immune Dysregulation Observed in COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela E. Peter ◽  
B. V. Sandeep ◽  
B. Ganga Rao ◽  
V. Lakshmi Kalpana
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Immune Dysregulation ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Signaling Cascades ◽  
Great Promise

The study of the use of nanotechnology for drug delivery has been extensive. Nanomedical approaches for therapeutics; drug delivery in particular is superior to conventional methods in that it allows for controlled targeted delivery and release, higher stability, extended circulation time, minimal side-effects, and improved pharmacokinetic clearance (of the drug) form the body, to name a few. The magnitude of COVID-19, the current ongoing pandemic has been severe; it has caused widespread the loss of human life. In individuals with severe COVID-19, immune dysregulation and a rampant state of hyperinflammation is observed. This kind of an immunopathological response is detrimental and results in rapid disease progression, development of secondary infections, sepsis and can be fatal. Several studies have pin-pointed the reason for this immune dysregulation; deviations in the signaling pathways involved in the mediation and control of immune responses. In severe COVID-19 patients, many signaling cascades including JAK/STAT, NF-κB, MAPK/ERK, TGF beta, VEGF, and Notch signaling were found to be either upregulated or inactivated. Targeting these aberrant signaling pathways in conjunction with antiviral therapy will effectuate mitigation of the hyperinflammation, hypercytokinemia, and promote faster recovery. The science of the use of nanocarriers as delivery agents to modulate these signaling pathways is not new; it has already been explored for other inflammatory diseases and in particular, cancer therapy. Numerous studies have evaluated the efficacy and potential of nanomedical approaches to modulate these signaling pathways and have been met with positive results. A treatment regime, that includes nanotherapeutics and antiviral therapies will prove effective and holds great promise for the successful treatment of COVID-19. In this article, we review different nanomedical approaches already studied for targeting aberrant signaling pathways, the host immune response to SARS-CoV-2, immunopathology and the dysregulated signaling pathways observed in severe COVID-19 and the current treatment methods in use for targeting signaling cascades in COVID-19. We then conclude by suggesting that the use of nanomedical drug delivery systems for targeting signaling pathways can be extended to effectively target the aberrant signaling pathways in COVID-19 for best treatment results.

scholarly journals Is it possible to enhance immune response after vaccination? The role of a probiotic with a proven positive effect on all components of the immune system

2021 ◽  
pp. 89-98
Author(s):  
E. V. Kanner ◽  
M. L. Maksimov ◽  
I. D. Kanner ◽  
N. M. Lapkin ◽  
A. V. Gorelov
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Lactobacillus Rhamnosus ◽  
Probiotic Strain ◽  
Route Of Administration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Vaccine Adjuvants ◽  
Probiotic Strains

Preventive vaccination is currently the most affordable and economical way to reduce morbidity and mortality from many infections, improve quality and human life expectancy with an almost ideal balance of benefits and risks among all medical procedures. The article deals with the reasons for variability of the immune response caused by vaccines, between individuals and between populations, which is of fundamental importance for human health. The authors have presented data indicating a key role of the gut microbiota in the control of the immune response to vaccination. Particular attention is paid to the microbial diversity in different loci of the body. The role of microorganisms in the proper functioning of the body and the formation of a number of pathological conditions is described. Most modern vaccines are live-attenuated, killed / inactivated or subunit (recombinant) vaccines, and they are designed for the parenteral route of administration. Most of these vaccines elicit a weak immune response, especially in the mucous membranes, due to the route of administration and are associated with weak cell-mediated immunity. Therefore, mechanisms that can enhance virus-specific vaccine immunity in infants and children are required, such as the use of more potent or selective immunity-enhancing adjuvants. Some probiotic strains may be considered as promising vaccine adjuvants. This article evaluates the recent clinical studies of probiotics used to enhance vaccine-specific immunity in adults and infants. The present-day knowledge on the role of the probiotic strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG with the aim of activating immunity after vaccination are presented.

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