scholarly journals Two Classes of Pigments, Carotenoids and C-Phycocyanin, in Spirulina Powder and Their Antioxidant Activities

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 2065 ◽  
Author(s):  
Woo Park ◽  
Hye-Jin Kim ◽  
Min Li ◽  
Dong Lim ◽  
Jungmin Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Arthrospira Platensis ◽  
Pigment Content ◽  
Total Carotenoid ◽  
Total Carotenoids ◽  
L Value ◽  
Uv Visible ◽  
Commercial Distribution ◽  
Different Sources

Arthrospira platensis is the widely available source of spirulina that contains distinctive natural pigments, including carotenoids and C-phycocyanin (C-PC). In this study, the major carotenoid and C-PC contents were determined in seven commercially available spirulina powder products and laboratory-prepared A. platensis trichomes (AP-1) by an LC-DAD method and UV-Visible spectrometry, respectively. The correlation of these two pigment content levels with Hunter color coordinates and antioxidant activity was also evaluated. The L* value failed to show a significant correlation with pigment content, but a positive correlation was observed between a* values and the contents of total carotenoid and C-PC. As b* values decreased, the chlorophyll a and C-PC contents increased. AP-1 exhibited the highest content of total carotenoids, chlorophyll a and C-PC, and antioxidant activities among the samples. This observation could be related to degradation of these pigments during the mass production process. The carotenoid profiles suggested that the commercial spirulina powders originated from two different sources, A. platensis and A. maxima. Total carotenoid and C-PC content exhibited positive significant correlations with antioxidant activities measured by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) assays. These results provide a strong scientific foundation for the establishment of standards for the commercial distribution of quality spirulina products.

scholarly journals Two Classes of Pigments, Carotenoids and C-Phycocyanin, in Spirulina Powder and Their Antioxidant Activities

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Woo Sung Park ◽  
Hye-Jin Kim ◽  
Min Li ◽  
Dong-Hoon Lim ◽  
Jungmin Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Arthrospira Platensis ◽  
Pigment Content ◽  
Total Carotenoid ◽  
Total Carotenoids ◽  
Natural Pigments ◽  
L Value ◽  
Uv Visible ◽  
Commercial Distribution ◽  
Different Sources

Arthrospira platensis is the widely available source of spirulina and contains distinctive natural pigments including carotenoids and C-phycocyanin (C-PC). In this study, the major carotenoid and C-PC contents were determined in seven commercially available spirulina powder products and laboratory-prepared A. platensis trichomes (AP-1) by an LC-DAD method and a UV-Visible spectrometry, respectively. The correlation of these two pigment content levels with Hunter color coordinates and antioxidant activity was also evaluated. The L* value failed to show a significant correlation with pigment content, but a positive correlation was observed between a* values and the contents of total carotenoid and C-PC. As b* values decreased, the total carotenoid and C-PC contents increased. AP-1 exhibited the highest content of total carotenoids, chlorophyll a and C-PC, and antioxidant activities among the samples. This observation could be related to degradation of these pigments during the mass production process. The carotenoid profiles suggested that the commercial spirulina powders originated from two different sources, A. platensis and A. maxima. Total carotenoid and C-PC content exhibited positive significant correlations with antioxidant activities measured by DPPH and ABTS assays. These results provide a strong scientific foundation for the establishment of standards for the commercial distribution of quality spirulina products.

scholarly journals Impact of field dodder (Cuscuta campestris Yunk.) on physiological and anatomical changes in untreated and herbicide-treated alfalfa plants

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 115-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marija Saric-Krsmanovic ◽  
Dragana Bozic ◽  
Ljiljana Radivojevic ◽  
Jelena Gajic-Umiljendic ◽  
Sava Vrbnicanin
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Pigment Content ◽  
Chlorophyll B ◽  
Total Carotenoids ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Bundle Sheath Cells ◽  
Cuscuta Campestris ◽  
Leaf Parameters ◽  
Anatomical Parameters

The effects of field dodder on physiological processes and the anatomy of alfalfa plants were examined under controlled conditions. The experiment included the following variants: N - noninfested alfalfa plants (control); I - infested alfalfa plants (untreated); T - infested plants treated with imazethapyr. Imazethapyr application rate was 100 g a.i. ha-1. The following parameters were checked: physiological - pigment content (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total carotenoids); anatomical - stem parameters: thickness of epidermis and cortex, and diameter of stem and central cylinder; leaf parameters: thickness of epidermis, parenchyma and spongy tissue, mesophyll and underside leaf epidermis, and diameter of bundle sheath cells in alfalfa plants. Pigment contents and anatomical parameters were measured: prior to herbicide treatment (0 assessment), then 7 (I assessment), 14 (II assessment), 21 (III assessment), 28 (IV assessment) and 35 (V assessment) days after application (DAA). Field dodder was found to affect the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll a and carotenoids in untreated alfalfa plants, causing significant reductions in pigment content. Conversely, percent reduction in the treated plants decreased 22-5% for chlorophyll a, 25-1%, for chlorophyll b, and 21-11% for carotenoids, while a stimulating effect of 1-6% was observed for the contents of chlorophyll b and carotenoids 35 DAA. Plants infested (untreated) by field dodder had lower values of most anatomical parameters, compared to noninfested plants. The measured anatomical parameters of alfalfa stems and leaves had significantly higher values in noninfested plants and plants treated with imazethapyr than in untreated plants.

scholarly journals Carotenoids in the pulp and peel of bananas from 15 cultivars in two ripening stages

Revista CERES ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
César Fernandes Aquino ◽  
Luiz Carlos Chamhum Salomão ◽  
Helena Maria Pinheiro-Sant’ana ◽  
Sônia Machado Rocha Ribeiro ◽  
Dalmo Lopes De Siqueira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Slight Reduction ◽  
Total Carotenoid ◽  
Total Carotenoids ◽  
Carotenoid Concentration ◽  
Ripening Stages ◽  
Lutein Content ◽  
Uv Visible ◽  
Mean Concentration ◽  
Β Carotene

ABSTRACT The current study aims to evaluate the occurrence and concentration of carotenoids in the pulp and peel of 14 banana and one plantain cultivars in two ripening stages. We analyzed the occurrence and content of lutein, α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, and lycopene - by high performance liquid chromatography with UV-visible detection, the content of total carotenoids by spectrophotometry. In the unripe pulp, the ‘Ouro’ cultivar stood out with lutein concentration 13 times higher than that of the ‘Marmelo’. As for α-carotene and β-carotene, ‘Terrinha’ plantain stood out with mean concentration of 1195.30 and 1126.11 μg (100 g MF-1), respectively. Total carotenoids ranged from 159.66 to 2553.51 μg (100 g MF-1) in ‘Caipira’ and ‘Terrinha’, respectively. In the ripe pulp there was 36% increase in the lutein content in comparison to the unripe pulp and there was 7.3 and 8.5% reduction in α-carotene and β-carotene levels, respectively. The total carotenoid concentration in the ripe pulp was 17% higher than that found in the unripe pulp. The unripe peel showed lutein predominance, although ‘Terrinha’ stood out with higher α-carotene and β-carotene concentrations than those found in the other cultivars. Lutein concentration hardly changed due to fruit ripening; however, there was slight reduction in α-carotene and β-carotene concentrations.

Microalgae-enriched breadsticks: Analysis for vitamin C, carotenoids, and chlorophyll a

2021 ◽  
pp. 108201322199025
Author(s):  
Marta Igual ◽  
Zaida Natalia Uribe-Wandurraga ◽  
Purificación García-Segovia ◽  
Javier Martínez-Monzó
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Chlorella Vulgaris ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
Arthrospira Platensis ◽  
Viable Alternative ◽  
Total Carotenoids ◽  
Green Colour

Microalgae are a potential ingredient that can enhance the nutritional value of food. There are already various products made from microalgae such as pasta, cookies, breadstick, crackers, and extrudates. Moreover, these products have a typical green colour, provided from microalgae pigments. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the addition of Chlorella vulgaris and Arthrospira platensis biomass on vitamin C, total carotenoids, and chlorophyll a levels in breadsticks and its doughs. Microalgae addition in breadstick formulations is a viable alternative, because they presented a greater content of carotenoids and chlorophyll a than control breadsticks. Consequently, microalgae enriched breadsticks can provide health benefits to consumers. Here, Chlorella enriched breadsticks showed the highest studied pigments content. Despite microalgae powder containing vitamin C, breadstick dough did not present vitamin C and therefore nor the breadstick.

scholarly journals Effects of Calcium Chloride Treatment on the Photosynthetic Capacity and Intensity of Banana Fruit during Ripening

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Phounzong-Tafre Eugène ◽  
Kouete Jarvin Ovaric ◽  
Aghofack-Nguemezi Jean
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Pigment Content ◽  
Albumin Concentration ◽  
Banana Fruit ◽  
Total Carotenoids ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Chloride Treatment

The general objective of this work was to highlight the physiological phenomenon of photosynthesis that underlies ripening in banana fruits and to follow its bioindicators evolution. To achieve this goal, pigment content, protein content and the amount of oxygen released were determined at different stages of ripening of bananas fruits. The determination of pigment content was carried out by spectrophotometric assay after extraction in pure acetone. Protein content was determined using a known albumin concentration calibration curve. Moreover, photosynthetic intensity was evaluated by measuring the oxygen released by the banana peels by means of an oximeter. Results showed that there was a gradual decrease in pigment levels, while at the same time there were increases in carotenoid and protein levels. Photosynthetic intensity and capacity also decreased significantly. The treatment of bananas with calcium chloride helped to slow the fall of photosynthetic activity. Also, calcium chloride treatment induced a reduction of the decrease in chlorophyll content, photosynthetic intensity and increase in proteins content. Positive correlations were found between photosynthetic intensity and levels of chlorophyll a and total chlorophylls. The intensity of photosynthesis was negatively correlated with carotenoid and protein levels. The change in photosynthetic intensity during ripening was proportional to the variation in chlorophyll a and total chlorophylls content, but inversely proportional to variations in total carotenoids and proteins contents.

Etude sur la teneur en pigment de frênes qui croissent dans des conditions différentes

1973 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Lust
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Strong Influence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pigment Content ◽  
Chlorophyll B ◽  
Light Quantity ◽  
Yellow Pigments ◽  
The One ◽  
Green Pigments

Pigment content of ashes grown up under different circumstances - The pigment content (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b,  xanthophyll and carotene) has been researched with ashes grown up under  different light circumstances and varying in age and height.     The results prove that the general laws concerning the influence of light  on the pigment content, don’t always work.     The phenomen is very complex. The light quantity is very important in some  cases, but insignificant in others. It seems origin and height of plants have  a strong influence. The results prove also the influence of the environment  is much higher on small plants as on big ones.     The research indicates finally the correlation between the green pigments,  the yellow pigments, and between the green pigments on the one side and the  yellow ones on the other side.

scholarly journals Extraction of Carotenoids from Pumpkin Peel and Pulp: Comparison between Innovative Green Extraction Technologies (Ultrasonic and Microwave-Assisted Extractions Using Corn Oil)

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 787
Author(s):  
Minaxi Sharma ◽  
Rajeev Bhat
Keyword(s):  
Corn Oil ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Food Product ◽  
Extraction Techniques ◽  
Protection Factor ◽  
Total Carotenoids ◽  
Green Extraction ◽  
Microwave Assisted ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Conventional Extraction

Natural pigments improve aesthetic value as well as antioxidant potential of a food product. This study was designed to determine the effects of green extraction techniques on carotenoids, polyphenols and antioxidant activities of pulp and peel of two varieties of pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima). Innovative green extractions (IGE; Ultrasound and Microwave-Assisted Extractions) synergised with corn oil (used as green solvent) were compared with conventional extraction (CE; hexane/isopropyl alcohol; 60:40, v/v). Results showed total carotenoids to be almost double on employing IGE (PM2-UAE-peel = 38.03 ± 4.21; PM4-UAE-peel = 33.78 ± 1.76 µg/g) when compared to conventional extraction (PM2-CE-peel = 19.21 ± 4.39; PM4-CE-peel = 16.21 ± 2.52 µg/g). Polyphenolic contents ranged between 510.69 ± 5.50 and 588.68 ± 7.26 mg GAE/100 g of extract in IGE, compared with conventional extracts (269.50 ± 2.17 to 318.46 ± 6.60 mg GAE/100 g) and percent inhibition of 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) ranging between 88.32 ± 1.51 and 93.53 ± 0.30% in IGE when compared with conventional extraction (50.61 ± 1.44 to 57.79 ± 2.09%). Further, oxidative stability of carotenoids extracts from IGE (protection factor = 1.59 ± 0.01 to 1.81 ± 0.05) were found to be significantly higher (p < 0.05) than conventional extracts. Based on results, this study supports the use of innovative green extraction techniques to obtain bioactive pigments like carotenoids. It is anticipated that results generated will find potential applications in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.

In situ study of photoinhibition of photosynthesis and xanthophyll cycle activity in plants growing in natural gaps of the tropical forest

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 189 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Thiele ◽  
G.H. Krause ◽  
K. Winter
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Xanthophyll Cycle ◽  
Fluorescence Emission ◽  
D1 Protein ◽  
Barro Colorado Island ◽  
Slow Phase ◽  
Photoinhibition Of Photosynthesis ◽  
Total Carotenoids ◽  
Lowland Forest

Photoinhibition of photosynthesis was studied in situ in leaves of several species of plants growing in natural treefall gaps of a tropical lowland forest (Barro Colorado Island, Panama). Leaves showed several features typical of sun-acclimation: relatively high pools of total carotenoids and xanthophyll cycle pigments and high ratios of chlorophyll a to b. During 1–2 h periods of exposure to direct mid-day sun, all leaves experienced substantial photoinhibition as indicated by a marked decline in the ratio of variable to maximum chlorophyll a fluorescence emission, FV/FM, detected after 10 min of dark adaptation. After return to shade, these ‘dark-adapted’ FV/FM ratios increased with biphasic kinetics, similar to previous findings under controlled conditions in the laboratory. A phase lasting about 1 h accounted for most of the recovery of FV/FM and was followed by a slow phase which proceeded until sunset. The decline in FV/FM during photoinhibition and the fast phase of recovery correlated closely with the amounts of zeaxanthin in the leaves. Given the small portion of the second recovery phase which has previously been attributed to turnover of the D1 protein in Photosystem II, high xanthophyll cycle activity in these gap leaves is probably responsible for the major part of photoinhibition, providing an efficient energy dissipation pathway during periods of high sunlight exposure.

Effects of metsulfuron-methyl on aquatic plant (Lemna gibba L.) and recovery from after prolonged exposure under rice cropping conditions

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raja Rajeswari ◽  
Atmakuru Ramesh
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Aquatic Plant ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Lemna Gibba ◽  
Chlorophyll B ◽  
Total Carotenoid ◽  
Metsulfuron Methyl ◽  
Control Value ◽  
Reliable Assessment

The effects and potential recovery of aquatic plant Lemna gibba exposed to a sulfonyl urea herbicide metsulfuron-methyl (MSM) for 120 days under rice cropping condition was investigated. The frond number was decreased by day 15 at the concentration 11 µg/L and 100% inhibition on growth rate of Lemna was observed. Continuous decrease of frond number by day 50 at below the detectable level of residues exhibited symptoms (chlorosis) of MSM toxicity. Toxicity was assessed on the basis of toxicity index (TI) value, growth rate, yield and pigment contents (chlorophyll, carotene, total carotenoid and xanthophyll) of treated samples compared with untreated control. The observed value of 0.698 µg/g chlorophyll a, 0.263 µg/g chlorophyll b, 0.147 µg/g carotene, 1.620 µg/g total carotenoid and 1.473 µg/g xanthophyll contents in treated samples was statistically significantly different from control value of 4.366 µg/g chlorophyll a, 3.132 µg/g chlorophyll b, 0.796 µg/g carotene, 17.755 µg/g total carotenoid and 16.937 µg/g xanthophyll contents by day 50 samples. After prolonged exposure, growth rate, yield and pigment content for the treated samples recovered to control levels on day 120. The obtained data indicate the application of aquatic plant Lemna gibba as sensitive biomarker of water quality as well as the significance of selected biological parameters in the reliable assessment of toxic potential of MSM under rice cropping condition.

scholarly journals Effects of selected agronomical factors on the content of health-promoting compounds in spaghetti squash (Cucurbita pepo L. subsp. pepo)

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-39
Author(s):  
Wanda Wadas ◽  
Halina Mioduszewska ◽  
Krzysztof Kalinowski
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Cucurbita Pepo ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Plant Spacing ◽  
Total Carotenoid ◽  
Total Carotenoids ◽  
Total Carotenoid Content ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Β Carotene

Effects of selected agronomical factors on the content of health-promoting compounds in spaghetti squash (Cucurbita pepoL. subsp.pepo)The study examined the effects of the sowing date (5, 15 and 25 May) and plant spacing (1 × 0.6 m, 1 × 0.8 m and 1 × 1 m) on the content of carotenoids and L-ascorbic acid in the fruits of two cultivars of spaghetti squash (‘Makaronowa Warszawska' and ‘Pyza’). The field experiment was carried out in central-eastern Poland. Fully mature spaghetti squash fruits were harvested from the beginning of September to the beginning of October. The content of total carotenoids and β-carotene was the greatest in the fruits of plants sown on 15 May. The sowing date did not affect the content of L-ascorbic acid. Increasing the plant spacing from 1 × 0.6 m to 1 × 1 m resulted in an increase of total carotenoid content, particularly for the spaghetti squash sown on 25 May. Plant spacing did not have a significant effect on the content of β-carotene and L-ascorbic acid. Fruits of the ‘Makaronowa Warszawska’ with light orange flesh contained more total carotenoids and β-carotene than fruits of the ‘Pyza’ with cream-coloured flesh. The content of L-ascorbic acid in the fruits of both cultivars did not differ significantly.

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