scholarly journals Fluid Evolution and Ore Genesis of the Qibaoshan Polymetallic Ore Field, Shandong Province, China: Constraints from Fluid Inclusions and H–O–S Isotopic Compositions

Minerals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 394
Author(s):  
Yu ◽  
Li ◽  
Wang ◽  
Wang
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Inclusion ◽  
Fluid Inclusions ◽  
Meteoric Water ◽  
Ore Deposits ◽  
Shandong Province ◽  
Isotopic Data ◽  
Magmatic Water ◽  
Oxygen Isotopic ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Polymetallic Ore

The Qibaoshan polymetallic ore field is located in the Wulian area, Shandong Province, China. Four ore deposits occur in this ore field: the Jinxiantou Au–Cu, Changgou Cu–Pb–Zn, Xingshanyu Pb–Zn, and Hongshigang Pb–Zn deposits. In the Jinxiantou deposit, three paragenetic stages were identified: quartz–pyrite–specularite–gold (Stage 1), quartz–pyrite–chalcopyrite (Stage 2), and quartz–calcite–pyrite (Stage 3). Liquid-rich aqueous (LV type), vapor-rich aqueous (V type), and halite-bearing (S type) fluid inclusions (FIs) are present in the quartz from stages 1–3. Microthermometry indicates that the initial ore-forming fluids had temperatures of 351–397 °C and salinities of 42.9–45.8 mas. % NaCl equivalent. The measured hydrogen and calculated oxygen isotopic data for fluid inclusion water (δ18OFI = 11.1 to 12.3‰; δDFI = −106.3 to −88.6‰) indicates that the ore-forming fluids were derived from magmatic water; then, they were mixed with meteoric water. In the Changgou deposit, three paragenetic stages were identified: quartz–pyrite–specularite (Stage 1), quartz–pyrite–chalcopyrite (Stage 2), and quartz–galena–sphalerite (Stage 3). LV, V, and S-type FIs are present in the quartz from stages 1–3. Microthermometry indicates that the initial ore-forming fluids had temperatures of 286–328 °C and salinities of 36.7–40.2 mas. % NaCl equivalent. The measured hydrogen and calculated oxygen isotopic data for fluid inclusion water (δDFI = −115.6 to −101.2‰; δ18OFI = 12.2 to 13.4‰) indicates that the ore-forming fluids were derived from magmatic water mixed with meteoric water. The characteristics of the Xingshanyu and Hongshigang deposits are similar. Two paragenetic stages were identified in these two deposits: quartz–galena–sphalerite (Stage 1) and quartz–calcite–poor sulfide (Stage 2). Only LV-type FIs are present in the quartz in stages 1–2. The ore-forming fluids had temperatures of 155–289 °C and salinities of 5.6–10.5 mas. % NaCl equivalent. The measured hydrogen and calculated oxygen isotopic data for fluid inclusion water (δDFI = −109.8 to −100.2‰; δ18OFI = 10.2 to 12.1‰) indicates that the ore-forming fluids were derived from circulating meteoric waters. The sulfur isotopes (δ34Ssulfide = 0.6 to 4.3‰) of the four deposits are similar, indicating a magmatic source for the sulfur with minor contributions from the wall rocks. The ore field underwent at least two phases of mineralization according to the chronology results of previous studies. Based on the mineral assemblage and fluid characteristics, we suggest that the late Pb–Zn mineralization was superimposed on the early Cu (–Au) mineralizaton in the Changgou deposit.

scholarly journals Fluid Inclusion and Oxygen Isotope Constraints on the Origin and Hydrothermal Evolution of the Haisugou Porphyry Mo Deposit in the Northern Xilamulun District, NE China

Geofluids ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qihai Shu ◽  
Yong Lai
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Inclusion ◽  
Meteoric Water ◽  
Early Time ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Potassic Alteration ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Oxygen Isotopic ◽  
Homogenization Temperatures ◽  
Porphyry Mo Deposit ◽  
Positive Correlations

The Haisugou porphyry Mo deposit is located in the northern Xilamulun district, northeastern China. Based on alteration and mineralization styles and crosscutting relationships, the hydrothermal evolution in Haisugou can be divided into three stages: an early potassic alteration stage with no significant metal deposition, a synmineralization sericite-chlorite alteration stage with extensive Mo precipitation, and a postmineralization stage characterized by barren quartz and minor calcite and fluorite. The coexistence of high-salinity brine inclusions with low-salinity inclusions both in potassic alteration stage (~440°C) and locally in the early time of mineralization stage (380–320°C) indicates the occurrence of fluid boiling. The positive correlations between the homogenization temperatures and the salinities of the fluids and the low oxygen isotopic compositions (δ18Ofluid < 3‰) of the syn- to postmineralization quartz together suggest the mixing of magmatic fluids with meteoric water, which dominated the whole mineralization process. The early boiling fluids were not responsible for ore precipitation, whereas the mixing with meteoric water, which resulted in temperature decrease and dilution that significantly reduced the metal solubility, should have played the major role in Mo mineralization. Combined fluid inclusion microthermometry and chlorite geothermometer results reveal that ore deposition mainly occurred between 350 and 290°C in Haisugou.

The Lavrion Pb-Zn-Ag–Rich Vein and Breccia Detachment-Related Deposits (Greece): Involvement of Evaporated Seawater and Meteoric Fluids During Postorogenic Exhumation

2019 ◽  
Vol 114 (7) ◽  
pp. 1415-1442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe Scheffer ◽  
Alexandre Tarantola ◽  
Olivier Vanderhaeghe ◽  
Panagiotis Voudouris ◽  
Paul G. Spry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Fluid Inclusions ◽  
Meteoric Water ◽  
Ore Deposits ◽  
Metal Sulfides ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Base Metal Sulfides ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Homogenization Temperatures

Abstract The formation of ore deposits in the Lavrion Pb-Zn-Ag district was associated with Miocene detachment that accommodated orogenic collapse and exhumation of high-grade nappes across the ductile-brittle transition. This district consists of (1) low-grade porphyry Mo style, (2) Cu-Fe skarn, (3) high-temperature carbonate replacement Pb-Zn-Ag, and (4) vein and breccia Pb-Zn-Ag mineralization. The vein and breccia mineralization locally contains high-grade silver in base metal sulfides that are cemented by fluorite and carbonate gangue. The rare earth element contents of these gangue minerals, chondrite-normalized patterns, and fluid inclusion studies suggest that they precipitated from a low-temperature hydrothermal fluid. Primary and pseudosecondary fluid inclusions in fluorite and calcite are characterized by a wide range of homogenization temperatures (92°–207°C) and salinities of up to 17.1 wt % NaCl equiv. Secondary fluid inclusions only represent <5 vol % of the total fluid trapped. Fluids extracted from inclusions in fluorite have values of δD = –82.1 to –47.7‰ (Vienna-standard mean ocean water [V-SMOW]) and δ18O = –10.4 to –5.1‰ (V-SMOW). These data and low ratios of Cl/Br measured by crush-leach analyses for fluids in fluorite (102–315) and calcite (162–188) are compatible with the ore fluid being the result of mixing of meteoric water with evaporated seawater. These data suggest that fluids leading to the deposition of late Pb-Zn-Ag–rich vein- and breccia-style mineralization in Lavrion were related to circulation of mixed evaporated seawater and meteoric fluids that was enhanced by brittle deformation. This contrasts with the fluids of magmatic origin related to the formation of low-grade porphyry Mo, Cu-Fe skarn, and high-temperature carbonate replacement deposits spatially related to the Plaka granodiorite.

Fluid-inclusion evidence of basinal brines in Archean basement, Thunder Bay Pb–Zn–Ba district, Ontario, Canada

1988 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 1884-1894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick M. Haynes
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Inclusion ◽  
Fluid Inclusions ◽  
Ore Deposits ◽  
Temperature Phase ◽  
Type I ◽  
Mississippi Valley ◽  
Thunder Bay ◽  
Calcite Veins ◽  
Archean Basement ◽  
Liquid Vapor

Fluid inclusions from three quartz–galena–sphalerite–barite–calcite veins in the Thunder Bay district of western Ontario contain liquid + vapor ± halite and homogenize by vapor disappearance or halite dissolution at temperatures of 90–200 °C. Cyclically frozen, liquid + vapor (type I) inclusions undergo four melting events upon gradual warming (initial melting at −55 to −46 °C; ice disappearance at −30.2 to −25.4 °C; inversion of hydrohalite to halite at −8.0 to 0.7 °C; and halite melting at 14.0 to 56.3 °C. Liquid + vapor + halite (type II) inclusions behave similarly but have higher Tm ice (−27.2 to −21.7 °C) and Tm halite (105–203 °C). Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive analysis of fluid-inclusion-derived decrepitates indicate that the solutes consist of NaCl > CaCl2 [Formula: see text] KCl and are consistent with the low-temperature phase observations in that they define two distinct populations based on CaCl2/(CaCl2 + NaCl) ratios.The temperatures and compositional trends defined by the inclusion results are similar to those documented for basinal brines and from fluid inclusions in Mississippi Valley type ore deposits. The Thunder Bay veins cross the basal unconformity of the Middle Proterozoic Sibley basin and extend into Archean basement granites, such that the fluid inclusions results provide direct evidence that basinal waters infiltrated basement rock in western Ontario. The inclusion fluids and associated mineralization are thought to result either from dewatering of the Sibley basin during Keweenaw age rifting or from the introduction of exotic Paleozoic basinal waters when the Michigan basin extended over the region.

Isotope analysis of vein-hosted fluid inclusions: A case study on fracture-controlled fluid flow in the Albanian foreland fold-and-thrust belt

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan de Graaf ◽  
Casimir Nooitgedacht ◽  
Hubert Vonhof ◽  
Jeroen van der Lubbe ◽  
John Reijmer
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Flow ◽  
Fluid Inclusion ◽  
Fluid Inclusions ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Isotope Exchange ◽  
Meteoric Water ◽  
Isotope Ratios ◽  
Isotope Data ◽  
Exchange Processes ◽  
Migration Pathways

&lt;p&gt;Vein-hosted fluid inclusions may represent remnants of subsurface paleo-fluids and therefore provide a valuable record of fracture-controlled fluid flow. Isotope data (&amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;H and &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O) of fluid inclusions are particularly useful for studying the provenance and type of paleo-fluids circulating in the subsurface. Although isotopic analysis of sub-microliter amounts of fluid inclusion water is not straightforward, major steps forward have been made over the past decade through the development of continuous-flow set-ups. These techniques make use of mechanical crushing at a relatively low-temperature (110&amp;#730;C) and allow for on-line analysis of both &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;H and &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O ratios of bulk fluid inclusion water. However, continuous-flow techniques have mostly been used in speleothem research, and have not yet found a widespread application on vein systems for hydrogeological reconstructions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We used isotope data of fluid inclusions hosted in calcite vein cements to reconstruct regional fluid migration pathways in the Albanian foreland fold-and-thrust system. Tectonic forces during thrust emplacement typically instigate distinct phases of fracturing accompanied by complex fluid flow patterns. The studied calcite veins developed in a sequence of naturally fractured Cretaceous to Eocene carbonate rocks as a result of several fracturing events from the early stages of burial onward. Fluid inclusion isotope data of the veins reveal that fluids circulating in the carbonates were derived from an underlying reservoir, which consisted of a mixture of meteoric water and evolved marine fluids, probably derived from deep-seated evaporites. The meteoric fluids infiltrated in the hinterland before being driven outward into the foreland basin. The fluid inclusion isotope data furthermore show that meteoric water becomes increasingly dominant in the system through time as migration pathways shortened and marine formation fluids were progressively flushed out.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The diagenetic stability of fluid inclusions is of key interest in the study of their isotope ratios. Recrystallization, secondary fluid infiltration and isotope exchange processes could potentially drive alterations of fluid inclusion isotope signatures after entrapment. In this case, however, isotope signatures of fluid inclusions seem to have remained largely unaltered, despite the Cretaceous to Tertiary age of the vein system. Oxygen isotope exchange processes between the fluid inclusion water and host mineral could have been inhibited at the relatively low temperatures of vein formation (i.e. &lt;80&amp;#730;C). Although more research into the diagenetic stability of fluid inclusion isotope ratios is required, the fluid inclusion isotope record has potential as a powerful tool for fluid provenancing in subsurface fluid flow systems.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Fluid Evolution, H-O Isotope and Re-Os Age of Molybdenite from the Baiyinhan Tungsten Deposit in the Eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt, NE China, and Its Geological Significance

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 664
Author(s):  
Ruiliang Wang ◽  
Qingdong Zeng ◽  
Zhaochong Zhang ◽  
Yunpeng Guo ◽  
Jinhang Lu
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Inclusion ◽  
Fluid Inclusions ◽  
Meteoric Water ◽  
Orogenic Belt ◽  
Central Asian Orogenic Belt ◽  
Tungsten Deposit ◽  
Ne China ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
O Isotope

The quartz-vein-type Baiyinhan tungsten deposit is located at the eastern part of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt, NE China. Analyses of fluid inclusions, H-O isotope of quartz and Re-Os isotope of molybdenite were carried out. Three stages of mineralization were identified: The early quartz + wolframite + bismuth stage, the middle quartz + molybdenite stage and the late calcite + fluorite stage. Quartz veins formed in the three stages were selected for the fluid inclusion analysis. The petrographic observation and fluid inclusion microthermometry results revealed three types of fluid inclusions: CO2-H2O (C-type), liquid-rich (L-type) and vapor-rich (V-type). The homogenization temperatures of C-type, V-type and L-type inclusions were 233–374 °C, 210–312 °C, and 196–311 °C, respectively. The salinity of the three types of inclusions was identical, varying in the range of 5–12 wt%. The H-O isotope analyses results showed that quartz had δ18OH2O and δDSMOW compositions of −2.6‰ to 4.3‰ and −97‰ to −82‰, respectively, indicating that the ore-forming fluids were mainly derived from magmatic water with a minor contribution of meteoric water. The addition of meteoric water reduces the temperature and salinity of the ore-forming fluids, which leads to a decrease of the solubility of tungsten and molybdenum in the fluids and eventually the precipitation of minerals. Re-Os isotopic analysis of five molybdenite samples yielded an isochron age of 139.6 ± 7.6 Ma (2σ) with an initial 187Os of −0.05 ± 0.57 (MSWD = 3.5). Rhenium concentrations of the molybdenite samples were between 3.1 ug/g and 8.5 ug/g. The results suggest that the metals of the Baiyinhan deposit have a crust origin, and the mineralization is one episode of the Early Cretaceous tungsten mineralization epoch which occurred at the eastern part of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt.

scholarly journals Fluid Inclusion Characteristics of the Kışladağ Porphyry Au Deposit, Western Turkey

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurullah Hanilçi ◽  
Gülcan Bozkaya ◽  
David A. Banks ◽  
Ömer Bozkaya ◽  
Vsevolod Prokofiev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Inclusion ◽  
Fluid Inclusions ◽  
Meteoric Water ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Gold Mineralization ◽  
Magmatic Fluid ◽  
Salinity Range ◽  
Western Turkey ◽  
Magmatic Complex ◽  
Low Salinity

The deposit occurs in a mid-Miocene monzonite magmatic complex represented by three different intrusions, namely Intrusion 1 (INT#1), Intrusion 2 (INT#2, INT #2A), and Intrusion 3 (INT#3). Gold mineralization is hosted in all intrusions, but INT#1 is the best mineralized body followed by INT#2. SEM-CL imaging has identified two different veins (V1 and V2) and four distinct generations of quartz formation in the different intrusions. These are: (i) CL-light gray, mosaic-equigranular quartz (Q1), (ii) CL-gray or CL-bright quartz (Q2) that dissolved and was overgrown on Q1, (iii) CL-dark and CL-gray growth zoned quartz (Q3), and (iv) CL-dark or CL-gray micro-fracture quartz fillings (Q4). Fluid inclusion studies show that the gold-hosted early phase Q1 quartz of V1 and V2 veins in INT#1 and INT#2 was precipitated at high temperatures (between 424 and 594 °C). The coexisting and similar ranges of Th values of vapor-rich (low salinity, from 1% to 7% NaCl equiv.) and halite-bearing (high salinity: >30% NaCl) fluid inclusions in Q1 indicates that the magmatic fluid had separated into vapor and high salinity liquid along the appropriate isotherm. Fluid inclusions in Q2 quartz in INT#1 and INT#2 were trapped at lower temperatures between 303 and 380 °C and had lower salinities between 3% and 20% NaCl equiv. The zoned Q3 quartz accompanied by pyrite in V2 veins of both INT#2 and INT#3 precipitated at temperatures between 310 and 373 °C with a salinity range from 5.4% to 10% NaCl eq. The latest generation of fracture filling Q4 quartz, cuts the earlier generations with fluid inclusion Th temperature range from 257 to 333 °C and salinity range from 3% to 12.5% NaCl equiv. The low salinity and low formation temperature of Q4 may be due to the mixing of meteoric water with the hydrothermal system, or late-stage epithermal overprinting. The separation of the magmatic fluid into vapor and aqueous saline pairs in the Q1 quartz of the V1 vein of the INT#1 and INT#2 and CO2-poor fluids indicates the shallow formation of the Kışladağ porphyry gold deposit.

Ore-Forming Fluid System of the Anqing Cu-Fe Deposit, Anhui Province, China

2013 ◽  
Vol 734-737 ◽  
pp. 135-138
Author(s):  
Guang Shu Yang ◽  
Yong Feng Yan ◽  
Peng Yu Feng
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Fluid Inclusions ◽  
Hydrothermal Fluid ◽  
Anhui Province ◽  
Forming Process ◽  
Fluid System ◽  
Physicochemical Condition ◽  
Magmatic Water ◽  
Ore Minerals ◽  
Oxygen Isotopic

Fluid inclusions, carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions were discussed to understanding the ore-forming fluid system of Anqing Cu-Fe deposit. Homogeneous temperatures of fluid inclusions ranged from 124°C to 570°C, δ13CPDBvalues of the gangue minerals ranged from-3.3 to-0.9, and δ18O values ranged from 9.4 to 10.7, respectively. The results reveal that the primary ore-forming fluid was magmatic hydrothermal fluid characterized by high temperature, the boiling and mixing of fluids occurred in the main mineralization stage, the magmatic water was dominant in the ore-forming process, the physicochemical condition changes of the fluid system led to the formation of skarn and the deposition of the ore minerals. The ore-forming materials were mainly derived from magma, partly provided by sedimentary strata.

The geochemistry of carbonate cements in the Avalon Sand, Grand Banks of Newfoundland

1985 ◽  
Vol 49 (352) ◽  
pp. 457-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Hutcheon ◽  
Cynthia Nahnybida ◽  
H. R. Krouse
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Meteoric Water ◽  
Trace Element Data ◽  
Isotopic Data ◽  
Grand Banks ◽  
Carbonate Cements ◽  
Trace Element Contents ◽  
Oxygen Isotopic ◽  
Textural Evidence

AbstractCalcite cements from the Lower Cretaceous Avalon zone of the Hibernia field are, in places, extensively recrystallized, which complicates interpretation of the chemical and isotopic data. The oxygen isotopic data are widely scattered with δ18O ranging between +1.6 and −9.2 for calcite and siderite. Siderite has lower δ13C values (−6.6 to −13.2) than calcite +12.4 to −9.8. Typical trace element contents determined by ICP on acid-leached samples, range from 270 to 2100 ppm Sr and 180 to 2200 ppm Zn in calcite.The trace element data indicate that some of the calcite has been precipitated from, or recrystallized by meteoric water. The trace elements show trends related to variations in δ18O in such a way as to imply that not all the spread to low δ18O values can be attributed to meteoric water influence alone. The data are not well enough constrained to calculate meaningful temperatures, but the range of °18O values probably represents an elevated range of temperatures of precipitation or recrystallization.Microprobe analyses show that non-recrystallized fossils have a composition distinctly different from veins, cements, and recrystallized fossils, all of which are similar. The compositions of calcite cements are highly variable, with FeO (for example) ranging from 0.15 to 4.39 wt. %, but show no consistent patterns of zonation. Fossil fragments which show no textural evidence of recrystallization have low FeO contents (0.2 wt. %). Meteoric water, believed to be responsible for at least some of the cementation and recrystallization observed, probably entered the Avalon during and after formation of the mid-Cretaceous unconformity.

scholarly journals Ore Genesis of the Kuergasheng Pb–Zn Deposit, Xinjiang Province, Northwest China: Constraints from Geology, Fluid Inclusions, and H–O–C–S–Pb Isotopes

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 592
Author(s):  
Shunda Li ◽  
Chuan Chen ◽  
Lingling Gao ◽  
Fang Xia ◽  
Xuebing Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Inclusions ◽  
Northwest China ◽  
Hybrid Origin ◽  
Isotopic Data ◽  
Quartz Veins ◽  
Carbon Isotopic ◽  
Ore Bodies ◽  
Western Tianshan ◽  
Homogenization Temperatures ◽  
Stage 1

The Kuergasheng Pb–Zn deposit is located in the Western Tianshan Orogen, Xinjiang Province, China. The ore bodies are mainly hosted in sandstone of the Tuosikuertawu Formation and are controlled by NW-trending faults. Three paragenetic stages were identified: early pyrite–chalcopyrite–quartz veins (stage 1), middle galena–sphalerite–quartz veins (stage 2), and late sulfide-poor calcite–quartz veins (stage 3). Fluid inclusions (FIs) include liquid-rich aqueous (LV-type), vapor-rich aqueous (VL-type), halite-bearing (S-type), and monophase liquid aqueous (L-type). Homogenization temperatures for FIs from stages 1–3 are 221–251, 173–220, and 145–172 °C, respectively. Stage 1 fluids in LV-, VL-, and S-type FIs yield salinities of 6.2–9.6, 1.7–3.1, and 32.7–34.9 wt % NaCl equiv., respectively. Stage 2 fluids in LV- and S-type FIs have salinities of 5.1–7.9 and 31.9–32.1 wt % NaCl equiv., respectively. Stage 3 fluids in LV- and L-type FIs have salinities of 3.4–5.9 wt % NaCl equiv. Oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon isotopic data (δ18OH2O = −7.7 to 1.7‰, δDH2O = −99.2 to −83.1‰, δ13CH2O = −16.6 to 9.1‰) indicate that the ore-forming fluids have a hybrid origin —an initial magmatic source with input of meteoric water becoming dominant in the later stage. Sulfur and lead isotopic data for galena (δ34S = 5.6 to 6.9‰, 206Pb/204Pb = 18.002–18.273, 207Pb/204Pb = 15.598–15.643, 208Pb/204Pb = 38.097–38.209) reveal that the ore-forming materials were mainly derived from the Beidabate intrusive body and the Tuosikuertawu Formation.

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