scholarly journals Optimization of Parameters for the Dissolution of Mn from Manganese Nodules with the Use of Tailings in An Acid Medium

Minerals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman Toro ◽  
Manuel Saldaña ◽  
Edelmira Gálvez ◽  
Manuel Cánovas ◽  
Emilio Trigueros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Base Metals ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Manganese Nodules ◽  
Factorial Experimental Design ◽  
High Demand ◽  
H2so4 Concentration ◽  
Rapid Extraction ◽  
Rare Elements ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Mn Recovery

Manganese nodules are an attractive source of base metals and critical and rare elements and are required to meet a high demand of today’s industry. In previous studies, it has been shown that high concentrations of reducing agent (Fe) in the system are beneficial for the rapid extraction of manganese. However, it is necessary to optimize the operational parameters in order to maximize Mn recovery. In this study, a statistical analysis was carried out using factorial experimental design for the main parameters, including time, MnO2/Fe2O3 ratio, and H2SO4 concentration. After this, Mn recovery tests were carried out over time at different ratios of MnO2/Fe2O3 and H2SO4 concentrations, where the potential and pH of the system were measured. Finally, it is concluded that high concentrations of FeSO4 in the system allow operating in potential and pH ranges (−0.2 to 1.2 V and −1.8 to 0.1) that favor the formation of Fe2+ and Fe3+, which enable high extractions of Mn (73%) in short periods of time (5 to 20 min) operating with an optimum MnO2/Fe2O3 ratio of 1:3 and a concentration of 0.1 mol/L of H2SO4.

scholarly journals Use of tailings in mn dissolution from marine nodule matrix

2021 ◽  
Vol 266 ◽  
pp. 02008
Author(s):  
N. Herrera ◽  
N. Toro
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Biogeochemical Processes ◽  
Base Metals ◽  
Manganese Nodules ◽  
Factorial Experimental Design ◽  
High Demand ◽  
Rare Elements ◽  
Mn Recovery ◽  
Manganese Extraction ◽  
Excellent Source

The nodules are spherical bodies that are scattered within the sedimentary zone of the seabed, and their growth is closely associated with the biogeochemical processes and water sediments. These nodules are mainly composed of Mn, Fe, SiO2, Ca, Ni, Cu, Co and Al. Manganese nodules are an excellent source of base metals and sought-after and rare elements and the fact that they are used as a base elements matrix will be in high demand in industry. Previous studies have shown that primary con-centrations of chemical such as Fe in the system are beneficial for increas-ing manganese extraction. However, it is necessary to optimize the opera-tional parameters so as to maximise Mn recovery. This work investigates the effect of using of tailings, obtained after slag flotation ata foundry plant on the dissolution of Mn from marine nodules, where statistical analysis was distributed using factorial experimental design ontime, MnO2/Fe2O3 ratio, and H2SO4 concentration.

scholarly journals Leaching of Pure Chalcocite with Reject Brine and MnO2 from Manganese Nodules

Metals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1426
Author(s):  
David Torres ◽  
Emilio Trigueros ◽  
Pedro Robles ◽  
Williams H. Leiva ◽  
Ricardo I. Jeldres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Manganese Nodules ◽  
H2so4 Concentration ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Kinetics Of Dissolution ◽  
Desalination Plants ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
High Chloride

Chalcocite (Cu2S) has the fastest kinetics of dissolution of Cu in chlorinated media of all copper sulfide minerals. Chalcocite has been identified as having economic interest due to its abundance, although the water necessary for its dissolution is scarce in many regions. In this work, the replacement of fresh water by sea water or by reject brine with high chloride content from desalination plants is analyzed. Additionally, the effect of adding MnO2 from available manganese nodules in vast quantities at the bottom of the sea is studied. Reject brine shows better results than sea water, and the addition of MnO2 to the brine significantly increases the kinetics of chalcocite dissolution in a short time. H2SO4 concentration is found to be irrelevant when working at high concentrations of chloride and MnO2. The best results, 71% Cu extractions in 48 h, are obtained for reject brine, 100 mg of MnO2 per 200 g of mineral and H2SO4 0.5 mol/L. The results are expected to contribute to a sustainable process of dissolution of chalcocite by using the reject brine from desalination plants.

scholarly journals Feasibility of Different Drying Methods to Remedy Deep-sea Mining Tailings Using the Formation of Alginate-rhamnolipid Complexes With Harmful Heavy Metals Contained in Manganese Nodules

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleum Lee ◽  
KYOUNGREN KIM
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
High Performance ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Drying Methods ◽  
Manganese Nodules ◽  
Performance Technology ◽  
Good Potential ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
High Temperature Drying

Abstract This study investigated the usability of two drying methods to recover heavy metals contained in manganese nodules. Materials containing harmful heavy metals would be discharged during deep-sea mining processes. To improve the efficiency of future remediation practices, high-performance technology should have to be applied. Herein, two nontoxic and bio-derived substances, alginate and rhamnolipids, were used to form complexes. The complexes formed a complicated alginate-rhamnolipid (Alg-Rh) structure and that could prohibit heavy metals from being discharged by solidifying them within the complex. The content, appearance, composition, and particles of the Alg-Rh complexes formed by two drying methods—freeze-drying and high-temperature drying—were studied. In particular, metal compositions were observed between the different drying methods. These methods were found to provide good potential for remediating high concentrations of target heavy metals. Therefore, these findings can be used as a basis for future remediation technologies, including useful heavy metal recovery and high-efficiency separation.

Application of 2III7−3fractional factorial experimental design to enhance enzymatic activities ofPleurotus ostreatuswith high concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls

2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 298-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha Gayosso-Canales ◽  
Fernando J. Esparza-García ◽  
Rosa M. Bermúdez-Cruz ◽  
Araceli Tomasini ◽  
Graciela M.L. Ruiz-Aguilar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Polychlorinated Biphenyls ◽  
Enzymatic Activities ◽  
Factorial Experimental Design ◽  
High Concentrations

scholarly journals Modeling of Biosorption of Chromium by Immobilized Whole Cells of Aspergillus awamori NRRL 3112

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
David K Daniel ◽  
Mahadavan Vaishnavi
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Cell System ◽  
Chromium Concentration ◽  
Aspergillus Awamori ◽  
Nutritional Requirement ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Whole Cells ◽  
Freundlich Isotherms ◽  
Pseudo Second Order ◽  
High Concentrations

The presence of chromium in high concentrations in industrial effluents is of major concern, being extremely toxic and non-biodegradable, thus persistent and harmful to the ecosystem. Using microorganisms for adsorption of heavy metals has emerged as a potential alternative over the conventional methods and is gaining significance due to its incontestable merits. Since fungi amass metals more than their nutritional requirement, the present study in investigation of efficiency of Aspergillus awamori NRRL 3112 biomass for sorption of chromium by means of development of an immobilised whole cell system is significant. The effect of operational parameters like initial chromium concentration, time, temperature and pH on chromium removal was studied and the efficient conditions for the process were established. Kinetics studies revealed that, the pseudo second order model was found to best represent the process with higher R2 values than others. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were applied and the Langmuir isotherm was found to be the best fit. It was also established by means of thermodynamic analysis that the biosorption occurred chemically and the process was more feasible, spontaneous and efficient at lower temperatures.

A numerical approach for the formation of chlorite and sulphide-bearing greisen: a study based on the Navalcubilla system (Spanish Central System)

1997 ◽  
Vol 61 (408) ◽  
pp. 639-654
Author(s):  
Fernando Tornos
Keyword(s):  
Hydrothermal Alteration ◽  
Granitic Rock ◽  
Numerical Approach ◽  
Base Metals ◽  
Central System ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Ore Minerals ◽  
Acid Fluid ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Spanish Central System

AbstractThe formation of sulphide and cassiterite-bearing chlorite-rich greisens in the Navalcubilla granite has been modelled theoretically. Numerical simulation on the reaction of a hydrothermal fluid with a granitic rock predicts assemblages very similar to those found in nature, with progressive formation of muscovite, quartz, chlorite, microcline and plagioclase zones. The hydrothermal alteration of the rock produces a neutralization of the inflowing acid fluid, a drop in the fS2 and, to a lesser degree, an increment in fO2. During hydrothermal alteration, fS2 and fO2 change abruptly between metasomatic zones, but chlorite seems to control their major changes. Scheelite and cassiterite are concentrated in the internal zones, while sulphides are related to the more external zones. Fluid-rock reactions seem to be very effective for precipitating cassiterite and scheelite, even from very Sn and W-poor fluids. Appreciable amounts of sulphides are only expected in systems with high concentrations of base metals. Boiling and simple cooling of the fluids acidifies and oxidizes them but chemical changes are not strong enough to induce significant precipitation of ore minerals, at least when the temperature changes are small. Continued circulation of fluids along fractures with previously precipitated quartz + wolframite produces replacement of wolframite by scheelite and sulphides.

The geochemistry of gold-bearing chemical sediments, Dickenson Mine, Red Lake, Ontario: a reconnaissance study

1981 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 624-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kerrich ◽  
B. J. Fryer ◽  
K. J. Milner ◽  
M. G. Peirce
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Rocks ◽  
Hydrothermal Fluids ◽  
Base Metals ◽  
Sea Floor ◽  
Red Lake ◽  
Reconnaissance Survey ◽  
Rare Elements ◽  
Chemical Sediments ◽  
Mobile Base ◽  
Gold Bearing

Auriferous sedimentary rocks at the Dickenson Mine, Red Lake, are characterized by large enrichments of rare elements (Au, Ag, Pd, As, Sb, B) and metals conventionally considered to be relatively immobile (Ni, W), with negligible concentrations of the abundant and mobile base metals. Based on a reconnaissance survey involving 12 rocks analysed for 42 elements, these sediments can be represented in terms of a mixture of two components―mafic volcaniclastic material and hydrothermal precipitates. The volcaniclastic component has a composition closely comparable to mafic volcanic rocks that conformably envelope the sediments, and contributes all of the Al, Ti, V, Sc, Zr, and F. The hydrothermal component donates Si, Fe, Mn, Mg, Ca, K, Si, and C, together with Au, Ag, Pd, As, Sb, B, W, and Ni. Chromium and nickel are contributed from both sources. Alteration of the mafic volcanic rocks that envelope the auriferous sediments involved fixation of Si, K, and CO2, in contrast to the typical patterns of metasomatism in footwall rocks to base metal massive sulphide deposits, which are characterized by Mg, Fe (Si, S) addition.Quartz isolated from chert within the auriferous sediments and volcanic rocks has a maximum δ18O of 19‰, which is within the range of δ values for marine cherts of ~2.8 Ga, and signifies precipitation in equilibrium with ambient marine water of ~−1‰ at ~70–90 °C. Mafic volcanic wall rocks to the sediments have whole-rock δ18O values of 16–17‰ and Δquartz–chlorite ≤ 2‰. The anomalously heavy whole-rock isotopic composition and small quartz–chlorite fractionation may result from the growth of chlorite from precursors such as zeolites and smectite. Alternatively, chlorite or its precursors may have become enriched in 18O by isotope exchange with metamorphic hydrothermal fluids that become ponded when discharge to the hydrosphere was capped by overlying basalts.Rare earth element (REE) distributions in sediments and mafic volcanic wall rocks are characterized by relatively flat normalized patterns up to Sm–Gd, followed by an abrupt continuous decline in abundance. This implies modification of the primary tholeiitic abundances by hydrothermal solutions capable of mobilizing heavy REE's relative to light REE's. The environment that would satisfy the geological observations and chemical data is one of metamorphic hydrothermal fluids emmanating onto the sea floor during a period of relatively quiescent mafic submarine volcanism, with subsequent capping of the discharge during emplacement of the overlying pillow basalts.

scholarly journals ACCESSOR MINERALS OF RARE METALS IN THE GRORUDITES OF EASTERN AZOV (UKRAINE)

2020 ◽  
pp. 36-41
Author(s):  
О. Dubyna ◽  
S. Kryvdik ◽  
V. Belskyy ◽  
О. Vyshnevskyi
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Mineral Composition ◽  
Elevated Concentration ◽  
Rare Metals ◽  
Alkaline Granite ◽  
Limited Distribution ◽  
Rare Elements ◽  
Hydrothermal Processes ◽  
Azov Region ◽  
High Concentrations

Unlike other Precambrian platforms and shields, alkaline granites and their hypabyssal and effusive variaties in Ukraine have limited distribution. In Eastern Azov region dike analogs of alkaline granites (grorudites) are known. They are different in chemical and mineral composition and considered as analogs of pantellerites (aegirine hihg-Ti) and comendites (amphibole low-Ti). The high-Ti aegirine grorudites are more intensively enriched with incompatible rare elements (REE, Zr, Nb) compared with their low-Ti varieties. Despite the high or elevated concentration of HFSE in grorudites, there are few of their own minerals in these rocks. Thus, in high-Ti grorudites there have been identified such minerals of rare elements as monazite-(Ce), bastnäsite-(Ce), britholite-like mineral and rare earth apatite, zircon and undiagnosed zirconium mineral, whereas only zircon and niobium-containing rutile are diagnosed in amphibole one. These minerals are very small in size, the largest of them can reach 15-20 μm (sometimes up to 50 μm), although most of them do not exceed 10 μm (usually 5-6 μm). It is assumed that a significant part of rare metals are isomorphically included in rock-forming minerals (alkaline pyroxenes and amphiboles), and zirconium minerals, at least part of them, are secondary and formed as result of changing of primary sodium (eudialyte, catapleite, ilerite) or calcium (gittingsite) zirconosilicates which are more typical for peralkaline (agpaitic) rocks. Taking into account the peculiarities of the mineral composition, geochemical features and rare-earth mineralization of the Azov region, there is reason to believe that the HFSE mineralization of these rocks is a consequence of the differentiation of the primary igneous silica unsaturated melt(s). Secondary hydrothermal processes are weakly manifested in the studied rocks and probably presented by replacement of primary accessory minerals. Elevated or high concentrations of Nb in high-Ti grorudites and absence of Nb-minerals may indicate that the PTcondition of differentiation of these rocks (low F concentration, high fO2, and hypabyssal conditions of crystallization) did not contribute to their crystallization. The presence of grorudites in this region increase the prospects of discovering small alkaline granite massifs (holocrystalline analogues of grorudites) to which deposits and/or occurrences of Nb, REE, Zr, Sn, Be can be related

The mineralogy and crystal chemistry of deep-sea manganese nodules, a polymetallic resource of the twenty-first century

1977 ◽  
Vol 286 (1336) ◽  
pp. 283-301 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Ore Deposits ◽  
First Century ◽  
Equatorial Pacific Ocean ◽  
Manganese Nodules ◽  
The North ◽  
Cobalt Nickel ◽  
Sea Bed ◽  
Oxide Minerals ◽  
High Concentrations

The relatively high concentrations of cobalt, nickel, and copper in deep-sea manganese nodules, such as those occurring on the sea-bed beneath the north equatorial Pacific Ocean, indicate that these marine sediments are potential ore deposits. In order to explain the strong enrichments of Ni, Cu, and Co in the nodules, the crystal chemistries and structures of the host manganese oxide minerals must be understood. Over twenty manganese(IV) oxide minerals are known, but only three predominate in manganese nodules. They are todorokite, birnessite, and delta-MnO 2 . All Mn IV oxides contain edge-shared MnO 6 octahedra linked in diverse ways, leading to a hierarchy of structure-types somewhat resembling the classification of silicates. Todorokite is deduced to contain chains of edge-shared MnOe octahedra enclosing huge tunnels, thus resembling hollandite and psilomelane. Birnessite has a layered structure with essential vacancies in the sheets of edge-shared MnO 6 octahedra, while δ-MnO 2 is a disordered birnessite. The uptake of Co into manganese nodules involves replacement of low-spin Co 3+ for Mn 4+ ions in the structures, whereas Ni 2+ and Cu 2+ substitute for Mn 2+ ions in octahedra located in the chains or between layers of edge-shared MnO 6 octahedra.

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