scholarly journals Cobalt and Associated Impurities in Blue (and Green) Glass, Glaze and Enamel: Relationships between Raw Materials, Processing, Composition, Phases and International Trade

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 633
Author(s):  
Philippe Colomban ◽  
Burcu Kırmızı ◽  
Gulsu Simsek Franci
Keyword(s):  
Transition Metals ◽  
Compositional Data ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
Partial Substitution ◽  
Analytical Instruments ◽  
Historical View ◽  
Dissolved Ions ◽  
Yellow Pigments ◽  
Classification Tool

Minerals able to colour in blue (and green in combination with yellow pigments) are limited in number and geologically. After presenting a short history of the use of cobalt as a colouring agent of glass, glaze and enamel in the Western/Mediterranean, Islamic and Asian worlds since Antiquity, we will present the different forms (dissolved ions, natural and synthetic crystalline phases/pigments) of cobalt and associated elements regarding primary (transition metals) and secondary geological deposits (transition metals and/or arsenic, bismuth, silver). Attempts to identify the origin of cobalt have been made by many authors considering the associated elements but without considering the important modifications due to different processing of the raw materials (extraction/purification/formulation). We review the information available in the ancient reports and present literature on the use of cobalt, its extraction and production from the ores, the different geological sources and their relationship with associated elements (transition metals, bismuth, arsenic, and silver) and with technological/aesthetic requirements. (Partial) substitution of cobalt with lapis lazuli is also addressed. The relative application of non-invasive mobile Raman and pXRF analytical instruments, to detect mineral phases and elements associated with/replacing cobalt is addressed, with emphasis on Mamluk, Ottoman, Chinese, Vietnamese and Japanese productions. The efficiency of Ni-Zn-As diagram proposed by Gratuze et al. as a classification tool is confirmed but additionally, CoO-Fe2O3−MnO and CoO-NiO-Cr2O3 diagrams are also found as very efficient tools in this research. The relationship between the compositional data obtained from the artefacts and historical questions on the origin and date of their production are discussed in order to obtain a global historical view. The need of a better knowledge of (ancient) deposits of cobalt ores and the evolution of cobalt ore processing with time and place is obvious.

Development of Innovative Technology for Cryogenic Grape Powders and Drinks

2021 ◽  
pp. 24-28
Author(s):  
Зоя Алиевна Яралиева
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Laboratory Equipment ◽  
Scientific Center ◽  
Analytical Instruments ◽  
Organoleptic Characteristics ◽  
The Republic

Климатические условия на большей части территории Российской Федерации не позволяют выращивать виноград в открытом грунте, поэтому его завозят из южных районов страны. Производство виноградных напитков обычно сосредоточено в местах выращивания винограда, так как доставка готовой продукции в северные регионы сопряжена со значительными финансовыми затратами. В Республике Дагестан выращивают около 30% винограда в масштабах всей страны, а площадь плодоносящих виноградников занимает более 20 тыс. га. Возникла необходимость переработать виноград таким образом, чтобы полуфабрикат для изготовления напитков выдерживал длительные сроки хранения и транспортировку, отличался высоким качеством и имел небольшую массу. Разработана технология получения виноградных криопорошков, которые можно использовать в качестве пищевых добавок, для изготовления восстановленных соков и напитков. Целью исследования было создание инновационной технологии производства криопорошков для получения безалкогольных напитков. Объектом исследования стал виноград дагестанских технических, столовых и изюмных сортов. Алгоритм получения криопорошков соответствовал предложенной автором схеме: доставка винограда, отделение гребней, инспекция, мойка, дробление, замораживание жидким азотом, обезвоживание в вакуумной СВЧ-установке, криоизмельчение и фасовка. При выполнении работы определяли качественный состав сырья и криопорошков с использованием аналитических приборов и лабораторного оборудования кафедры технологии продуктов питания и учреждений Дагестанского научного Центра РАН. Определен химический состав криопорошков, полученных из винограда, выращенного в горно-долинной зоне Дагестана. Приведены физико-химические показатели напитка из криопорошка винограда. Органолептические показатели изготовленных виноградных напитков подтвердили их высокие качественные показатели. Climatic conditions in most of the Russian Federation do not allow growing grapes in the open field, therefore they are imported from the southern regions of the country. The production of grape drinks is usually concentrated in places where grapes are grown, since the delivery of finished products to the northern regions is associated with significant financial costs. Winegrowers of the Republic of Dagestan grow about 30% of grapes throughout the country, and the area of fruit-bearing vineyards occupies more than 20 thousand hectares. There was a problem to process grapes in such a way that the semi-finished product for the production of drinks withstands long storage and transportation periods, is of high quality and has a small weight. A technology has been developed for producing grape cryopowders, which can be used as food additives, for the production of reconstituted juices and drinks. The aim of the study was to create an innovative technology for the production of cryopowders for the production of soft drinks. The objects of the study were Dagestan common and raisin grapes. The algorithm for obtaining cryopowders corresponded to the scheme proposed by the author: delivery of grapes, separation of ridges, inspection, washing, crushing, freezing with liquid nitrogen, dehydration in a vacuum microwave unit, cryo-grinding and packaging. When performing the work, the qualitative composition of raw materials and cryopowders was determined using analytical instruments and laboratory equipment of the Department of Food Technology and institutions of the Dagestan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The chemical composition of cryopowders obtained from grapes grown in the mountain-valley zone of Dagestan has been determined. The physical and chemical parameters of a wine drink made from grape cryopowder are given. The organoleptic characteristics of the produced wine drinks confirmed their high quality indicators.

scholarly journals Durability of Concrete Structures with Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
R. Berenguer ◽  
N. Lima ◽  
A. C. Valdés ◽  
M. H. F. Medeiros ◽  
N. B. D. Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Sugar Cane Bagasse ◽  
Mineral Admixture ◽  
Partial Substitution ◽  
Industrial Transformation ◽  
Concrete Production ◽  
High Emission ◽  
Sugarcane Bagasse Ash ◽  
Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash

The environmental impact of cement production increased significantly in the previous years. For each ton of cement produced, approximately a ton of carbon dioxide is emitted in decarbonation (50%), clinker furnace combustion (40%), raw materials transport (5%), and electricity (5%). Green strategies have been advanced to reduce it, adding natural or waste materials to substitute components or reinforce the mortar, like fibers or ashes. Sugar cane bagasse ash is a by-product generated from sugar boilers and alcohol factories with capacity to be used in concrete production. Composed mainly of silica, it can be used as mortar and concrete mineral admixture, providing great economic and environmental advantages, particularly in regions with sugar culture and industrial transformation like Brazil. In this research, a study of partial substitution of Portland cement by sugar cane bagasse (SCB) is analyzed, in order to reduce clinker in concrete volume, responsible for high emission of CO2 to the atmosphere. An experimental campaign with cementitious pastes was carried out to evaluate the durability properties’ changes due to SCB ash use. Samples containing 15% of sugarcane bagasse ash unveiled good results in terms of durability, indicating that concrete structure with sugar cane ash research is a new and important scientific topic to be highlighted.

scholarly journals Archaeometric Approach for Studying Architectural Earthenwares from the Archaeological Site of S. Omobono (Rome-Italy)

Minerals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Domenico Miriello ◽  
Fabrizio Antonelli ◽  
Andrea Bloise ◽  
Monica Ceci ◽  
Stefano Columbu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Compositional Data ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Electron Probe Micro Analysis ◽  
Geochemical Characterization ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Historic Center ◽  
Micro Analysis ◽  
The Church

This paper reports the findings of an archaeometric study performed on 14 architectural earthenwares from the archaeological site of S. Omobono, located in the historic center of Rome (Italy). The archaeological site, accidentally discovered in 1937, includes the remains of a sacred area previously occupied by two temples, one of which was converted into the church of S. Omobono, in 1575. The samples, dated between the 7th and the 6th century BC, belong to different sectors of the site. Their petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical characterization was performed by optical microscopy (OM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA), and Raman spectroscopy (RS). The compositional data obtained were also subjected to the principal component analysis (PCA) in order to highlight similarities and differences among the samples. By combining geochemical and petrographic data, we were able to identify several different fabrics. Furthermore, the study provided valuable information on the firing temperatures of some samples and the provenance of the raw materials, by analyzing the chemical composition of clinopyroxenes present as non-plastic inclusions.

scholarly journals Investigation by pXRF of Caltagirone Pottery Samples Produced in Laboratory

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna M. Gueli ◽  
Antonio Delfino ◽  
Emanuele Nicastro ◽  
Stefania Pasquale ◽  
Giuseppe Politi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Compositional Data ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Firing Process ◽  
Pottery Production ◽  
Archaeological Ceramics ◽  
Technological Context ◽  
Historical Sites ◽  
Realization Process ◽  
Elemental Characterization

AbstractIn the study of archaeological ceramics, it is important to have compositional data to identify their origin and source. The fabric also provides useful information on the production technology, especially with regard to the firing steps. The work presented here is connected to this field and focuses on the main parameters related to the terracotta artefacts preparation. Thus, one can consider the effects in terracotta characteristics of different raw materials and firing parameters, in particular for pottery of Caltagirone, which is one of most important centres of pottery production in Italy, active since the Neolithic. To this end, terracotta samples have been reproduced in a laboratory setting according to the ancient procedure of Caltagirone manufacture, starting from clay and degreaser extraction in local historical sites. The analysis was conducted using a portable X-Ray Fluorescence (pXRF) spectrometer for elemental characterization of sand degreaser and of clays during each step of the realization process and in different firing conditions. SEM-ED techniques were also employed to verify the method and results for some of the samples after firing process. Framing the technological context of manufacture production, known in the specific case, it is also possible to identify potential outcomes and limits in the study of potsherds using pXRF technology, in applying the methodology to historic artefacts.

Preparation and Oxygen Intake/Release Characteristics of YBaCo2Fe2O7

2011 ◽  
Vol 306-307 ◽  
pp. 1520-1523
Author(s):  
Su Mei Zhang ◽  
Hong Zhang Song ◽  
Xin Hong Su ◽  
Jian Feng Jia ◽  
De Lin Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Partial Pressure ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
The Other ◽  
Oxygen Storage ◽  
Partial Substitution ◽  
Oxygen Intake ◽  
Original Mass ◽  
Stable Oxygen ◽  
Lower Temperature

A novel compound YBaCo2Fe2O7 was synthesized successfully under low surrounding oxygen partial pressure by selecting raw materials Fe2O3 and Fe to fix the oxygen content to “O7” in YBaCo2Fe2O7. Its oxygen intake/release characteristics were investigated by the thermogravimetric (TG) analysis from room temperature to 1150°C. The YBaCo2Fe2O7 sample exhibits a weak oxygen intake capability at lower temperature 360°C. On the other hand, the oxygen intake/release cycles of YBaCo2Fe2O7 were investigated between 340°C and 410°C. The experimental results show that it has good and stable oxygen intake/release reproducibility, and that its mass change of oxygen reaches 0.6% of its original mass within 40 minutes. However, after partial substitution, the oxygen storage capability of YBaCo2Fe2O7 is worse than YBaCo4O7. The previous results mean that YBaCo2Fe2O7 is not enough as a novel candidate for oxygen storage or separation materials.

The Influence of Partial Substitution of Raw Materials with Heavy Ash on the Main Properties of Portland Cements

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 860-863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Oproiu ◽  
Georgeta Voicu ◽  
Adrian Ionut Nicoara ◽  
Alina Ioana Badanoiu
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Bottom Ash ◽  
Cementitious Materials ◽  
Cement Industry ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Supplementary Cementitious Materials ◽  
Partial Substitution ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Binder Ratio ◽  
Water To Binder Ratio

The use of wastes in cement industry have impact both from economic and environmental point of views. Wastes can be used in clinker manufacture (to substitute raw materials or as alternative fuel) as well as supplementary cementitious materials in cement. This paper presents results regarding the use of heavy ash (bottom ash) as component of raw mix used for the clinker manufacture. Two types of cements were obtained by the milling of clinker produced with/without heavy ash (HA) as component of raw mix and gypsum (2%). The compressive strengths of these cements was assessed on plastic mortars (water:binder = 1:2 ratio and binder:aggregate = 1:3 ratio), cast in prismatic moulds (14x14x160 mm3), hardened different periods of time comprised between 1 to 28 days. The hydration and hardening processes which occur in the cementitious systems with/without waste content were assessed on pastes with water to binder ratio of 0.5, hardened for 1 up to 90 days. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and complex thermal analysis (DTA-TG) were used for pastes� characterization. The composition of clinker was assessed by XRD and microstructure by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results obtained in the framework of this research do not show any important difference between the clinkers� characteristics produced with alternative raw material (heavy ash) as compared with the ones produced with natural raw materials. Also, the properties of cements produced of these clinkers are similar.

scholarly journals Role of Natural Stone Wastes and Minerals in the Alkali Activation Process: A Review

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2284
Author(s):  
Bartolomeo Coppola ◽  
Jean-Marc Tulliani ◽  
Paola Antonaci ◽  
Paola Palmero
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Natural Stone ◽  
Partial Substitution ◽  
Alkali Activation ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Curing Conditions ◽  
Mineral Additions ◽  
Alumino Silicate

This review aims to provide a comprehensive assessment concerning alkali activation of natural stone wastes and minerals. In particular, the structure of the review is divided into two main sections in which the works dealing with alumino-silicate and carbonatic stones are discussed, respectively. Alumino-silicate stones are generally composed of quartz and feldspars, while carbonatic stones are mainly made of calcite and dolomite. The role of these minerals in the alkali activation process is discussed, attesting their influence in the development of the final product properties. In most of the works, authors use mineral additions only as fillers or aggregates and, in some cases, as a partial substitution of more traditional raw powders, such as metakaolin, fly ash, and granulated blast furnace slag. However, a few works in which alumino-silicate and carbonatic stone wastes are used as the main active components are discussed as well. Not only the raw materials, but also the entire alkali activation process and the curing conditions adopted in the literature studies here reviewed are systematically analyzed to improve the understanding of their effect on the physical, mechanical, and durability properties of the final products and to eventually foster the reuse of natural stone wastes for the purposes of sustainability in different applications.

scholarly journals Manufacture of Sustainable Clay Bricks Using Waste from Secondary Aluminum Recycling as Raw Material

Materials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Bonet-Martínez ◽  
Luis Pérez-Villarejo ◽  
Dolores Eliche-Quesada ◽  
Eulogio Castro
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Linear Shrinkage ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Partial Substitution ◽  
Secondary Aluminum ◽  
Recycling Industry ◽  
Clay Bricks ◽  
Aluminum Recycling

The aluminum recycling industry produces aluminum filter dust (AFD), a waste byproduct of the aluminum recycling process composed mainly of aluminum oxide in a percentage between 60–70%, 8% calcium oxide, almost 15% sodium chloride, and between 5–10% potassium chloride. Due to its aluminum content, this waste can be used as a raw material in the manufacture of ceramic bricks, at the same time reducing the environmental impact produced in landfill. In this work, the partial substitution of a clay mixture (40% black, 30% red, and 30% yellow clay) by different proportions of AFD in the range 0–25 wt % for the production of fired clay brick was studied. The raw materials, clays, and waste were characterized by XRF and XRD. The brick specimens were fired at 950 °C and their physical and mechanical properties, such as water absorption, water suction, loss of ignition, linear shrinkage, bulk density, and compressive strength, were analyzed. The more relevant results were obtained with the addition of up to 20 wt % AFD, obtaining bricks with physical properties comparable to pure clay-based bricks used as a reference and better compressive strength and thermal conductivity due to the balance between the melting and pore-forming effects of the waste. These sustainable bricks also comply with the regulations of heavy metals leached to the environment, as indicated by the leaching test.

scholarly journals Effect of Partial Substitution of 3d Transition Metals for Co on the Thermoelectric Properties of NaxCo2O4

2002 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 601-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikio Ito ◽  
Tomoya Nagira ◽  
Yoshimitsu Oda ◽  
Shigeru Katsuyama ◽  
Kazuhiko Majima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transition Metals ◽  
Thermoelectric Properties ◽  
Partial Substitution

Effect of Partial Substitution of Sr by Ba on the Structural Properties of Tl0.8Ni0.2Sr2-xBrxCa2Cu3O9-δ System

2021 ◽  
Vol 900 ◽  
pp. 172-179
Author(s):  
Mohammed Abdul Nebi Thejeel ◽  
Rihab Nassr Fadhil ◽  
Shatha H. Mahdie ◽  
Kareem Ali Jasim ◽  
Auday H. Shaban
Keyword(s):  
Structural Properties ◽  
Crystal Size ◽  
Full Width Half Maximum ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Partial Substitution ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Solid State Reaction Technique ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Barium Concentration

In this manuscript, the effect of substituting strontium with barium on the structural properties of Tl0.8Ni0.2Sr2-xBrxCa2Cu3O9-δ compound with x= 0, 0.2, 0.4, have been studied. Samples were prepared using solid state reaction technique, suitable oxides alternatives of Pb2O3, CaO, BaO and CuO with 99.99% purity as raw materials and then mixed. They were prepared in the form of discs with a diameter of 1.5 cm and a thickness of (0.2-0.3) cm under pressures 7 tons / cm2, and the samples were sintered at a constant temperature of 860 ° C. The structural properties were studied using X-ray diffraction for all samples, and the results showed that the samples have tetragonal structure and the change of the parameters structure with the change of the barium concentration. Full Width Half Maximum (FWHM) was calculated by Orange Pro using X-RAY data. The crystal size was calculated using Scherrer and Willeamson-Heall methods, where the results showed that the crystal size, compliance and degree of crystallinity changed with the change of barium concentration, and the highest average for the crystal size was 70.0271nm at x=0, and crystallization at 61.46% at x=0.6, and the strain decreased to 0.0037 when barium concentration equals 0.4.

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