scholarly journals Characterization and Suitability of Nigerian Barites for Different Industrial Applications

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 360
Author(s):  
Itohan Otoijamun ◽  
Moses Kigozi ◽  
Adelana Rasak Adetunji ◽  
Peter Azikiwe Onwualu
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
American Petroleum Institute ◽  
Infrared Analysis ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Drilling Mud ◽  
X Ray

This work aimed to characterize barite samples from selected different locations in Nigeria and determine their suitability for various industrial applications. The properties determined include mineralogy, chemical composition, morphology, functional groups, and specific gravity. Samples were obtained from ten locations in Nasarawa and Taraba states as well as a standard working sample (WS) obtained from a drilling site. The samples were characterized using scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), Fourier infrared analysis (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Specific gravity (SG) was determined using the pycnometer method. Results of SEM-EDX analysis show that the WS has a Ba-S-O empirical composition of 66.5% whereas these of the ten samples investigated vary between 59.36% and 98.86%. The FTIR analysis shows that the functional groups of S-O, SO42−, Ba-S-O, OH of the ten samples match that of the WS. Results of XRD show that the ten samples have the same mineralogical composition as the WS and all meet American Petroleum Institute (API) standards for industrial barite. Similar matching results are shown from EDXRF spectra intensity, position, and composition analysis of the ten samples compared to the WS. Specific gravity (SG) results show that six out of the ten samples have SG above 4.2 which is the recommended minimum for the American Petroleum Institute (API) standard. The other four samples will require beneficiation to meet the standard for drilling mud application. Using all the parameters of the assessment together, results show that while some (6) of the samples can be used for drilling fluid application, some (4) require beneficiation but all ten samples can be used for other industrial applications including healthcare, construction, plastic, cosmetics, paper, and rubber industries. The results of the study can be used for value addition in developing beneficiation procedures, processes, and technology for purification along with new materials for the industries.

scholarly journals Influence of reactivity and mineralogical composition on instability due to the disintegration of shales from Paraíba and Ceará States, Brazil

Cerâmica ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (375) ◽  
pp. 400-406
Author(s):  
C. A. Leal ◽  
M. N. C. Brunet ◽  
L. V. Amorim ◽  
H. L. Lira ◽  
F. C. C. Nogueira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Bentonite Clay ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Particle Size Analysis ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Potassium Citrate ◽  
American Petroleum Institute ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray

Abstract This work aimed to correlate the reactivity and mineralogical composition of shales to their disintegration. To accomplish this, five samples of shale from Rio do Peixe Basin and Araripe Basin, located in the Brazilian States of Paraíba and Ceará, respectively, were characterized. A sample of industrialized bentonite clay was used as a reference to provide a comparison. Characterization was performed through cation exchange capacity, particle size analysis, X-ray fluorescence, and X-ray diffraction. Disintegration tests were performed according to the American Petroleum Institute standards in the presence of deionized water, aqueous potassium citrate solution, and drilling fluid. The results suggested that samples presenting no reactive clay mineral content may be unstable and the higher the reactivity of the samples to aqueous fluids does not necessarily imply a higher level of disintegration. This demonstrated that different mechanisms not associated with clay swelling may assume greater or lesser relevance on the instability of a formation.

Crystallization of simonkolleite (Zn5Cl2(OH)8 ∙ H2O) in powder samples prepared for mineral composition analysis by quantitative X-ray diffraction (QXRD)

Nafta-Gaz ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (5) ◽  
pp. 293-298
Author(s):  
Urszula Zagórska ◽  
◽  
Sylwia Kowalska ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Internal Standard ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Hydrocarbon Exploration ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Internal Standard Method ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Method Error ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Significant Difference

The analysis of mineralogical composition by quantitative X-ray diffraction (QXRD) is one of the standard research methods used in hydrocarbon exploration. In order to improve it and to obtain better results, the methodology of quantitative analysis used at Well Logging Department is being periodically (more or less) modified. After the introduction of the improvements, comparative analyses were performed on archival samples. Reflections from an unidentified phase which did not occur in the tested Rotliegend sandstone samples were noticed on X-ray diffractograms of archival samples. Reflections of a mineral called simonkolleite were identified in the X-ray diffraction database. Chemically it is a hydrated zinc chloride of the formula: Zn5Cl2(OH)8 × H2O. Analysis of the composition of samples in which simonkolleite crystallised, indicated that the mineral is being formed in the result of the slow reaction of zinc oxide with halite (NaCl) and water vapour. An attempt was made to determine the influence of the presence of this mineral on the results of the quantitative analysis of mineralogical composition. The above methodology was applied on a group of ten samples. The results of the quantitative analysis conducted for archival samples stored with added zincite standard containing simonkolleite and for new, freshly grinded (without artifact) samples were compared. The comparison of the obtained results showed a slight influence of this mineral on the quantitative composition of the remaining components. The difference between the results usually did not exceed the method error. At the same time a significant difference in the calculated content of the internal standard was noted – on average 1% less in archival than in new samples. This shows that the reaction occurring in the archival samples will affect the evaluation of the quality of the obtained quantitative analysis, at the same time excluding the possibility of determining the rock’s amorphous substance content with the internal standard method.

scholarly journals Phase and chemical composition analysis of pigments used in Cucuteni Neolithic painted ceramics

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 281-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bogdan Constantinescu ◽  
Roxana Bugoi ◽  
Emmanuel Pantos ◽  
Dragomir Popovici
Keyword(s):  
Manganese Oxides ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Manganese Minerals ◽  
Chemical Composition Analysis ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Phase And Chemical Composition

Two analytical methods – 241Am-based X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Diffraction (SR-XRD) – were used to investigate the elemental and mineralogical composition of pigments which decorate some Cucuteni Neolithic ceramic sherds. Local hematite and local calcite were the main components for red and white pigments, respectively. For black pigments, iron oxides (e.g. magnetite) were used. They were often mixed with manganese oxides (e.g. jacobsite), which originated from Iacobeni manganese minerals deposits on the Bistrita River. Taking into account the results of the experiments, several conclusions regarding manufacturing procedures employed, and potential trade routes during the Neolithic were drawn.

Commercially Imported Bentonite Versus Locally Derived Bentonitic Clays: A Comparative Assessment Study of Mineralogy and Geochemical properties, Anambra Basin, Southeastern Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-109
Author(s):  
Omonigho K. Egbo ◽  
Olugbenga A. Ehinola
Keyword(s):  
Amorphous Materials ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Drilling Mud ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Southeastern Nigeria ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Geochemical Properties

This study aimed to investigate the mineralogy and chemical properties of the bentonites from the Imo Shale and Ameki formations, vis-a-vis commercially imported bentonite (CIC), for its suitability in formulation of drilling mud. 50 suspected bentonitic clays were studied, and properties of starting materials were utilized during screening. The CIC and four samples that met the API specification for drilling mud were subjected to X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyses. XRD revealed SPL15 consists: 55% kaolinite, 20% quartz, 15% K-feldspar, and 10% hematite, suggesting kaolinite-type; and SPL6, SPL8, and SPL11 consist: 28-47% kaolinite, 26-32% quartz, and 12-20% nontronite, indicating smectite-type with significant amount of kaolinite co-existing, while the CIC consists of 12% quartz, 10% K-feldspar, 12% calcite, 41% nontronite, and 25% amorphous materials. XRF, showed Al2O3 (15.77-25.49) wt%, Fe2O3 (6.61-10.01) wt%, SiO2 (51.67-59.11) wt%, and loss on ignition (7.57-11.22) wt%, indicating variable degrees of alterations. Significant proportion of the CIC exists in an amorphous phase, suspected to be additives. Thus, comparison with the CIC revealed compositional disparity/deficits in the local clays. Consequently, treatment/beneficiations may be necessary to achieve the desired compositions. Based on these results, the primary criteria for the formulation of drilling fluid, using mineralogy and chemical compositions, are achievable.

Quality assessment of some baryte ores in Benue state area, Nigeria for oilfield drilling

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 2861-2872
Author(s):  
Debrah Memshima Oahimire ◽  
Victor Uchechi Ukaegbu ◽  
Joel Friday Ogbonna
Keyword(s):  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
American Petroleum Institute ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Standard Requirement ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Weight Percentage ◽  
Exploration And Production ◽  
Drilling Operations

The massive exploration and production well drillings in Nigerian oilfield indicate the demand for drilling fluid supplements such as baryte, in managing over-pressured formations and preventing hazardous blowouts. The underdevelopment of Nigerian solid minerals has created a wide gap between the demand and supply of the local resource, whereas there exist some assertions that the Nigerian baryte quality is below the American Petroleum Institute, API, standard. This study aimed at testing and evaluating qualitatively, based on API standards, some baryte ores from the Benue area, Nigeria, to establish their usefulness or otherwise in oilfield drilling operations. General field studies and sampling with laboratory studies were done including flame tests, X-ray Diffraction and X-ray fluorescence, to confirm mineralogy and chemical compositions of the barytes respectively and very importantly, the API tests prescribed for drilling grade barytes were carried out. The results showed impressive quality barytes with a specific gravity range from 4.10 to 4.49 and concentration of alkaline earth metals as calcium, Ca, 20mg/kg to 48mg/kg, particle sizes processed within API standard requirement, and the weight percentage of BaSO4 composition of the ores ranged from 93.55% to 99.61%. There were no significant impurities of threat such as carbonates, iron ores, silicates and sulphides. The estimation of reserves and proper development of the resource is highly recommended as the quantity and quality might enhance the sustainability of local drilling grade baryte supply and save Nigeria the current huge capital flight and other plights

Determination of the Chemical and Mineralogical Composition of Drilled Cuttings at Different Points throughout the Solids Control Process

2012 ◽  
Vol 727-728 ◽  
pp. 1677-1682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Seixas Pereira ◽  
C.M.A. Panisset ◽  
T.B. Lima ◽  
Carlos Henrique Ataíde
Keyword(s):  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Control Process ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Particle Size Analysis ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Exploration And Production ◽  
Chemical And Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Solid Liquid ◽  
Solid Liquid Separation

In this work, we use x-ray fluorescence and x-ray diffraction methods to investigate the chemical and mineralogical composition of drilled cuttings at different points throughout the solids control process. Cuttings coated or contaminated with drilling fluid are the result of drilling. Over the past twenty years, studies have been conducted to assess the effects that these contaminated cuttings have on the environment, in both offshore and onshore scenarios. A more restrictive environmental legislation and the need to reduce drilling costs (exploration and production) has led to the optimization of solid-liquid separation. Knowledge of the chemical and mineralogical composition of drilled cuttings will assist in finding a dispersant and in determining an appropriate procedure for carrying out particle size analysis of these solids.

Characterization of barite reserves in Nigeria for use as weighting agent in drilling fluid

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 2157-2178
Author(s):  
David Oluwasegun Afolayan ◽  
Adelana Rasak Adetunji ◽  
Azikiwe Peter Onwualu ◽  
Oghenerume Ogolo ◽  
Richard Kwasi Amankwah
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
American Petroleum Institute ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Cu Content ◽  
Hardness Scale ◽  
Drilling Operations

AbstractSuccessful drilling operations are dependent on the properties of the drilling fluid used to drill wells. Barite is used as a weighting agent during the preparation of drilling fluid. Over the years, oil and gas industry in Nigeria has been depending mainly on imported barite for drilling operations, whereas the country has huge deposits of barite. There is the need to assess the properties of the locally sourced barite for their suitability in drilling fluid formulation. This study presents the local processing methods of barite and examines the crude and on-the-site processed barite’s physio-chemical properties. These parameters were compared with American Petroleum Institute and Department of Petroleum Resources standards. XRD results show that on-the-site beneficiated barite has 87.79% BaSO4, 6.66% silica, 0.03% total soluble salt, 1.39% Fe2O3, and 1.603% heavy metals. Chemical analysis indicated that the pH, moisture content, metallic content such as Ca, Pb, Zn, Mg, Cu, and Cd minerals, and extractable carbonates were within the standard specified for usage as a drilling fluid weighting agent. The analysed crude barite samples were basic, within the pH of 8.3 and 8.6. Locally processed barite has lower Fe, Pb, Cd, and Cu content compared to industrially accepted barite. The specific gravity increased from 4.02 ± 0.07 to 4.15 ± 0.13, and the hardness reduced potentially from 5 Mohr to 3.5 Mohr on the hardness scale. The amount of impurities was sufficiently low, and the specific gravity of the samples improved to meet the needs of any drilling operation and compare favourably with industrially accepted barite.

scholarly journals Mineral Constituents and Kaolinite Crystallinity of the <2 μm Fraction of Cretaceous-Paleogene/Neogene Kaolins from Eastern Dahomey and Niger Delta Basins, Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
O.M. Oyebanjo ◽  
G.E. Ekosse ◽  
J.O. Odiyo
Keyword(s):  
Niger Delta ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Titanium Oxides ◽  
Economic Consideration ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Structural Order ◽  
Dominant Phase ◽  
Cretaceous Deposits

Abstract This study examines the mineral composition and kaolinite crystallinity of Cretaceous and Paleogene/Neogene kaolins from Nigeria based on X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy data of the <2 μm fraction. The purpose of this was to assess the minerals present, structural order, and possible industrial applications of the kaolins. A total of twenty-eight (28) samples comprising of fifteen (15) Cretaceous and thirteen (13) Paleogene/Neogene kaolins were analysed. The XRD results showed that both the Cretaceous and Paleogene/Neogene kaolins have kaolinite as the dominant phase followed by quartz with anatase, hematite, and goethite occurring in minor quantities. Based on the mineralogical composition, the Paleogene/Neogene deposits were classified as sandy kaolin and the Cretaceous deposits were classified as pure kaolin. The kaolinite structural order for the Cretaceous pure kaolin was higher than that obtained for the Paleogene/Neogene sandy kaolin with more quartz, iron, and titanium oxides. The economic consideration of the deposits showed that the sandy kaolin type can be used in pigment industrial applications whereas the pure kaolin type can be used in refractory, fiberglass, and ceramic industrial applications.

scholarly journals Utilizing a new eco-friendly drilling mud additive generated from wastes to minimize the use of the conventional chemical additives

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 3467-3481
Author(s):  
Abo Taleb T. Al-Hameedi ◽  
Husam H. Alkinani ◽  
Mohammed M. Alkhamis ◽  
Shari Dunn-Norman
Keyword(s):  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Drilling Process ◽  
Drilling Mud ◽  
Chemical Additives ◽  
Partial Loss ◽  
Multifunctional Additive ◽  
Grain Sizes

Abstract The cost of the drilling operation is very high. Drilling fluid presents 15 to 30% of the entire expense of the drilling process. Ordinarily, the major drilling fluids additives are viscosity modifiers, filtration control agents, and partial loss treatments. In this experimental work, full-set measurements under fresh and aged conditions, as well as high-temperature and high-pressure (HTHP) API filtration, were conducted to study the impacts of adding 0.5%, 1.5%, 2.5%, and 3.5% of black sunflower seeds’ shell powder (BSSSP) to spud mud. BSSSP of various grain sizes showed their ability to be invested for viscosity modifying, seepage loss controlling, and partial loss remediation. In addition to BSSSP eminent efficiency to be used as a multifunctional additive, the BSSSP is cheap, locally obtainable in commercial quantities, environmentally friendly additive and easy to grind into various desired grain sizes. Besides its outstanding strength to behave under conditions up to 30 h aged time and under 50 °C (122 °F) temperature, the utilization of powdered waste black sunflower shells in the drilling process and other industrial applications can reduce the effects of food waste on the environment and the personnel safety. To sum it up, experimental findings revealed that BSSSP can be used for multiple applications as a novel fibrous and particulate additive. The results elucidated BSSSP suitability in substituting or at least minimizing some of the traditional chemical materials utilized in the petroleum industry such as salt clay, polymers, and lost circulation materials (LCM).

scholarly journals ENHANCEMENT OF GAMBE CLAY USING UN-FERMENTABLE POLYMERS FOR DRILLING MUD FORMULATION

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-126
Author(s):  
AO Ibrahim ◽  
OR Momoh ◽  
MT Isa
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Methyl Cellulose ◽  
Carboxy Methyl Cellulose ◽  
Drilling Mud ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Gas Drilling ◽  
Carboxy Methyl

There is availability and large deposits of bentonite (700 million tons in North Eastern part) in Nigeria but the clays had not been abundantly harnessed and enhanced with polymer for drilling fluid formulation because they are mostly composed of calcium montmorillonite. This work was aimed at enhancing Gambe clay using un-fermentable polymers (three carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) with different average molecular weight). The clay was obtained from Gambe town in Adamawa State, Nigeria, beneficiated for quartz removal, as well as enhancement with Na2CO3 (6 wt.%). The mineral and oxides composition of the clay was determined using X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence analyses respectively, and finally used to formulate the drilling fluid. The effect of the polymer on the rheological and physico-chemical properties of the formulated drilling fluid was investigated employing FANN 35SA viscometer.  It was found that the carboxy methyl cellulose enhanced the plastic viscosity from 1.5 cP to 34 cP and the apparent viscosity from 2.25 cP to 44 cP. The higher the average molecular weight of the sodium carboxy methyl cellulose the higher the apparent and plastic viscosities of the formulated fluid. Similarly, the resultant viscosities compared well with that of commercial standard of 15 cP and 14 cP of apparent and plastic viscosities respectively. The sets of data generated from this work is going to be very useful for water and oil/gas drilling operations. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v36i1.15

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