scholarly journals Transformation of Pb, Cd, and Zn Minerals Using Phosphates

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Andrunik ◽  
Magdalena Wołowiec ◽  
Daniel Wojnarski ◽  
Sylwia Zelek-Pogudz ◽  
Tomasz Bajda
Keyword(s):  
Sequential Extraction ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Heavy Metal Contamination ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Chemical Immobilization ◽  
Crystal Forms ◽  
Dissolved Carbon ◽  
Three Samples

Heavy metal contamination in soils has become one of the most critical environmental issues. The most efficient in-situ remediation technique is chemical immobilization that uses cost-effective soil amendments such as phosphate compounds to decrease Pb, Cd and Zn accessibility in the contaminated soils. The present study examined the effectiveness of KH2PO4 in immobilizing Pb, Cd and Zn in three samples of contaminated soils collected from ZGH “Bolesław” (Mining and Smelting Plant “Bolesław”). Effectiveness was evaluated using the following methods: a toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP)-based experiment, sequential extraction, X-ray diffraction analyses (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM–EDS). The most efficient percentage reduction of total leachable metal concentration assessed by TCLP was observed for lead (50%–80%), and the least reduction was observed for zinc (1%–17%). The most effective immobilization of stable compounds assessed by sequential extraction was noted for lead, while the weakest immobilization was noted for cadmium. New insoluble mineral phases were identified by SEM-EDS analysis. Cd, Zn, and Pb formed new stable mineral substances with phosphates. The predominant crystal forms were dripstones and groups of needles, which were easily formed by dissolved carbon rock surfaces containing zinc ions. The alkaline nature of the soil and a large number of carbonates mainly influenced the formation of new structures.

scholarly journals High-pressure and -temperature spinning capillary cell for in situ synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 1238-1244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmundo Fraga ◽  
Jesus D. Zea-Garcia ◽  
Armando Yáñez ◽  
Angeles G. De la Torre ◽  
Ana Cuesta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Powder Diffraction ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Oil Well ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
High Pressure And Temperature ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Quantitative Analyses ◽  
Well Cement

In situ research of materials under moderate pressures (hundreds of bar) is essential in many scientific fields. These range from gas sorption to chemical and biological processes. One industrially important discipline is the hydration of oil well cements. Existing capillary cells in this pressure range are static as they are easy to design and operate. This is convenient for the study of single-phase materials; however, powder diffraction quantitative analyses for multiphase systems cannot be performed accurately as a good powder average cannot be attained. Here, the design, construction and commissioning of a cost-effective spinning capillary cell for in situ powder X-ray diffraction is reported, for pressures currently up to 200 bar. The design addresses the importance of reducing the stress on the capillary by mechanically synchronizing the applied rotation power and alignment on both sides of the capillary while allowing the displacement of the supports needed to accommodate different capillaries sizes and to insert the sample within the tube. This cell can be utilized for multiple purposes allowing the introduction of gas or liquid from both ends of the capillary. The commissioning is reported for the hydration of a commercial oil well cement at 150 bar and 150°C. The quality of the resulting powder diffraction data has allowed in situ Rietveld quantitative phase analyses for a hydrating cement containing seven crystalline phases.

scholarly journals Bio Remedial Potential for the Treatment of Contaminated Soils

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 53-58
Author(s):  
Hasnain Raza ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Polluted Soil ◽  
Soil Bioremediation ◽  
Environmental Threat ◽  
The World

As anthropogenic activities rise over the world, representing an environmental threat, soil contamination and treatment of polluted areas have become a worldwide concern. Bioremediation is a sustainable technique that could be a cost-effective mitigating solution for heavy metal-polluted soil regeneration. Due to the difficulties in determining the optimum bioremediation methodology for each type of pollutant and the lack of literature on soil bioremediation, we reviewed the main in-situ type, their current properties, applications, and techniques, plants, and microbe’s efficiency for treatment of contaminated soil. In this review, we describe the deeper knowledge of the in-situ types of bioremediation and their different pollutant accumulation mechanisms.

scholarly journals Poly (N-Methyl Aniline)-Li Nanocomposite as an Electrolyte for Rechargeable Battery: In-situ Recipe

2020 ◽  
Vol 170 ◽  
pp. 01018
Author(s):  
Nishigandh Pande ◽  
Adinath Jambhale ◽  
Dipika Jaspal ◽  
Jalinder Ambekar ◽  
Himanshu Patil
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Rechargeable Battery ◽  
Discharge Process ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
One Pot ◽  
X Ray ◽  
In Situ Method ◽  
Mechanism Of Interaction ◽  
Uv Visible

The synthesis of cost-effective and safe polymeric nanocomposite materials has been a subject of interest and study for material science researchers. Poly (N-Methyl Aniline) –Li nanocomposite has been synthesized by a one-pot in-situ method and has been explored as an electrolyte in the battery. Poly (N-Methyl Aniline)-Li nanocomposite prepared, has been characterized by UV-visible, FTIR, FE-SEM, X-ray diffraction techniques. A mechanism of interaction of lithiumion with nitrogen at the imine site has been proposed. The charge-discharge process of poly (N-Methyl Aniline) –Li nanocomposite, when used in the battery, has been discussed.

scholarly journals A review on phytoremediation as an ecological method for in situ clean up of heavy metals contaminated soils

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 ◽  
pp. 03024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolae Cioica ◽  
Cătălina Tudora ◽  
Dorin Iuga ◽  
György Deak ◽  
Monica Matei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Current State ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Excessive Accumulation

Heavy metals are among the most common types of contaminants in agricultural soils, especially those bordering the cities, due to the uncontrolled use of sewage sludge, compost, mining waste and chemical fertilizers. Excessive accumulation of heavy metals, which do not degrade over time, adversely affects crop yields by decreasing microbial activity and fertility of contaminated soils. Also, excess of heavy metals in the soil poses a serious threat to plant and animal health and, through their entry into the food chain, to human health. For this reason, the decontamination of soils contaminated with heavy metals has become a necessity. This review presents the current state of phytoremediation research as the most cost-effective method of in-situ environmental decontamination of soils contaminated with heavy metals.

scholarly journals In situ phytoremediation of copper and cadmium in a co-contaminated soil and its biological and physical effects

RSC Advances ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 993-1003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Xu ◽  
Xiangyu Xing ◽  
Jiani Liang ◽  
Jianbiao Peng ◽  
Jing Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Potential Cost ◽  
Effective Technology ◽  
Physical Effects

Phytoremediation is a potential cost-effective technology for remediating heavy metal-contaminated soils.

Phytoremediation of Cadmium Contaminated Soils: Advances and Researching Prospects

2013 ◽  
Vol 743-744 ◽  
pp. 732-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Su ◽  
Zhang Cai ◽  
Qi Xing Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Soil Contamination ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Metal Contamination ◽  
Heavy Metal Contamination ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Organic Contamination ◽  
Metal Organic

More and more attention has been paid to soil contamination by heavy metals in recent years. Heavy metal contamination includes heavy metal - heavy metal contamination, heavy metal - organic contamination, and heavy metal nutrient contamination. In particular, soil contamination by cadmium (Cd) is the most typical one. In terms of the current remediation technologies, phytoremediation of Cd contaminated soil remains popular due to its low cost, environmental aesthetics and in-situ effective treatment. Therefore, screening-out and identification of Cd hyperaccumulators becomes a hotspot in this researching domain. In order to further improve the efficiency of phytoremediation, we have developed a variety of joint remediation technologies. Based on these work at home and abroad, we summed up the studying progress in this field. Some main researching contents and directions of phytoremediation for Cd contaminated soils were also proposed.

scholarly journals Magnetic Combined Cross-Linked Enzyme Aggregates of Ketoreductase and Alcohol Dehydrogenase: An Efficient and Stable Biocatalyst for Asymmetric Synthesis of (R)-3-Quinuclidinol with Regeneration of Coenzymes In Situ

Catalysts ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuhan Chen ◽  
Qihua Jiang ◽  
Lili Sun ◽  
Qiang Li ◽  
Liping Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Measurements ◽  
Glucose Dehydrogenase ◽  
Enantiomeric Excess ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Direct Immobilization

Enzymes are biocatalysts. In this study, a novel biocatalyst consisting of magnetic combined cross-linked enzyme aggregates (combi-CLEAs) of 3-quinuclidinone reductase (QNR) and glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) for enantioselective synthesis of (R)-3-quinuclidinolwith regeneration of cofactors in situ was developed. The magnetic combi-CLEAs were fabricated with the use of ammonium sulfate as a precipitant and glutaraldehyde as a cross-linker for direct immobilization of QNR and GDH from E. coli BL(21) cell lysates onto amino-functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The physicochemical properties of the magnetic combi-CLEAs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and magnetic measurements. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) images revealed a spherical structure with numerous pores which facilitate the movement of the substrates and coenzymes. Moreover, the magnetic combi-CLEAs exhibited improved operational and thermal stability, enhanced catalytic performance for transformation of 3-quinuclidinone (33 g/L) into (R)-3-quinuclidinol in 100% conversion yield and 100% enantiomeric excess (ee) after 3 h of reaction. The activity of the biocatalysts was preserved about 80% after 70 days storage and retained more than 40% of its initial activity after ten cycles. These results demonstrated that the magnetic combi-CLEAs, as cost-effective and environmentally friendly biocatalysts, were suitable for application in synthesis of (R)-3-quinuclidinol essential for the production of solifenacin and aclidinium with better performance than those currently available.

An X-Ray Diffraction Study of CaNi5 Hydrides Using In Situ Hydriding and Profile Fitting Methods

1982 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 163-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.J. Gainsford ◽  
L.D. Calvert ◽  
J.J. Murray ◽  
J.B. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Diffraction Study ◽  
Lattice Parameters ◽  
Single Specimen ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Profile Fitting ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Hydride Phases

The CaNi5 system is unique among the AB5-H systems in that it exhibits three distinct hydrides (β, γ, δ) at pressures below 65 atm. (Sandrock et. al., 1982), The present diffraction study was designed to characterise these phases, only one of which has been previously studied. Nowotny (1942) gave lattice parameters for a number of AB5 (Haucke) phases including CaNi5. Takéuchi et al. (1966) gave parameters for CaNi5. Buschow (1974) reported on the entire Ca-Ni system. Oesterreicher et al. (1980) gave data on CaNi5 and CaNi5H5.5. Ensslen et al. (1981) indexed CaNi5H5.5 (γ-phase) as orthorhombic. Measurements made at NRC on one of the samples studied by Sandrock et. al (1982) and on three samples prepared at NRC are given in Table 1 together with the data from the literature. It is clear that there is a significant sample effect on the observed lattice parameters. It is well known that many AB5 compounds have a range of composition. To avoid variations due to sample effects it was decided to characterise the hydride phases on a single specimen.

The Use of Advanced Analytical Techniques for Characterization of the Chemical, Physical, and Crystallographic Nature of a Surface

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 132-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Herfert
Keyword(s):  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Depth Of Penetration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Electron

Studies of the nature of a surface, either metallic or nonmetallic, in the past, have been limited to the instrumentation available for these measurements. In the past, optical microscopy, replica transmission electron microscopy, electron or X-ray diffraction and optical or X-ray spectroscopy have provided the means of surface characterization. Actually, some of these techniques are not purely surface; the depth of penetration may be a few thousands of an inch. Within the last five years, instrumentation has been made available which now makes it practical for use to study the outer few 100A of layers and characterize it completely from a chemical, physical, and crystallographic standpoint. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) provides a means of viewing the surface of a material in situ to magnifications as high as 250,000X.

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