scholarly journals Governance Strategies for Mitigating Microplastic Pollution in the Marine Environment: A Review

Microplastics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-46
Author(s):  
Amarachi Paschaline Onyena ◽  
Donald Chukwudi Aniche ◽  
Bright Ogechi Ogbolu ◽  
Md. Refat Jahan Rakib ◽  
Jamal Uddin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marine Environment ◽  
Community Involvement ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Marine Ecosystems ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Environmental Research ◽  
Environmental Groups ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
Governance Strategies

Threats emerging from microplastic pollution in the marine environment have received much global attention. This review assessed sources, fate, and impacts of microplastics in marine ecosystems and identified gaps. Most studies document the ubiquity of microplastics and associated environmental effects. Effects include impacts to marine ecosystems, risks to biodiversity, and threats to human health. Microplastic leakage into marine ecosystems arises from plastic waste mismanagement and a lack of effective mitigative strategies. This review identified a scarcity of microplastics’ mitigation strategies from different stakeholders. Lack of community involvement in microplastic monitoring or ecosystem conservation exists due to limited existence of citizen science and stakeholder co-management initiatives. Although some management strategies exist for controlling effects of microplastics (often implemented by local and global environmental groups), a standardized management strategy to mitigate microplastics in coastal areas is urgently required. There is a need to review policy interventions aimed at plastic reduction in or near coastal ecosystems and evaluate their effectiveness. There is also a need to identify focal causes of microplastic pollution in the marine environment through further environmental research and governance approaches. These would extend to creating more effective policies as well as harmonized and extended efforts of educational campaigns and incentives for plastic waste reduction while mandating stringent penalties to help reduce microplastic leakage into the marine environment.

scholarly journals Assessment of Microplastic Impacts in the Marine Environment: A Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tony Walker
Keyword(s):  
Marine Environment ◽  
Community Involvement ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Marine Ecosystems ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Environmental Research ◽  
Environmental Groups ◽  
Global Environmental ◽  
Educational Campaigns

Threats emerging from microplastics pollution in the marine environment have received much global attention. This review assessed sources, fate, and impacts of microplastics in marine ecosystems and identified gaps. Most studies document ubiquity of microplastics and associated environmental effects. Effects include impacts to marine ecosystems, risks to biodiversity, and threats to human health. Microplastic leakage into marine ecosystems arises from plastic waste mismanagement and a lack of effective mitigative strategies. This review identified a scarcity of microplastics mitigation strategies across different stakeholders. Lack of community involvement in microplastic monitoring or ecosystem conservation exists due to limited existence of stakeholder co-management initiatives. Although some management strategies exist for controlling the effects of microplastics (often implemented by local and global environmental groups); a standardized management strategy to mitigate microplastics in coastal areas is urgently required. There is a need to identify focal causes of microplastic pollution in the marine environment through further environmental research. This would extend to creating more effective policies as well as harmonized and extended efforts of educational campaigns and incentives for counteraction and plastic waste reduction, while mandating stringent penalties for polluting the marine environment. This will help reduce microplastic leakage into the environment.

Predicted growth in plastic waste exceeds efforts to mitigate plastic pollution

Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 369 (6510) ◽  
pp. 1515-1518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie B. Borrelle ◽  
Jeremy Ringma ◽  
Kara Lavender Law ◽  
Cole C. Monnahan ◽  
Laurent Lebreton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Waste Reduction ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystem ◽  
Plastic Pollution ◽  
Environmental Recovery ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Levels

Plastic pollution is a planetary threat, affecting nearly every marine and freshwater ecosystem globally. In response, multilevel mitigation strategies are being adopted but with a lack of quantitative assessment of how such strategies reduce plastic emissions. We assessed the impact of three broad management strategies, plastic waste reduction, waste management, and environmental recovery, at different levels of effort to estimate plastic emissions to 2030 for 173 countries. We estimate that 19 to 23 million metric tons, or 11%, of plastic waste generated globally in 2016 entered aquatic ecosystems. Considering the ambitious commitments currently set by governments, annual emissions may reach up to 53 million metric tons per year by 2030. To reduce emissions to a level well below this prediction, extraordinary efforts to transform the global plastics economy are needed.

scholarly journals Trends and Evolution in the Concept of Marine Ecosystem Services: An Overview

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 2060
Author(s):  
Elvira Buonocore ◽  
Umberto Grande ◽  
Pier Paolo Franzese ◽  
Giovanni F. Russo
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Alternative Assessment ◽  
Natural Capital ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Marine Ecosystems ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Coastal Protection ◽  
Policy Dialogue ◽  
Marine Ecosystem Services

The biotic and abiotic assets of the marine environment form the “marine natural capital” embedded in the global ocean. Marine natural capital provides the flow of “marine ecosystem services” that are directly used or enjoyed by people providing benefits to human well-being. They include provisioning services (e.g., food), regulation and maintenance services (e.g., carbon sequestration and storage, and coastal protection), and cultural services (e.g., tourism and recreational benefits). In recent decades, human activities have increased the pressures on marine ecosystems, often leading to ecosystem degradation and biodiversity loss and, in turn, affecting their ability to provide benefits to humans. Therefore, effective management strategies are crucial to the conservation of healthy and diverse marine ecosystems and to ensuring their long-term generation of goods and services. Biophysical, economic, and sociocultural assessments of marine ecosystem services are much needed to convey the importance of natural resources to managers and policy makers supporting the development and implementation of policies oriented for the sustainable management of marine resources. In addition, the accounting of marine ecosystem service values can be usefully complemented by their mapping to enable the identification of priority areas and management strategies and to facilitate science–policy dialogue. Given this premise, this study aims to review trends and evolution in the concept of marine ecosystem services. In particular, the global scientific literature on marine ecosystem services is explored by focusing on the following main aspects: the definition and classification of marine ecosystem services; their loss due to anthropogenic pressures, alternative assessment, and mapping approaches; and the inclusion of marine ecosystem services into policy and decision-making processes.

Environmental Assessment in Marine Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction: Practice and Prospects

2017 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 252-255
Author(s):  
Robin Warner
Keyword(s):  
Human Activity ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
Environmental Assessment ◽  
Marine Pollution ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Marine Ecosystems ◽  
Marine Resources ◽  
Governance Structures ◽  
National Jurisdiction ◽  
Marine Areas

Knowledge of the threats posed to the oceans by human activity has expanded beyond marine pollution to encompass recognition of the risks posed to vulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs) by overfishing, destructive fisheries practices, and invasive exploitation of living and nonliving marine resources. However, with the still-developing state of marine scientific research, the majority of activities at sea continue to occur with limited knowledge of their impacts on the marine environment. In this climate of uncertainty, environmental assessment assumes heightened importance. While governance structures will generally exist to facilitate environmental assessment in marine areas within national jurisdiction, these structures are still developing for marine areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ).

scholarly journals Identification of Risks Pertaining to Abandoned Housing Projects in Malaysia

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamzah Abdul-Rahman ◽  
Chen Wang ◽  
Nur Hamizah Ariffin
Keyword(s):  
Construction Projects ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Housing Projects ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative Methods ◽  
Risk Management Strategies ◽  
Housing Industry ◽  
Ground Condition ◽  
Very High

Housing industry is one of the most dynamic, risky, and challenging industries. In Malaysia, this industry has a poor reputation for managing risks, with many major projects failing to be completed within the allotted time. Due to the inherent risks involved in construction projects, it is essential to recognize the risks that cause problems associated with abandoned housing projects. Therefore, this study aims to identify the risks that contribute to issues of abandoned housing projects and to propose mitigation strategies. The methodologies used in this study are combination of qualitative and quantitative methods of literature review, questionnaire survey, and interview. The results show that many risks are involved in housing project, including risks related to environmental impacts, construction, politics, law, management, finance, materials, and economy, of which the probability of risks from unexpected ground condition, project delays, bureaucracy, contractual disputes between developer and landlord, weakness in management by inexperience developer, and financial crisis is very high. It was also found that all relevant parties involved in housing industry are required to have extensive cooperation in advance and should perform systematic risk management strategies in order to mitigate the risks leading to problems associated with abandoned housing projects.

Risk Management Strategies for Project Success

2018 ◽  
pp. 250-267
Author(s):  
Vittal S. Anantatmula ◽  
Yang Fan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Project Success ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Risk Management Plan ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Risk Management Strategies ◽  
Risk Mitigation Strategies

As projects are associated with risks due to the presence of uncertainties and unknowns, risk management assumes importance in project success. This chapter is an attempt to examine various risk mitigation strategies that are commonly employed if different industrial sectors. The chosen risk strategy would also largely depend either on individual's or organization's propensity to take risks. The authors summarize the findings of a research study in this chapter. The research results show that effort and details of a risk management for a project are governed by risks associated with cost and time and not necessarily with the project scope. Also, many organizations prefer a contingency budget to the project plan to developing a detailed risk management plan.

Tracing fine sediment sources in small mountain catchment

2011 ◽  
Vol 63 (10) ◽  
pp. 2324-2330 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kouhpeima ◽  
S. Feiznia ◽  
H. Ahmadi
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Susceptibility ◽  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Fine Sediment ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Catchment Management ◽  
Sediment Sources ◽  
Diffuse Source ◽  
And Control

Fine sediment represents an important diffuse source pollutant in surface waters, due to its role in governing the transfer and fate of many substances, including nutrients, heavy metals, pesticides and other organic contaminants, and its influence on aquatic ecology. Therefore, catchment management strategies frequently need to include provision for the control of sediment mobilization and delivery. The sediment tracing concept provides a valuable framework for assisting the management and control of diffuse source sediment pollution by identifying the key sources and demonstrating the importance of intermediate storages and the likely impact of upstream mitigation strategies on downstream sediment and sediment associated contaminant fluxes. In this research, fine sediment sources were identified using tracing method. By field works, sediments were sampled from dam reservoir, different sources were also sampled. Fifteen tracers were first selected for tracing which are: The amounts of N, P, C, Cr, Co, Mg, K, Na, smectite, chlorite, illite, kaolinite, and two magnetic properties consisting of Low Frequency Magnetic Susceptibility (XLF) and Frequency Dependent Magnetic Susceptibility (XFD). The samples were analyzed in the laboratory for these parameters and different statistical methods were applied to the data including Non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis Test and Stepwise Discriminant function analysis. The results provide important information on the relative importance of fine sediment sources to the reservoir sediments, which can be used to support model validation and the targeting of management and control strategies.

Marine versus terrestrial variability in relation to social learning

2001 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 357-357
Author(s):  
Rebecca Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
Environmental Variability ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Marine Ecosystems ◽  
Individual Learning ◽  
Over Time

Rendell and Whitehead state that marine ecosystems are more variable than terrestrial ecosystems over time scales of months or longer. The marine environment is actually less variable than the terrestrial at these shorter time scales, and probably equally variable over centuries. This issue is important when considering claims that environmental variability affects benefits of social learning versus individual learning and genetics.

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