scholarly journals Biological Properties and Genetic Characterization of Novel Low Pathogenic H7N3 Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated from Mallard Ducks in the Caspian Region, Dagestan, Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 864
Author(s):  
Marina Gulyaeva ◽  
Maria Alessandra De Marco ◽  
Ganna Kovalenko ◽  
Eric Bortz ◽  
Tatiana Murashkina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Wild Bird ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Caspian Region ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Bird Migrations

Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are maintained in wild bird reservoirs, particularly in mallard ducks and other waterfowl. Novel evolutionary lineages of AIV that arise through genetic drift or reassortment can spread with wild bird migrations to new regions, infect a wide variety of resident bird species, and spillover to domestic poultry. The vast continental reservoir of AIVs in Eurasia harbors a wide diversity of influenza subtypes, including both highly pathogenic (HP) and low pathogenic (LP) H7 AIV. The Caspian Sea region is positioned at the intersection of major migratory flyways connecting Central Asia, Europe, the Black and Mediterranean Sea regions and Africa and holds a rich wetland and avian ecology. To understand genetic reservoirs present in the Caspian Sea region, we collected 559 cloacal swabs from Anseriformes and other species during the annual autumn migration periods in 2017 and 2018. We isolated two novel H7N3 LPAIV from mallard ducks whose H7 hemagglutinin (HA) gene was phylogenetically related to contemporaneous strains from distant Mongolia, and more closely Georgia and Ukraine, and predated the spread of this H7 LPAIV sublineage into East Asia in 2019. The N3 neuraminidase gene and internal genes were prototypical of AIV widely dispersed in wild bird reservoirs sampled along flyways connected to the Caspian region. The polymerase and nucleoprotein segments clustered with contemporaneous H5 HPAI (clade 2.3.4.4b) isolates, suggesting the wide dispersal of H7 LPAIV and the potential of this subtype for reassortment. These findings highlight the need for deeper surveillance of AIV in wild birds to better understand the extent of infection spread and evolution along spatial and temporal flyways in Eurasia.

Long-term Monitoring for Avian Influenza Viruses in Wild Bird Species in Italy

2003 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 107-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. De Marco ◽  
E. Foni ◽  
L. Campitelli ◽  
E. Raffini ◽  
M. Delogu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Wild Bird ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Long Term Monitoring ◽  
Term Monitoring

scholarly journals Ecology of H3 avian influenza viruses in Korea and assessment of their pathogenic potentials

2008 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 949-957 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min-Suk Song ◽  
Taek-Kyu Oh ◽  
Ho Jin Moon ◽  
Dai-Woon Yoo ◽  
Eun Ho Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Wild Bird ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Interspecies Transmission ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Backyard Poultry ◽  
Live Poultry ◽  
Live Poultry Markets

To determine the genetic origins of novel H3 avian influenza viruses of chickens and ducks in Korea, genetic characterization of H3 avian influenza viruses isolated from live poultry markets and migratory aquatic birds in South Korea during 2004–2006 was conducted. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that at least four novel genotypes of H3N2 and two genotypes of H3N6 avian influenza viruses were co-circulating in backyard poultry of Korea. The viruses were reassortants between H9N2 viruses of Korean chickens and unknown influenza viruses of migratory birds. Genetic comparison of H3 viruses from live bird markets with those from wild bird isolates revealed that certain gene segments of wild bird isolates are related closely to those of Korean group H9N2 viruses isolated from live poultry markets in 2003. Furthermore, animal-challenge studies demonstrated that the pathogenicity of certain avian H3 influenza viruses was altered due to reassortment, leading to H3 avian influenza viruses in Korea that can potentially expand their host range to include mammals. These studies emphasize the continuing need to monitor backyard poultry at live poultry markets to better understand interspecies transmission and the emergence of novel influenza viruses that have the potential to infect humans.

scholarly journals The Impact of Migratory Flyways on the Spread of Avian Influenza Virus in North America

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathieu Fourment ◽  
Aaron E. Darling ◽  
Edward C. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
North America ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
The Impact

AbstractWild birds are the major reservoir hosts for influenza A viruses (AIVs) and have been implicated in the emergence of pandemic events in livestock and human populations. Understanding how AIVs spread within and across continents is therefore critical to the development of successful strategies to manage and reduce the impact of influenza outbreaks. In North America many bird species undergo seasonal migratory movements along a North-South axis, thereby fostering opportunities for viruses to spread over long distances. However, the role played by such avian flyways in shaping the genetic structure of AIV populations has proven controversial. To assess the relative contribution of bird migration along flyways to the genetic structure of AIV we performed a large-scale phylogeographic study of viruses sampled in the USA and Canada, involving the analysis of 3805 to 4505 sequences from 36 to 38 geographic localities depending on the gene data set. To assist this we developed a maximum likelihood-based genetic algorithm to explore a wide range of complex spatial models, thereby depicting a more complete picture of the migration network than previous studies. Based on phylogenies estimated from nucleotide data sets, our results show that AIV migration rates within flyways are significantly higher than those between flyways, indicating that the migratory patterns of birds play a key role in pathogen dispersal. These findings provide valuable insights into the evolution, maintenance and transmission of AIVs, in turn allowing the development of improved programs for surveillance and risk assessment.Significance StatementAvian influenza viruses infect a wide variety of wild bird species and represent a potential disease threat to the poultry industry and hence to human and livestock populations. However, the ecological factors that drive the geographic spread and evolution of these viruses are both poorly understood and controversial at the continental scale, particularly the role played by migratory flyways in shaping patterns of virus dispersal. Using a novel phylogeographic analysis of large genomic data sets we show migration flyways act as important transmission barriers to the spread of avian influenza viruses in North America. Hence, these results indicate that the spread of avian influenza virus in wild birds in North America has an element of predictability.

scholarly journals Attachment Patterns of Human and Avian Influenza Viruses to Trachea and Colon of 26 Bird Species – Support for the Community Concept

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per Eriksson ◽  
Cecilia Lindskog ◽  
Victor Lorente-Leal ◽  
Jonas Waldenström ◽  
Daniel González-Acuna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Attachment Patterns ◽  
Community Concept
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