scholarly journals Human Skin Microbiome: Impact of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors on Skin Microbiota

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 543
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Skowron ◽  
Justyna Bauza-Kaszewska ◽  
Zuzanna Kraszewska ◽  
Natalia Wiktorczyk-Kapischke ◽  
Katarzyna Grudlewska-Buda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
The Body ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Skin Microbiota ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Microorganism Identification ◽  
Mutual Relations ◽  
Internal And External Factors ◽  
The Impact

The skin is the largest organ of the human body and it protects the body from the external environment. It has become the topic of interest of researchers from various scientific fields. Microorganisms ensure the proper functioning of the skin. Of great importance, are the mutual relations between such microorganisms and their responses to environmental impacts, as dysbiosis may contribute to serious skin diseases. Molecular methods, used for microorganism identification, allow us to gain a better understanding of the skin microbiome. The presented article contains the latest reports on the skin microbiota in health and disease. The review discusses the relationship between a properly functioning microbiome and the body’s immune system, as well as the impact of internal and external factors on the human skin microbiome.

scholarly journals Comprehensive skin microbiome analysis reveals the uniqueness of human skin and evidence for phylosymbiosis within the class Mammalia

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (25) ◽  
pp. E5786-E5795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley A. Ross ◽  
Kirsten M. Müller ◽  
J. Scott Weese ◽  
Josh D. Neufeld
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Human Skin ◽  
Microbial Community Composition ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
The Body ◽  
16S Rrna Genes ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Skin Microbiota

Skin is the largest organ of the body and represents the primary physical barrier between mammals and their external environment, yet the factors that govern skin microbial community composition among mammals are poorly understood. The objective of this research was to generate a skin microbiota baseline for members of the class Mammalia, testing the effects of host species, geographic location, body region, and biological sex. Skin from the back, torso, and inner thighs of 177 nonhuman mammals was sampled, representing individuals from 38 species and 10 mammalian orders. Animals were sampled from farms, zoos, households, and the wild. The DNA extracts from all skin swabs were amplified by PCR and sequenced, targeting the V3-V4 regions of bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA genes. Previously published skin microbiome data from 20 human participants, sampled and sequenced using an identical protocol to the nonhuman mammals, were included to make this a comprehensive analysis. Human skin microbial communities were distinct and significantly less diverse than all other sampled mammalian orders. The factor most strongly associated with microbial community data for all samples was whether the host was a human. Within nonhuman samples, host taxonomic order was the most significant factor influencing skin microbiota, followed by the geographic location of the habitat. By comparing the congruence between host phylogeny and microbial community dendrograms, we observed that Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates) and Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates) had significant congruence, providing evidence of phylosymbiosis between skin microbial communities and their hosts.

scholarly journals Challenges in exploring and manipulating the human skin microbiome

Microbiome ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manon Boxberger ◽  
Valérie Cenizo ◽  
Nadim Cassir ◽  
Bernard La Scola
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Skin Aging ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Skin Microbiota ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Intrinsic And Extrinsic Factors

AbstractThe skin is the exterior interface of the human body with the environment. Despite its harsh physical landscape, the skin is colonized by diverse commensal microbes. In this review, we discuss recent insights into skin microbial populations, including their composition and role in health and disease and their modulation by intrinsic and extrinsic factors, with a focus on the pathobiological basis of skin aging. We also describe the most recent tools for investigating the skin microbiota composition and microbe-skin relationships and perspectives regarding the challenges of skin microbiome manipulation.

scholarly journals Assessment of Quality of Life among outpatients Visiting Dermatology Department at a Hospital in Pokhara, Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 6-10
Author(s):  
Sujata Bhandari ◽  
Gulam Muhammad Khan
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
The Body ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Dermatology Department ◽  
Life Quality Index ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: Skin is the outer covering of the body and thus it is exposed to injury by various extrinsic factors such as environmental, chemical, infectious agents as well as intrinsic factors such as metabolic, genetic and immunological. Considering the fact that these are the major contributors of disease burden in society, this study was conducted to assess the impact of dermatological conditions on quality of life by using dermatological life quality index (DLQI). Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted in the outpatient department of Green Pastures Hospital of Pokhara, Nepal. The validated dermatology Life Quality Index questionnaires were assessed to analyze the result. Results: A total of 246 patients (135 females and 111 males) were enrolled. The skin diseases were seen mostly in the age group of 19-29 (39.4%). The major skin disease seen in the study were Tinea skin infections (21.1%), Urticaria (11.8%), Eczema (11.1%), Dermatitis (10.6%) followed by Acne (8.1%) and so on.The quality of life of patients had improved after taking the medication. Conclusion: Demographic variants did not have significanteffect on quality of life. However, the study showed that there was a notable improvement in quality of life of patients after follow-up visit in comparison to the first visit. Therefore, the proper use of medication showed the positive impact on quality of life among the patient of skin diseases. 

scholarly journals Comprehensive skin microbiome analysis reveals the uniqueness of human-associated microbial communities among the class Mammalia

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley A. Ross ◽  
Kirsten Müller ◽  
J. Scott Weese ◽  
Josh D. Neufeld
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
The Body ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Body Region ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Skin Microbiota ◽  
Mammalian Skin

AbstractSkin is the largest organ of the body and represents the primary physical barrier between mammals and their external environment. The objective of this research was to generate a skin microbiota baseline for members of the class Mammalia, testing the effects of host species, geographic location, body region, and biological sex. The back, torso, and inner thigh regions of 177 non-human mammals were collected to include representatives from 38 species and 10 mammalian orders. Animals were collected from local farms, zoos, households, and the wild. All samples were amplified using the V3-V4 16S rRNA gene region and sequenced using a MiSeq (Illumina). For reference, previously published skin microbiome data from 20 human participants, sampled using an identical protocol to the non-human mammals, were included in the analysis. Human skin was significantly less diverse than all other mammalian orders and the factor most strongly associated with community variation for all samples was whether the host was a human. Within non-human samples, host taxonomic order was the most significant factor influencing the skin community, followed by the geographic location of the habitat. By comparing the congruence between known host phylogeny and microbial community dendrograms, we observed that Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates) and Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates) had significant congruence, providing first evidence of phylosymbiosis between skin communities and their hosts.SignificanceSkin forms a critical protective barrier between a mammal and its external environment. Baseline data on the mammalian skin microbiome is crucial for making informed decisions related to veterinary research and biodiversity conservation strategies, in addition to providing insight into mammalian evolutionary history. To our knowledge, this study represents the largest mammalian skin microbiota project to date. These findings demonstrate that human skin is distinct, not only from other Primates, but from all 10 mammalian orders sampled. Using phylosymbiosis analysis, we provide the first evidence that co-evolution may be occurring between skin communities and their mammalian hosts, which warrants more in-depth future studies of the relationships between mammals and their skin microbiota.

scholarly journals Extrinsic Factors Shaping the Skin Microbiome

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 1023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronica Moskovicz ◽  
Adi Gross ◽  
Boaz Mizrahi
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Additional Insight ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Healthy Environment ◽  
Development And Differentiation ◽  
Immune System Modulation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Insight Into

Human skin, our most environmentally exposed organ, is colonized by a vast array of microorganisms constituting its microbiome. These bacterial communities are crucial for the fulfillment of human physiological functions such as immune system modulation and epidermal development and differentiation. The structure of the human skin microbiome is established during the early life stages, starting even before birth, and continues to be modulated throughout the entire life cycle, by multiple host-related and environmental factors. This review focuses on extrinsic factors, ranging from cosmetics to the environment and antibacterial agents, as forces that impact the human skin microbiome and well-being. Assessing the impact of these factors on the skin microbiome will help elucidate the forces that shape the microbial populations we coexist with. Furthermore, we will gain additional insight into their tendency to stimulate a healthy environment or to increase the propensity for skin disorder development.

scholarly journals Elevation is Associated with Human Skin Microbiomes

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 611
Author(s):  
Huan Li ◽  
Yijie Wang ◽  
Qiaoling Yu ◽  
Tianshu Feng ◽  
Rui Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Clustering Coefficient ◽  
Tibet Plateau ◽  
Skin Microbiota ◽  
Elevation Gradients ◽  
Deterministic Processes ◽  
Qinghai Tibet Plateau

Human skin microbiota plays a crucial role in the defense against pathogens, and is associated with various skin diseases. High elevation is positively correlated with various extreme environmental conditions (i.e., high ultraviolet radiation), which may exert selection pressure on skin microbiota, and therefore influence human health. Most studies regarding skin microbial communities have focused on low-elevation hosts. Few studies have explored skin microbiota in high-elevation humans. Here, we investigated the diversity, function, assembly, and co-occurrence patterns of skin microbiotas from 35 health human subjects across three body sites (forehead, opisthenar, and palm) and seven elevation gradients from 501 to 3431 m. Alpha diversity values (i.e., Shannon diversity and observed operational taxonomic units (OTUs)) decreased with increasing elevation regardless of the body site, while beta diversity (Jaccard and Bray–Curtis dissimilarities) showed an increasing trend with elevation. Elevation is a significant factor that influences human skin microbiota, even after controlling host-related factors. Skin microbiotas at high elevation with more than 3000 m on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, had a significant structural or functional separation from those at low elevation with less than 3000 m. Notably, the clustering coefficient, average degree, and network density were all lower at high-elevation than those at low-elevation, suggesting that high-elevation skin networks were more fragile and less connected. Phylogenetic analysis showed that human skin microbiotas are mainly dominated by stochastic processes (58.4%–74.6%), but skin microbiotas at high-elevation harbor a greater portion of deterministic processes than those at low-elevation, indicating that high-elevation may be conducive to the promotion of deterministic processes. Our results reveal that the filtering and selection of the changeable high-elevation environment on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau may lead to less stable skin microbial community structures.

scholarly journals Flexible Potentiometric Sensor System for Non-Invasive Determination of Antioxidant Activity of Human Skin: Application for Evaluating the Effectiveness of Phytocosmetic Products

Chemosensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Aleksey V. Tarasov ◽  
Ekaterina I. Khamzina ◽  
Maria A. Bukharinova ◽  
Natalia Yu. Stozhko
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Human Skin ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Silver Chloride ◽  
Potentiometric Sensor ◽  
Sensor System ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Pet Film ◽  
The Impact

In contemporary bioanalysis, monitoring the antioxidant activity (AOA) of the human skin is used to assess stresses, nutrition, cosmetics, and certain skin diseases. Non-invasive methods for skin AOA monitoring have certain advantages over invasive methods, namely cost-effectiveness, lower labor intensity, reduced risk of infection, and obtaining results in the real-time mode. This study presents a new flexible potentiometric sensor system (FPSS) for non-invasive determination of the human skin AOA, which is based on flexible film electrodes (FFEs) and membrane containing a mediator ([Fe(CN)6]3–/4–). Low-cost available materials and scalable technologies were used for FFEs manufacturing. The indicator FFE was fabricated based on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film and carbon veil (CV) by single-sided hot lamination. The reference FFE was fabricated based on PET film and silver paint by using screen printing, which was followed by the electrodeposition of precipitate containing a mixture of silver chloride and silver ferricyanide (SCSF). The three-electrode configuration of the FPSS, including two indicator FFEs (CV/PET) and one reference FFE (SCSF/Ag/PET), has been successfully used for measuring the skin AOA and evaluating the impact of phytocosmetic products. FPSS provides reproducible (RSD ≤ 7%) and accurate (recovery of antioxidants is almost 100%) results, which allows forecasting its broad applicability in human skin AOA monitoring as well as for evaluating the effectiveness of topically and orally applied antioxidants.

scholarly journals A Mixed Community of Skin Microbiome Representatives Influences Cutaneous Processes more than Individual Members

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin H Loomis ◽  
Susan K Wu ◽  
Amanda Ernlund ◽  
Kristina Zudock ◽  
Allison Reno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Human Skin ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Colonization Resistance ◽  
Proliferating Cells ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mixed Community

Abstract Background Skin, the largest organ of the human body by weight, hosts a diversity of microorganisms that can influence health. The microbial residents of the skin are now appreciated for their roles in host immune interactions, wound healing, colonization resistance, and various skin disorders. Still, much remains to be discovered in terms of the host pathways influenced by skin microorganisms, as well as the higher-level skin properties impacted through these microbe-host interactions. Towards this direction, recent efforts using mouse models pointed to pronounced changes in the transcriptional profiles of the skin in response to the presence of a microbial community. However, there is a need to quantify the roles of microorganisms at both the individual and community-level in healthy human skin. In this study, we utilize human skin equivalents to study the effects of individual taxa and a microbial community in a precisely controlled context. Through transcriptomics analysis, we identify key genes and pathways influenced by skin microbes, and we also characterize higher-level impacts on skin processes and properties through histological analyses. Results The presence of a microbiome on a 3D skin tissue model led to significantly altered patterns of gene expression, influencing genes involved in the regulation of apoptosis, proliferation, and the extracellular matrix (among others). Moreover, microbiome treatment influenced the thickness of the epidermal layer, reduced the number of actively proliferating cells, and increased filaggrin expression. Many of these findings were evident upon treatment with the mixed community, but either not detected or less pronounced in treatments by single microorganisms, underscoring the impact that a diverse skin microbiome has on the host. Conclusions This work contributes to the understanding of how microbiome constituents individually and collectively influence human skin processes and properties. The results show that, while it is important to understand the effect of individual microbes on the host, a full community of microbes has unique and pronounced effects on the skin. Thus, in its impacts on the host, the skin microbiome is more than the sum of its parts.

scholarly journals Profiling Skin Microbiome in Healthy Young Adult Representing Javanese, Papuans, and Chinese Descent in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 249-261
Author(s):  
Stella Vania ◽  
Amarila Malik
Keyword(s):  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Ethnic Origin ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Skin Microbiota ◽  
Pathogen Invasion ◽  
Chinese Descent ◽  
Microbiome Research

Skin serves as the first physical barrier and biological barrier by the colonization of commensal bacteria to prevent pathogen invasion. It was known that the disruption on normal commensal microbiota composition or dysbiosis causes skin diseases, while the skin microbiota diversity itself is influenced by several factors, one of them is ethnicity. This study shows the influence of ethnicity factor in Papuans, Javanese, and Chinese descent young adults living in Jakarta on skin microbiome profiles. The microbiota genomic DNA are extracted from the face skin samples and sequenced with Next Generation Sequencing method to be further analyzed. The result shows that individuals with the same ethnic background share similar skin microbiome characteristics. The greatest skin microbiome alpha diversity is shown by the Papuans and the Chinese descent the smallest. Ethnicity factor that shows statistically significant differences in interindividual dissimilarities are independent of other intriguing factors such as age, geographical location, etc. Therefore the ethnic origin of individuals especially from three ethnics above is a factor to be considered in skin microbiome research and the skin microbiota composition can be used for potential future applications.

scholarly journals Microbiome of human skin - its immunohomeostatic role and the role in pathogenesis of skin diseases

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-81
Author(s):  
D D Petrunin
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Infectious Complications ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Inflammatory Dermatoses ◽  
Pathogenic Microbes

In the last decade new methods of metagenomic analysis allowed to obtain important data regarding the microbiome of human skin. The problem of colonization and secondary infection by pathogenic microbes is of special importance for allergic dermatoses that require topical immunosuppressive therapy. One of treatment options in this case could be topical multicomponent drugs that allow successful treatment of infectious complications of inflammatory dermatoses. But there are still a lot of blanks regarding both fundamental questions regarding human skin microbiome and practice aspects of treatment of skin diseases where it plays a pathogenetic role. This literature review systematizes and structures the accumulated data regarding the composition and the role of human skin microbiome in normal conditions and in various skin diseases as well as summarizes clinical data of use of combinational topical glucocorticosteroid drugs. Furthermore, some algorithms concerning the choice and optimization of topical treatment of secondary infected dermatoses are outlined.

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