scholarly journals Direct and Indirect Effects of Management Intensity and Environmental Factors on the Functional Diversity of Lichens in Central European Forests

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 463
Author(s):  
Steffen Boch ◽  
Hugo Saiz ◽  
Eric Allan ◽  
Peter Schall ◽  
Daniel Prati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Forest Management ◽  
Functional Diversity ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Total Effect ◽  
Standing Tree ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Tree Biomass ◽  
Management Intensity ◽  
Negative Effect

Using 642 forest plots from three regions in Germany, we analyzed the direct and indirect effects of forest management intensity and of environmental variables on lichen functional diversity (FDis). Environmental stand variables were affected by management intensity and acted as an environmental filter: summing direct and indirect effects resulted in a negative total effect of conifer cover on FDis, and a positive total effect of deadwood cover and standing tree biomass. Management intensity had a direct positive effect on FDis, which was compensated by an indirect negative effect via reduced standing tree biomass and lichen species richness, resulting in a negative total effect on FDis and the FDis of adaptation-related traits (FDisAd). This indicates environmental filtering of management and stronger niche partitioning at a lower intensity. In contrast, management intensity had a positive total effect on the FDis of reproduction-, dispersal- and establishment-related traits (FDisRe), mainly because of the direct negative effect of species richness, indicating functional over-redundancy, i.e., most species cluster into a few over-represented functional entities. Our findings have important implications for forest management: high lichen functional diversity can be conserved by promoting old, site-typical deciduous forests with a high richness of woody species and large deadwood quantity.

scholarly journals Effect of family stress on life satisfaction among female workers during the COVID-19 epidemic in China: Exploring the roles of anxiety symptoms and age

2021 ◽  
pp. 135910532110448
Author(s):  
Songli Mei ◽  
Tongshuang Yuan ◽  
Leilei Liang ◽  
Hui Ren ◽  
Yueyang Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Family Stress ◽  
Anxiety Symptoms ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Female Workers ◽  
Younger Workers ◽  
The Family ◽  
Negative Effect

The study aimed to investigate the level of life satisfaction (LS) among Chinese female workers after resuming work during the COVID-19 epidemic, and to further explore the potential mediating and moderating roles in the association between family stress and LS. Self-reported questionnaires were completed by 10,175 participants. Results showed that the level of LS decreased. The family stress had a negative effect on LS, and the effect was mediated by anxiety symptoms. Additionally, age moderated the direct and indirect effects within this relationship. Interventions aiming to improve LS should consider these aspects and younger workers should be given special attention.

Direct and indirect effects of climate, human disturbance and plant traits on avian functional diversity

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 963-972 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maximilian G. R. Vollstädt ◽  
Stefan W. Ferger ◽  
Andreas Hemp ◽  
Kim M. Howell ◽  
Till Töpfer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Diversity ◽  
Human Disturbance ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Plant Traits ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects

scholarly journals Factors influencing malaria infection in Rwanda 2010: a cross-sectional survey study using generalized structural equation modeling

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Abu Bakar ◽  
Rahma Fiaz ◽  
Eustasius Musenge
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Malaria Infection ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Total Effect ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract BackgroundMalaria is one of the primary public health concerns in the world and an important cause of morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Malaria morbidity is associated with poverty and vulnerability as it is not easy for the poor people to access preventive treatment and protective measures. In Rwanda, malaria prevention has become a major problem against the double-barreled burden of an overstretched health system and strained financial resources.MethodsThis work was a cross-sectional survey study design based on data from Rwanda collected in 2010 through the Malaria Indicator Survey as part of the Demographic and Health Survey. The primary outcome variable was an ordinal variable with three categories; no malaria, probable malaria, and confirmed malaria cases. The outcome variable was formulated by combining rapid malaria test and confirmatory blood smear laboratory test. Statistical analysis was done using survey ordinal logistic regression modelling adjusting for random effects for direct effects and generalised structural equation modelling (G-SEM) to obtain total (direct and indirect) effects of malaria morbidity. ResultsThe 11,865 participants had a mean age of 22 years, and two-thirds of the participants were females (67%). Household related variables (socio-economic status, health insurance, age in years) showed a significant total effect on malaria infection. Socioeconomic status had the greatest total effect which was a sum of the direct and indirect effects influenced indirectly by education, health insurance and the number of rooms for sleeping. Conclusion Poverty is still the core issue to the morbidity patterns driving the malaria epidemic in Rwanda. Access to health insurance has a high positive impact on decreasing disease as such a special focus on some regions can be an effective intervention strategy. A better understanding of the drivers of morbidity directly and/or indirectly can better target interventions to be more efficient in those affected areas.

MO146RENAL FUNCTION MEDIATES THE EFFECT OF FLUID EXCESS ON LUNG CONGESTION IN PATIENTS WITH HFREF

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raluca Popa ◽  
Radu Sascau ◽  
Cristian Statescu ◽  
Vlad Vasiliu ◽  
Andreea Neamtu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Fluid Overload ◽  
Total Effect ◽  
Left Ventricular Ejection ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Fluid Status ◽  
The Mean ◽  
B Lines

Abstract Background and Aims Despite impressive improvements in treatment strategies, heart failure (HF) morbidity and mortality remain substantially high worldwide. Pulmonary congestion is considered the leading cause for hospital admissions and death among patients with HF. The aim of this study is to investigate if the effect of fluid status, as assessed by bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) on lung congestion is mediated by renal function, inflammation or cardiac function. Method This was a prospective observational study of outpatient adults referred for clinically indicated transthoracic echocardiograms at an academic hospital between 2016 and 2018. A left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) below 45% was required for inclusion (HFrEF). Mediation is the process through which an exposure causes disease. We hypothesized that some of the total effect of extracellular water (ECW) to intracellular water (ICW) (as assessed by bioimpedance) ratio on lung congestion (as assessed by lung ultrasonography) is mediated by C-reactive protein (CRP), left atrium volum index (LAVI) or estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) – the mediators. Results Our study included 153 patients. The mean age and eGFR values of the population at baseline were 67.1 years and 66.5 ml/min/1.73m2. The mean median value for CRP was 25.6 (IQR 9.0-56.4) mg/L. Figure 1 depicts the structural equation models with the calculated magnitude of the direct and indirect effects of ECW/ICW on the B-lines number in our population. In this model, the fluid status has both direct and indirect effects on lung congestion. Specifically, it has a direct effect on LAVI and eGFR, which in turn have a direct effect on the number of B-lines. Therefore, the indirect effect mediated by LAVI and eGFR accounts for a significant proportion of 27.6% of the total effect of ECW/ICW on lung congestion Although ECW/ICW has a direct effect on inflammation, this doesn’t have any effect on renal function or lung congestion. Conclusion We show that eGFR and LAVI partly mediate the effect of ECW/ICW on lung congestion in patients with HFrEF. While the deleterious effects of fluid overload on lung congestion have long been recognized, this study provides evidence for a relationship of significant magnitude linking fluid overload with decreased eGFR and increased LAVI, which in turn lead to elevations in the B-lines number. This work was supported by a grant of the Ministery of Research and Innovation, CNCS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P1-1.1-PD-2016-0287, within PNCDI III and by a grant of the “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, contract number 27505/2018.

scholarly journals The Relationships among Social Support, Bowel Function Symptoms and Uncertainty in Rectal Cancer Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-430
Author(s):  
Kyungmi Lee ◽  
Semi Lim
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Rectal Cancer ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Bowel Function ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose: This study examined the mediating effect of bowel function symptoms in the relationship between social support and uncertainty in rectal cancer patients.Methods: In total, 132 rectal cancer patients were recruited online. Data were collected from October 1, 2020 to October 31, 2020 using on-line questionnaires and were analyzed using the t-test, analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficients and bootstrapping for mediation.Results: Social support had a significant and positive effect on bowel function symptoms and a negative effect on uncertainty. Bowel function symptoms had a significant negative effect on uncertainty; and showed a statistically significant mediating effect in the relationship between social support and uncertainty. In other words, social support had direct and indirect effects on uncertainty.Conclusion: In rectal cancer patients, social support attenuated bowel function symptoms and showed direct and indirect effects on uncertainty. Therefore, to increase the social support of rectal cancer patients, the patients’ family, friends, and meaningful others should be involved in providing nursing. In order to reduce bowel function symptoms, which have a mediating effect, rectal cancer patients need to be well aware of the symptoms of bowel function that change after surgery. Systematic pre- and post- operative education would be help reduce uncertainty.

scholarly journals Investigating the direct and indirect effects of forest fragmentation on plant functional diversity

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. e0235210
Author(s):  
Jenny Zambrano ◽  
Norbert J. Cordeiro ◽  
Carol Garzon-Lopez ◽  
Lauren Yeager ◽  
Claire Fortunel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Fragmentation ◽  
Functional Diversity ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Plant Functional Diversity

scholarly journals Getting Old Well in Sub Saharan Africa: Exploring the Social and Structural Drivers of Subjective Wellbeing among Elderly Men and Women in Uganda

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 2347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Rishworth ◽  
Susan J. Elliott ◽  
Joseph Kangmennaang
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Subjective Wellbeing ◽  
Community Support ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Structural Determinants ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Socio Economic Variables

While literature attempts to explain why self-reported subjective wellbeing (SWB) generally increases with age in most high-income countries based on a social determinants of a health framework, little work attempts to explain the low levels of self-report SWB among older persons in sub-Saharan Africa. Using the 2013 Uganda Study on Global Aging and Health with 470 individuals, this research examines (i) direct and indirect effects of age on SWB through social and structural determinants, and (ii) how direct and indirect effects vary by gender. Results show a significant direct and negative effect of age on SWB (β = 0.42, p = 0.01). Six indirect paths were statistically significant and their indirect effects on wellbeing varied by gender. Providing support, education, working status, asset level, financial status and financial improvement were significantly positively associated with men’s SWB, whereas younger age, providing community support, participating in group activities, number of close friends/relatives, government assistance and all socio-economic variables were significantly positively associated with women’s SWB. Strategies to address gendered economic, social and political inequalities among and between elderly populations are urgently needed.

scholarly journals Direct and indirect effects of noise pollution alter biological communities in and near noise-exposed environments

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1923) ◽  
pp. 20200176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masayuki Senzaki ◽  
Taku Kadoya ◽  
Clinton D. Francis
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Traffic Noise ◽  
Noise Pollution ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Biological Communities ◽  
Biological Community ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Species Richness And Abundance ◽  
Roadless Areas

Noise pollution is pervasive across every ecosystem on Earth. Although decades of research have documented a variety of negative impacts of noise to organisms, key gaps remain, such as how noise affects different taxa within a biological community and how effects of noise propagate across space. We experimentally applied traffic noise pollution to multiple roadless areas and quantified the impacts of noise on birds, grasshoppers and odonates. We show that acoustically oriented birds have reduced species richness and abundance and different community compositions in experimentally noise-exposed areas relative to comparable quiet locations. We also found both acoustically oriented grasshoppers and odonates without acoustic receptors to have reduced species richness and/or abundance in relatively quiet areas that abut noise-exposed areas. These results suggest that noise pollution not only affects acoustically oriented animals, but that noise may reverberate through biological communities through indirect effects to those with no clear links to the acoustic realm, even in adjacent quiet environments.

scholarly journals Direct and indirect effects of marijuana use on the risk of fatal 2-vehicle crash initiation

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanford Chihuri ◽  
Guohua Li
Keyword(s):  
Direct Effect ◽  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Marijuana Use ◽  
Total Effect ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Positive Interaction ◽  
Fatal Crash ◽  
Vehicle Crash

Abstract Background Marijuana and alcohol each play a significant role in fatal crash initiation. We decomposed the total effect of marijuana use in the presence or absence of alcohol on fatal crash initiation into direct and indirect effects. Methods Pair-matched data on 5856 culpable drivers (initiators) and 5856 nonculpable drivers (noninitiators) involved in the same fatal 2-vehicle crashes recorded in the Fatality Analysis Reporting System between 2011 and 2016 were analyzed using the conditional logistic regression model and the unified mediation and interaction analysis framework. Results Crash initiators were more likely than noninitiators to test positive for marijuana (16.1% vs. 9.2%, P < 0.001), alcohol (28.6% vs. 9.7%, P < 0.001) and both substances (6.3% vs. 1.6%, P < .0001). Adjusted odds ratios of fatal 2-vehicle crash initiation revealed a positive interaction on the additive scale between marijuana and alcohol. Of the total effect of marijuana use on fatal 2-vehicle crash initiation, 68.8% was attributable to the direct effect (51.5% to controlled direct effect and 17.3% to reference interaction effect with alcohol) and 31.2% to the indirect effect (7.8% to mediated interaction effect and 23.4% to pure indirect effect through alcohol). Conclusion Our results indicate that the increased odds of fatal 2-vehicle crash initiation associated with marijuana use is due mainly to the direct effect.

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