scholarly journals Diversity of Methanogens in Animals’ Gut

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Cheick Oumar Guindo ◽  
Bernard Davoust ◽  
Michel Drancourt ◽  
Ghiles Grine
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Methanogen Community ◽  
Human Digestive Tract ◽  
Negative Controls ◽  
Multispacer Sequence Typing

Methanogens are members of anaerobe microbiota of the digestive tract of mammals, including humans. However, the sources, modes of acquisition, and dynamics of digestive tract methanogens remain poorly investigated. In this study, we aimed to expand the spectrum of animals that could be sources of methanogens for humans by exploring methanogen carriage in animals. We used real-time PCR, PCR-sequencing, and multispacer sequence typing to investigate the presence of methanogens in 407 fecal specimens collected from nine different mammalian species investigated here. While all the negative controls remained negative, we obtained by PCR-sequencing seven different species of methanogens, of which three (Methanobrevibacter smithii, Methanobrevibacter millerae and Methanomassiliicoccus luminyensis) are known to be part of the methanogens present in the human digestive tract. M. smithii was found in 24 cases, including 12/24 (50%) in pigs, 6/24 (25%) in dogs, 4/24 (16.66%) in cats, and 1/24 (4.16%) in both sheep and horses. Genotyping these 24 M. smithii revealed five different genotypes, all known in humans. Our results are fairly representative of the methanogen community present in the digestive tract of certain animals domesticated by humans, and other future studies must be done to try to cultivate methanogens here detected by molecular biology to better understand the dynamics of methanogens in animals and also the likely acquisition of methanogens in humans through direct contact with these animals or through consumption of the meat and/or milk of certain animals, in particular cows.

scholarly journals Stool methanogens in intestine mammal species

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.O. Guindo ◽  
B Davoust ◽  
M Drancourt ◽  
G Grine
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Methanogen Community ◽  
Human Digestive Tract ◽  
The One ◽  
Negative Controls ◽  
Multispacer Sequence Typing

Methanogens are being members of anaerobe microbiota of the digestive tract of both human and mammals. However, the sources, modes of acquisition and dynamics of digestive tract methanogens remain poorly investigated. In this study, we aimed to expand the spectrum of animals which could be sources of methanogens for human, by exploring methanogen carriage in animals in contact with the general population or with some restricted populations; comparing the repertoire of animal methanogens with the one of human methanogens in order to question methanogens as zoonotic microorganisms. We used RT-PCR, PCR-sequencing and multispacer sequence typing to investigate the presence of methanogens in 407 fecal specimens collected from nine different mammalian species. We detected by RT-PCR, the presence of methanogen DNA in all mammals here investigated and none of the negative controls. We obtained by sequencing, seven different species of methanogens, of which three (Methanobrevibacter smithii, Methanobrevibacter millerae and Methanomassiliicoccus luminyensis) are known to be part of the methanogens present in the human digestive tract. We obtained 24 M. smithii by PCR-sequencing including 12/24 (50%) in pigs, 6/24 (25%) in dogs, 4/24 (16.66%) in cats, and 1/24 (4.16%) in both sheep and horses. Genotyping these 24 M. smithii revealed five different genotypes, all know in humans. Our results are fairly representative of the methanogen community present in the digestive tract of certain animals domesticated by humans and other future studies must be done to try to cultivate methanogens here detected by molecular biology to better understand the dynamics of methanogens in animals and also the likely acquisition of methanogens in humans through direct contact with these animals or through consumption of the meat and/or milk of certain animals, in particular cows.

scholarly journals Role of Laboratory Medicine in SARS-CoV-2 Diagnostics. Lessons Learned from a Pandemic

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 915
Author(s):  
Irena Duś-Ilnicka ◽  
Aleksander Szymczak ◽  
Małgorzata Małodobra-Mazur ◽  
Miron Tokarski
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Laboratory Medicine ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
Medical Diagnostic ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Available Information

Since the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak began in Wuhan, China, diagnostic methods in the field of molecular biology have been developing faster than ever under the vigilant eye of world’s research community. Unfortunately, the medical community was not prepared for testing such large volumes or ranges of biological materials, whether blood samples for antibody immunological testing, or salivary/swab samples for real-time PCR. For this reason, many medical diagnostic laboratories have made the switch to working in the field of molecular biology, and research undertaken to speed up the flow of samples through laboratory. The aim of this narrative review is to evaluate the current literature on laboratory techniques for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection available on pubmed.gov, Google Scholar, and according to the writers’ knowledge and experience of the laboratory medicine. It assesses the available information in the field of molecular biology by comparing real-time PCR, LAMP technique, RNA sequencing, and immunological diagnostics, and examines the newest techniques along with their limitations for use in SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics.

scholarly journals Gluten-degrading bacteria: availability and applications

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viia Kõiv ◽  
Tanel Tenson
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Storage Proteins ◽  
Gluten Free Diet ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Gluten Free ◽  
Efficient Treatment ◽  
Gluten Intolerance ◽  
Degrading Bacteria ◽  
Human Digestive Tract

Abstract Gluten is a mixture of storage proteins in wheat and occurs in smaller amounts in other cereal grains. It provides favorable structure to bakery products but unfortunately causes disease conditions with increasing prevalence. In the human gastrointestinal tract, gluten is cleaved into proline and gluten rich peptides that are not degraded further. These peptides trigger immune responses that might lead to celiac disease, wheat allergy, and non-celiac gluten sensitivity. The main treatment option is a gluten-free diet. Alternatively, using enzymes or microorganisms with gluten-degrading properties might alleviate the disease. These components can be used during food production or could be introduced into the digestive tract as food supplements. In addition, natural food from the environment is known to enrich the microbial communities in gut and natural environmental microbial communities have high potential to degrade gluten. It remains to be investigated if food and environment-induced changes in the gut microbiome could contribute to the triggering of gluten-related diseases. Key points • Wheat proteins, gluten, are incompletely digested in human digestive tract leading to gluten intolerance. • The only efficient treatment of gluten intolerance is life-long gluten-free diet. • Environmental bacteria acquired together with food could be source of gluten-degrading bacteria detoxifying undigested gluten peptides.

scholarly journals Influx of Enterococci and Associated Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Genes from Ready-To-Eat Food to the Human Digestive Tract

2007 ◽  
Vol 73 (21) ◽  
pp. 6740-6747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lilia Macovei ◽  
Ludek Zurek
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Food Contamination ◽  
Gene Copy ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Enterococcus Casseliflavus ◽  
Fast Food Restaurants ◽  
Human Digestive Tract

ABSTRACT The influx of enterococcal antibiotic resistance (AR) and virulence genes from ready-to-eat food (RTEF) to the human digestive tract was assessed. Three RTEFs (chicken salad, chicken burger, and carrot cake) were sampled from five fast-food restaurants five times in summer (SU) and winter (WI). The prevalence of enterococci was significantly higher in SU (92.0% of salad samples and 64.0% of burger samples) than in WI (64.0% of salad samples and 24.0% of burger samples). The overall concentrations of enterococci during the two seasons were similar (∼103 CFU/g); the most prevalent were Enterococcus casseliflavus (41.5% of isolates) and Enterococcus hirae (41.5%) in WI and Enterococcus faecium (36.8%), E. casseliflavus (27.6%), and Enterococcus faecalis (22.4%) in SU. Resistance in WI was detected primarily to tetracycline (50.8%), ciprofloxacin (13.8%), and erythromycin (4.6%). SU isolates were resistant mainly to tetracycline (22.8%), erythromycin (22.1%), and kanamycin (13.0%). The most common tet gene was tet(M) (35.4% of WI isolates and 11.9% of SU isolates). The prevalence of virulence genes (gelE, asa1, cylA, and esp) and marker genes for clinical isolates (EF_0573, EF_0592, EF_0605, EF_1420, EF_2144, and pathogenicity island EF_0050) was low (≤12.3%). Genotyping of E. faecalis and E. faecium using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed that the food contamination likely originated from various sources and that it was not clonal. Our conservative estimate (single AR gene copy per cell) for the influx of tet genes alone to the human digestive tract is 3.8 � 105 per meal (chicken salad). This AR gene influx is frequent because RTEFs are commonly consumed and that may play a role in the acquisition of AR determinants in the human digestive tract.

scholarly journals Presence of sorbin in human digestive tract and endocrine digestive tumours

Gut ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
F A. El Fadil-Nicol
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Human Digestive Tract

The enteric nervous system of echinoderms: unexpected complexity revealed by neurochemical analysis

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (5) ◽  
pp. 865-873
Author(s):  
J.E. Garcia-Arraras ◽  
M. Rojas-Soto ◽  
L.B. Jimenez ◽  
L. Diaz-Miranda
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Radial Nerve ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Nerve Ring ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Distinct Component ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Neurochemical Analysis

Echinoderms are one of the most important groups of metazoans from the point of view of evolution, ecology and abundance. Nevertheless, their nervous system has been little studied. Particularly unexplored have been the components of the nervous system that lie outside the ectoneural and hyponeural divisions of the main nerve ring and radial nerve cords. We have gathered information on the nervous components of the digestive tract of echinoderms and demonstrate an unexpected level of complexity in terms of neurons, nerve plexi, their location and neurochemistry. The nervous elements within the digestive system consist of a distinct component of the echinoderm nervous system, termed the enteric nervous system. However, the association between the enteric nervous system and the ectoneural and hyponeural components of the nervous system is not well established. Our findings also emphasize the importance of the large lacunae in the neurobiology of echinoderms, a feature that should be addressed in future studies.

scholarly journals Diversity Scaling of Human Digestive Tract (DT) Microbiomes: The Intra-DT and Inter-individual Patterns

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongju (Daisy) Chen ◽  
Bin Yi ◽  
Qiang Liu ◽  
Xia Xu ◽  
Lin Dai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Individual Heterogeneity ◽  
Scaling Parameter ◽  
Genus Richness ◽  
Species Area ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Human Digestive Tract ◽  
Biodiversity Changes

The human gut microbiome has been extensively studied, but its diversity scaling (changes or heterogeneities) along the digestive tract (DT) as well as their inter-individual heterogeneities have not been adequately addressed to the best of our knowledge. Here we fill the gap by applying the diversity-area relationship (DAR), a recent extension to the classic species-area relationship (SAR) in biogeography, by reanalyzing a dataset of over 2000 16s-rRNA microbiome samples obtained from 10 DT sites of over 200 individuals. We sketched out the biogeography “maps” for each of the 10 DT sites by cross-individual DAR analysis, and the intra-DT distribution pattern by cross-DT-site DAR analysis. Regarding the inter-individual biogeography, it was found that all DT sites have the invariant (constant) scaling parameter—all sites possessing the same diversity change rate across individuals, but most sites have different potential diversities, which include the portions of diversity that may be absent locally but present regionally. In the case of this study, the potential diversity of each DT site covers the total diversity of the respective site from all individuals in the cohort. In terms of the genus richness, an average individual hosts approximately 20% of the population-level genus richness (total bacterial genus of a human population). In contrast, in terms of community biodiversity, the percentages of individual over population may exceed 90%. This suggests that the differences between individuals in their DT microbiomes are predominantly in the composition of bacterial species, rather than how their abundances are distributed (i.e., biodiversity). Regarding the intra-DT patterns, the scaling parameter (z) is larger—suggesting that the intra-DT biodiversity changes are larger than inter-individual changes. The higher intra-DT heterogeneity of bacteria diversity, as suggested by larger intra-DT z than the inter-individual heterogeneity, should be expected since the intra-DT heterogeneity reflects the functional differentiations of the DT tract, while the inter-individual heterogeneity (z) reflects the difference of the same DT site across individuals. On average, each DT site contains 21–36% of the genus diversity of the whole DT, and the percentages are even higher in terms of higher taxon levels.

Comparative study of fermentation and methanogen community structure in the digestive tract of goats and rabbits

2013 ◽  
Vol 97 ◽  
pp. 80-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Abecia ◽  
M. Fondevila ◽  
N. Rodríguez-Romero ◽  
G. Martínez ◽  
D. R. Yáñez-Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Methanogen Community

Description of the gastrointestinal tract and associated organs of the kultarr (Antechinomys laniger)

2013 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hayley J. Stannard ◽  
Julie M. Old
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Microscopic Description ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
New Information ◽  
Small And Large Intestine

This paper provides a macro- and microscopic description of the digestive tract of the kultarr (Antechinomys laniger), a small dasyurid marsupial. The digestive tract was simple, with no external differentiation between the small and large intestine, and lacked a caecum. Mean gross length of the kultarr digestive tract was 165.2 ± 32.1 mm. Microscopically, the tissues had cell types similar to those of other mammals. The new information will aid future post-mortem investigations of captive kultarrs and future studies of nutrition.

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