scholarly journals Comparison of the Decay Behavior of Two White-Rot Fungi in Relation to Wood Type and Exposure Conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1931
Author(s):  
Ehsan Bari ◽  
Geoffrey Daniel ◽  
Nural Yilgor ◽  
Jong Sik Kim ◽  
Mohammad Ali Tajick-Ghanbary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Wood Species ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
White Rot ◽  
High Mass ◽  
Type I ◽  
Oak Wood ◽  
Mass Losses ◽  
Decay Behavior

Fungal wood decay strategies are influenced by several factors, such as wood species, moisture content, and temperature. This study aims to evaluate wood degradation characteristics of spruce, beech, and oak after exposure to the white-rot fungi Pleurotusostreatus and Trametesversicolor. Both fungi caused high mass losses in beech wood, while spruce and oak wood were more resistant to decay. The moisture content values of the decayed wood correlated with the mass losses for all three wood species and incubation periods. Combined microscopic and chemical studies indicated that the two fungi differed in their decay behavior. While T. versicolor produced a decay pattern (cell wall erosion) typical of white-rot fungi in all wood species, P. ostreatus caused cell wall erosion in spruce and beech and soft-rot type I (cavity formation) decay in oak wood. These observations suggest that P. ostreatus may have the capacity to produce a wider range of enzymes/radicals triggered by the chemical composition of wood cell walls and/or local compositional variability within the cell wall.

Degradation of the lignocellulose complex in wood

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (S1) ◽  
pp. 999-1010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Blanchette
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Bacterial Degradation ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Type I

Degradation of the lignocellulose complex in wood varies depending on the microorganism causing decay. The degradative processes of white-, brown-, and soft-rot fungi as well as different forms of bacterial degradation are presented. Ultrastructural methods were used to elucidate cell-wall alterations that occurred during the various stages of decay. In wood inoculated with the white-rot fungus Ceriporiopsis subvermispora, changes in the cell wall, such as electron-dense zones after staining with uranyl acetate, were evident during incipient stages of decay. The ratio of syringyl:guaiacyl lignin of different woods, different cell types, and even the different layers within a cell wall influenced the type and extent of decay by white-rot fungi. Soft rots caused unique changes in the lignocellulose matrix. The type of wood substrate governed the form (type I or type II) of soft rot that occurred. Brown-rot fungi depolymerized cellulose early in the decay process and degraded cellulose without prior removal of lignin. Bacterial degradation was common in waterlogged woods and three forms, tunneling, erosion and cavitation, are discussed. In addition to an improved understanding of decay processes in living trees and forest products, knowledge of decomposition mechanisms is important to utilize effectively these microorganisms for new industrial bioprocessing technologies. Key words: biodegradation, white rot, brown rot, soft rot, bacterial degradation.

scholarly journals OPTIMISASI PRODUKSI ENZIM LAKASE PADA FERMENTASI KULTUR PADAT MENGGUNAKAN JAMUR PELAPUK PUTIH Marasmius sp. : PENGARUH UKURAN PARTIKEL, KELEMBAPAN, DAN KONSENTRASI Cu

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cornelius Damar Hanung ◽  
Ronald Osmond ◽  
Hendro Risdianto ◽  
Sri Harjati Suhardi ◽  
Tjandra Setiadi
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Solid State Fermentation ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Batch Process ◽  
Solid Substrate ◽  
White Rot

White rot fungi of Marasmius sp. is a fungus which produce laccase in high activity. Laccase is one of the ligninolityc enzymes that capable to degrade lignin. This ability can be used for the pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials in the bioethanol production. Laccase was produced in flask by batch process using Solid State Fermentation (SSF). The optimisation was conducted by statistically of full factorial design. The particle size, moisture content, and Cu concentration were investigated in this study. Rice straw was used as solid substrate and the glycerol was used as the carbon sources in modified Kirk medium. The results showed that particle size of rice straw did not affect significantly to the enzyme activity. The highest laccase activity of 4.45 IU/g dry weight was obtained at the moisture content of 61% and Cu concentration of 0.1 mM.Keywords: laccase, Marasmius sp., optimisation, rice straw, solid state fermentation ABSTRAKJamur pelapuk putih, Marasmius sp. merupakan jamur yang menghasilkan enzim lakase dengan aktivitas tinggi. Lakase merupakan enzim ligninolitik yang dapat mendegradasi lignin. Kemampuan ini dapat digunakan untuk proses pengolahan awal bahan lignoselulosa pada pembuatan bioetanol. Produksi lakase dilakukan dalam labu dengan modus batch menggunakan fermentasi kultur padat. Optimisasi produksi enzim lakase dengan metode fermentasi padat dilakukan dengan  rancangan percobaan faktorial penuh. Pengaruh ukuran partikel, kelembapan, dan konsentrasi Cu diuji dengan medium penyangga jerami dengan menambahkan gliserol dalam medium Kirk termodifikasi sebagai sumber karbon. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ukuran jerami tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap aktivitas enzim. Aktivitas enzim lakase maksimum terjadi pada saat kelembapan 61% dan konsentrasi Cu 0,1 mM dengan aktivitas enzim lakase/berat kering tertinggi mencapai 4,45 IU/g.Kata kunci: lakase, Marasmius sp., optimisasi, jerami, fermentasi kultur padat

scholarly journals Influence of Mesoporous Inorganic Al–B–P Amphiprotic Surfactant Material Resistances of Wood against Brown and White-Rot Fungi (Part 1)

Coatings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 108
Author(s):  
Kouomo Guelifack Yves Beaudelaire ◽  
Biaorong Zhuang ◽  
John Tosin Aladejana ◽  
Dehong Li ◽  
Xinjun Hou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Untreated Wood ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Mass Losses ◽  
Surfactant Material

This study describes the application of aluminum sulfate Al2(SO4)3, boric acid H3BO3, phosphoric acid H3PO4 (Al–B–P) and amphiprotic surfactant material synthesis by the sol-gel process, which were adopted as novel precursors for wood modification. The efficacy of Al–B–P-treated wood was tested against Poria placenta and Coriolus versicolor. Untreated wood samples had higher mass losses (>40%) compared to the treated sample, which had the lowest wood mass losses (of 4%) against P. placenta and C. versicolor. To analyze the reaction mechanism of Al–B–P wood, the mechanical properties, chemical structure, crystallinity, thermal analysis, binding energy and wettability was examined by modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. Scanning electron microscopy- energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) confirmed the wood colonization by fungi, and was used to identify the microstructures and morphologies changes that occurred in the cells during degradation by white and brown-rot fungi. At the same time, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was employed to analyze the physical and chemical properties of the samples. Therefore, the study confirmed that Al–B–P and amphiprotic surfactant could replace the traditional wood preservative products, and have the potential to extend the service life of wood, particularly in soil contact and outdoor usage.

scholarly journals The Manganese Peroxidase Gene Family of Trametes trogii: Gene Identification and Expression Patterns Using Various Metal Ions under Different Culture Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 2595
Author(s):  
Yu Zhang ◽  
Zhongqi Dong ◽  
Yuan Luo ◽  
En Yang ◽  
Huini Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metal Ions ◽  
Gene Family ◽  
Liquid Culture ◽  
Extracellular Enzymes ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Type I ◽  
Group I

Manganese peroxidases (MnPs), gene family members of white-rot fungi, are necessary extracellular enzymes that degrade lignocellulose and xenobiotic aromatic pollutants. However, very little is known about the diversity and expression patterns of the MnP gene family in white-rot fungi, especially in contrast to laccases. Here, the gene and protein sequences of eight unique MnP genes of T. trogii S0301 were characterized. Based on the characteristics of gene sequence, all TtMnPs here belong to short-type hybrid MnP (type I) with an average protein length of 363 amino acids, 5–6 introns, and the presence of conserved cysteine residues. Furthermore, analysis of MnP activity showed that metal ions (Mn2+ and Cu2+) and static liquid culture significantly influenced MnP activity. A maximum MnP activity (>14.0 U/mL) toward 2,6-DMP was observed in static liquid culture after the addition of Mn2+ (1 mM) or Cu2+ (0.2 or 2 mM). Moreover, qPCR analysis showed that Mn2+ obviously upregulated the Group I MnP subfamily (T_trogii_09901, 09904, 09903, and 09906), while Cu2+ and H2O2, along with changing temperatures, mainly induced the Group II MnP subfamily (T_trogii_11984, 11971, 11985, and 11983), suggesting diverse functions of fungal MnPs in growth and development, stress response, etc. Our studies here systematically analyzed the gene structure, expression, and regulation of the TtMnP gene family in T. trogii, one of the important lignocellulose-degrading fungi, and these results extended our understanding of the diversity of the MnP gene family and helped to improve MnP production and appilications of Trametes strains and other white-rot fungi.

scholarly journals Leachability and Decay Resistance of Wood Polyesterified with Sorbitol and Citric Acid

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greeley Beck
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Modification System ◽  
Sorption Behaviour ◽  
Wood Modification ◽  
Water Saturated

Research Highlights: Polyesterification of wood with sorbitol and citric acid (SCA) increases decay resistance against brown-rot and white-rot fungi without reducing cell wall moisture content but the SCA polymer is susceptible to hydrolysis. Background and Objectives: SCA polyesterification is a low-cost, bio-based chemical wood modification system with potential for commercialisation. Materials and Methods: This study investigates moisture-related properties and decay resistance in SCA-modified wood. Scots pine sapwood was polyesterified at 140 °C with various SCA solution concentrations ranging from 14–56% w/w. Dimensional stability was assessed and leachates were analysed with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Chemical changes were characterized with attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and spectra were quantitatively compared with peak ratios. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LFNMR) relaxometry was used to assess water saturated samples and decay resistance was determined with a modified EN113 test. Results: Anti-swelling efficiency (ASE) ranged from 23–43% and decreased at higher weight percentage gains (WPG). Reduced ASE at higher WPG resulted from increased water saturated volumes for higher treatment levels. HPLC analysis of leachates showed detectable citric acid levels even after an EN84 leaching procedure. ATR-FTIR analysis indicated increased ester content in the SCA-modified samples and decreased hydroxyl content compared to controls. Cell wall water assessed by non-freezing moisture content determined with LFNMR was found to increase because of the modification. SCA-modified samples resisted brown-rot and white-rot decay, with a potential decay threshold of 50% WPG. Sterile reference samples incubated without fungi revealed substantial mass loss due to leaching of the samples in a high humidity environment. The susceptibility of the SCA polymer to hydrolysis was confirmed by analysing the sorption behaviour of the pure polymer in a dynamic vapour sorption apparatus. Conclusions: SCA wood modification is an effective means for imparting decay resistance but, using the curing parameters in the current study, prolonged low-level leaching due to hydrolysis of the SCA polymer remains a problem.

scholarly journals Chemical changes and increased degradability of wheat straw and oak wood chips treated with the white rot fungi Ceriporiopsis subvermispora and Lentinula edodes

2017 ◽  
Vol 105 ◽  
pp. 381-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra J.A. van Kuijk ◽  
Anton S.M. Sonnenberg ◽  
Johan J.P. Baars ◽  
Wouter H. Hendriks ◽  
José C. del Río ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Lentinula Edodes ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Wood Chips ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Chemical Changes ◽  
Oak Wood ◽  
Ceriporiopsis Subvermispora

scholarly journals Enzyme Activities of Two Recombinant Heme-Containing Peroxidases, Tv DyP1 and Tv VP2, Identified from the Secretome of Trametes versicolor

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sawsan Amara ◽  
Thomas Perrot ◽  
David Navarro ◽  
Aurélie Deroy ◽  
Amine Benkhelfallah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Versatile Peroxidase ◽  
Enzymatic System ◽  
High Tolerance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Oak Wood ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
Oxidative System

ABSTRACT Trametes versicolor is a wood-inhabiting agaricomycete known for its ability to cause strong white-rot decay on hardwood and for its high tolerance of phenolic compounds. The goal of the present work was to gain insights into the molecular biology and biochemistry of the heme-including class II and dye-decolorizing peroxidases secreted by this fungus. Proteomic analysis of the secretome of T. versicolor BRFM 1218 grown on oak wood revealed a set of 200 secreted proteins, among which were the dye-decolorizing peroxidase Tv DyP1 and the versatile peroxidase Tv VP2. Both peroxidases were heterologously produced in Escherichia coli , biochemically characterized, and tested for the ability to oxidize complex substrates. Both peroxidases were found to be active against several substrates under acidic conditions, and Tv DyP1 was very stable over a relatively large pH range of 2.0 to 6.0, while Tv VP2 was more stable at pH 5.0 to 6.0 only. The thermostability of both enzymes was also tested, and Tv DyP1 was globally found to be more stable than Tv VP2. After 180 min of incubation at temperatures ranging from 30 to 50°C, the activity of Tv VP2 drastically decreased, with 10 to 30% of the initial activity retained. Under the same conditions, Tv DyP1 retained 20 to 80% of its enzyme activity. The two proteins were catalytically characterized, and Tv VP2 was shown to accept a wider range of reducing substrates than Tv DyP1. Furthermore, both enzymes were found to be active against two flavonoids, quercetin and catechin, found in oak wood, with Tv VP2 displaying more rapid oxidation of the two compounds. They were tested for the ability to decolorize five industrial dyes, and Tv VP2 presented a greater ability to oxidize and decolorize the dye substrates than Tv DyP1. IMPORTANCE Trametes versicolor is a wood-inhabiting agaricomycete known for its ability to cause strong white-rot decay on hardwood and for its high tolerance of phenolic compounds. Among white-rot fungi, the basidiomycete T. versicolor has been extensively studied for its ability to degrade wood, specifically lignin, thanks to an extracellular oxidative enzymatic system. The corresponding oxidative system was previously studied in several works for classical lignin and manganese peroxidases, and in this study, two new components of the oxidative system of T. versicolor , one dye-decolorizing peroxidase and one versatile peroxidase, were biochemically characterized in depth and compared to other fungal peroxidases.

scholarly journals Monitoring the cell wall characteristics of degraded beech wood by white-rot fungi: Anatomical, chemical, and photochemical study

2018 ◽  
pp. 0-0 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ehsan Bari ◽  
Behbood Mohebby ◽  
Hamid Reza Naji ◽  
Reza Oladi ◽  
Nural Yilgor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Beech Wood ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
White Rot

Lignins as agents for bio-protection of wood

Holzforschung ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelena Chirkova ◽  
Ingeborga Andersone ◽  
Ilze Irbe ◽  
Baiba Spince ◽  
Bruno Andersons
Keyword(s):  
Standard Procedure ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Vacuum Impregnation ◽  
Impregnation Process ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Mass Losses

Abstract Pinewood was modified by vacuum impregnation with various aqueous lignin solutions of low concentration (0.5– 1.0%) and its decay resistance was tested by the standard procedure EN 113. Five lignin types were tested against three brown rot and one white rot fungi. The bio-durability of wood was considerably increased by the treatment. The highest effect of modification was for alkali, kraft, hydrolysis lignins and industrial lignosulfonate, when mass losses of wood for brown-rot fungi were negligible. The effect of the modification with certified lignosulfonates was insignificant. Chemical analysis revealed that phenols, which are leached from lignin and are adsorbed by wood in the impregnation process, could act as a biocide. The hydrophilic properties of wood either did not change (certified lignins) or were enhanced because of some change in the pore structure (industrial lignins). Further tests are needed to verify the positive effects of this technologically simple and environmentally friendly treatment.

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