scholarly journals Fate and Biofilm Formation of Wild-Type and Pressure-Stressed Pathogens of Public Health Concern in Surface Water and on Abiotic Surfaces

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Niamul Kabir ◽  
Sadiye Aras ◽  
Sabrina Wadood ◽  
Shahid Chowdhury ◽  
Aliyar Cyrus Fouladkhah
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Produce Safety ◽  
Abiotic Surfaces ◽  
Safety Rule ◽  
Public Health Challenge ◽  
Salmonella Serovars

Since the historic outbreak near Broad Street in London, which serves as cornerstone of modern epidemiology, infectious diseases spread in surface and sub-surface water has been a persisting public health challenge. The current study investigated persistence of wild-type and pressure-stressed Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica serovars in surface water stored aerobically for up to 28 days at 5, 25, and 37 °C. Additionally, biofilm formation of wild-type and pressure-stressed non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars were monitored on surface of stainless steel and rubber coupons for 28 days at 25 and 37 °C. While L. monocytogenes exhibited a lower (p < 0.05) survival rate at 5 °C, relative to the two Gram-negative pathogens, at higher temperatures of 25 and 37 °C, all three pathogens exhibited similar (p ≥ 0.05) trends for survival in surface water. Both wild-type and pressure-stressed Salmonella serovars in the vast majority of tested times, temperatures, and surfaces exhibited comparable (p ≥ 0.05) persistence and biofilm formation capability. Our study thus indicates the occurrence of contamination could lead to prolonged survival of these microorganisms in low-nutrient environments and highlights the need for preventive measures such as those articulated under Produce Safety Rule of the U.S. Food Safety Modernization Act.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance Profiling of Biofilm Forming Non Typhoidal Salmonella enterica Isolates from Poultry and Its Associated Food Products from Pakistan

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 785
Author(s):  
Abubakar Siddique ◽  
Sara Azim ◽  
Amjad Ali ◽  
Saadia Andleeb ◽  
Aitezaz Ahsan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Zoonotic Potential ◽  
Salmonella Spp

Salmonellosis caused by non-typhoidal Salmonellaenterica from poultry products is a major public health concern worldwide. This study aimed at estimating the pathogenicity and antimicrobial resistance in S. enterica isolates obtained from poultry birds and their food products from different areas of Pakistan. In total, 95/370 (25.67%) samples from poultry droppings, organs, eggs, and meat were positive for Salmonella. The isolates were further identified through multiplex PCR (mPCR) as Salmonella Typhimurium 14 (14.7%), Salmonella Enteritidis 12 (12.6%), and other Salmonella spp. 69 (72.6%). The phenotypic virulence properties of 95 Salmonella isolates exhibited swimming and/or swarming motility 95 (100%), DNA degrading activity 93 (97.8%), hemolytic activity 92 (96.8%), lipase activity 87 (91.6%), and protease activity 86 (90.5%). The sopE virulence gene known for conferring zoonotic potential was detected in S. Typhimurium (92.8%), S. Enteritidis (100%), and other Salmonella spp. (69.5%). The isolates were further tested against 23 antibiotics (from 10 different antimicrobial groups) and were found resistant against fifteen to twenty-one antibiotics. All isolates showed multiple drug resistance and were found to exhibit a high multiple antibiotic-resistant (MAR) index of 0.62 to 0.91. The strong biofilm formation at 37 °C reflected their potential adherence to intestinal surfaces. There was a significant correlation between antimicrobial resistance and the biofilm formation potential of isolates. The resistance determinant genes found among the isolated strains were blaTEM-1 (59.3%), blaOxA-1 (18%), blaPSE-1 (9.5%), blaCMY-2 (43%), and ampC (8.3%). The detection of zoonotic potential MDR Salmonella in poultry and its associated food products carrying cephalosporin and quinolone resistance genes presents a major threat to the poultry industry and public health.

Attachment and Biofilm Formation by Various Serotypes of Salmonella as Influenced by Cellulose Production and Thin Aggregative Fimbriae Biosynthesis

2007 ◽  
Vol 70 (11) ◽  
pp. 2473-2479 ◽  
Author(s):  
SUDEEP JAIN ◽  
JINRU CHEN
Keyword(s):  
Food Processing ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Luria Bertani ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Cellulose Production ◽  
Processing Equipment ◽  
Abiotic Surfaces ◽  
Glass Surfaces ◽  
Attachment Ability

This study was undertaken to quantify thin aggregative fimbriae and cellulose produced by Salmonella and to evaluate their roles in attachment and biofilm formation on polystyrene and glass surfaces. Thin aggregative fimbriae and cellulose produced by four wild-type and two pairs of Salmonella, representing four different colony morphotypes (rdar: red, dry, and rough; pdar: pink, dry, and rough; bdar: brown, dry, and rough; and saw: smooth and white), were quantified. The ability of the Salmonella cells to attach and form biofilms on the selected surfaces was evaluated in Luria-Bertani (LB) broth with or without salt (0.5%) or glucose (2%) at 28°C during a 7-day period. The cells expressing the rdar or pdar colony morphotypes produced significantly greater amounts of thin aggregative fimbriae and cellulose on LB no salt agar, respectively. The cells expressing the rdar colony morphotype attached in higher numbers and formed more biofilm than did the cells expressing the pdar colony morphotype. The members of the pairs expressing the bdar colony morphotype attached more efficiently and formed more biofilm on the tested surfaces than did their counterparts expressing the saw colony morphotype. These results indicated that thin aggregative fimbriae impart attachment ability to Salmonella and, upon coexpression with cellulose, enhance biofilm formation on certain abiotic surfaces. The knowledge acquired in the study may help develop better cleaning strategies for food processing equipment.

scholarly journals Influence of thePhotorhabdus luminescensPhosphomannose Isomerase Gene,manA, on Mannose Utilization, Exopolysaccharide Structure, and Biofilm Formation

2010 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 776-785 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew R. Amos ◽  
Maria Sanchez-Contreras ◽  
Robert W. Jackson ◽  
Xavier Muñoz-Berbel ◽  
Todd A. Ciche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Wild Type Strain ◽  
Compositional Analysis ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharide ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Photorhabdus Luminescens ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Abiotic Surfaces ◽  
Structural Matrix

ABSTRACTExtracellular polysaccharide (EPS) is produced by diverse bacterial pathogens and fulfills assorted roles, including providing a structural matrix for biofilm formation and more specific functions in virulence, such as protection against immune defenses. We report here the first investigation of some of the genes important for biofilm formation inPhotorhabdus luminescensand demonstrate the key role of the phosphomannose isomerase gene,manA, in the structure of functional EPS. Phenotypic analyses of amanA-deficient mutant showed the importance of EPS in motility, insect virulence, and biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces as well as the requirement of this gene for the use of mannose as the sole carbon source. Conversely, this defect had no apparent impact on symbiosis with the heterorhabditid nematode vector. A more detailed analysis of biofilm formation revealed that themanAmutant was able to attach to surfaces with the same efficiency as that of the wild-type strain but could not develop the more extended biofilm matrix structures. A compositional analysis ofP. luminescensEPS reveals how themanAmutation has a major effect on the formation of a complete, branched EPS.

scholarly journals Extending the Holding Time for Agricultural Water Testing EPA Method 1603 for Produce Growers

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2020
Author(s):  
Manreet Singh Bhullar ◽  
Angela Shaw ◽  
Joseph Hannan ◽  
Smaranda Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Test Time ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Agricultural Water ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Produce Safety ◽  
Water Testing ◽  
Sample Test ◽  
Safety Rule ◽  
Us Epa

Agricultural water is a known vector for the transfer of foodborne pathogens onto fresh produce. Development of pre-harvest and post-harvest microbial profiles of agricultural water used by fresh produce growers, processors, and holdings is a requirement under the Food Safety Modernization Act Produce Safety Rule. One of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) approved agricultural water testing methods is US EPA Method 1603, which requires no greater than a 6-h time frame between the collection of the water sample and initiation of analysis. This 6-h timeframe is unrealistic for many produce growers due to there being few laboratories certified to conduct testing and the geographic location of the farms. Agricultural water samples (n = 101) from well water and surface water were collected from 60 different farms to determine if holding samples for 24 h yielded significantly more generic Escherichia coli (E.coli) than 6 h using EPA 1603 method. A total of 32 samples were found contaminated with generic E. coli. Of these positive samples, surface water accounted for 87.5% of the samples (n = 28). There was no significant disparity between populations of generic E. coli at 6- and 24-h sample-test time interval (p > 0.05). These results provide evidence that the sample-test time interval can be extended to 24-h time, which makes quantitative generic E. coli testing for agricultural water as mandated by the FSMA Produce Safety Rule more accessible to growers.

scholarly journals Role of DLP12 lysis genes in Escherichia coli biofilm formation

Microbiology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 157 (6) ◽  
pp. 1640-1650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faustino A. Toba ◽  
Mitchell G. Thompson ◽  
Bryan R. Campbell ◽  
Lauren M. Junker ◽  
Karl-Gustav Rueggeberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Wall Stress ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Lambda Phage ◽  
Kinase Gene ◽  
Abiotic Surfaces ◽  
K 12 ◽  
Biofilm Development

Phages have recently been implicated as important in biofilm development, although the mechanisms whereby phages impact biofilms remain unclear. One defective lambdoid phage carried by Escherichia coli K-12 is DLP12. Among the genes found in DLP12 are essD, ybcS and rzpD/rzoD, which are homologues of the Lambda phage genes encoding cell-lysis proteins (S, R and Rz/Rz1). The role that these DLP12 lysis genes play in biofilm formation was examined in deletion mutants of E. coli PHL628, a curli-overproducing, biofilm-forming K-12 derivative. Strains lacking essD, ybcS and rzpD/rzoD were unable to form wild-type biofilms. While all mutants were compromised in attachment to abiotic surfaces and aggregated less well than the wild-type, the effect of the essD knockout on biofilm formation was less dramatic than that of deleting ybcS or rzpD/rzoD. These results were consistent with electron micrographs of the mutants, which showed a decreased number of curli fibres on cell surfaces. Also consistent with this finding, we observed that expression from the promoter of csgB, which encodes the curli subunits, was downregulated in the mutants. As curli production is transcriptionally downregulated in response to cell wall stress, we challenged the mutants with SDS and found them to be more sensitive to the detergent than the wild-type. We also examined the release of 14C-labelled peptidoglycan from the mutants and found that they did not lose labelled peptidoglycan to the same extent as the wild-type. Given that curli production is known to be suppressed by N-acetylglucosamine 6-phosphate (NAG-6P), a metabolite produced during peptidoglycan recycling, we deleted nagK, the N-acetylglucosamine kinase gene, from the lysis mutants and found that this restored curli production. This suggested that deletion of the lysis genes affected cell wall status, which was transduced to the curli operon by NAG-6P via an as yet unknown mechanism. These observations provide evidence that the S, R and Rz/Rz1 gene homologues encoded by DLP12 are not merely genetic junk, but rather play an important, though undefined, role in cell wall maintenance.

Food Safety on the Farm: Good Agricultural Practices and Good Handling Practices – Packing Operation Sanitation

EDIS ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesscia A. Lepper ◽  
Aswathy Sreedharan ◽  
Renée Goodrich Schneider ◽  
Keith R. Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Good Agricultural Practices ◽  
Produce Safety ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Safety Rule ◽  
Handling Practices ◽  
Voluntary Program ◽  
Federal Guidelines

Good agricultural practices (GAPs) and good handling practices (GHPs) encompass the general procedures that growers, packers and processors of fresh fruits and vegetables should follow to ensure the safety of their product. GAPs usually deal with preharvest practices (i.e., in the field), while GHPs cover postharvest practices, including packing, storage and shipping. This factsheet covers GAPs relating to packing operation sanitation. There are seven other Florida Cooperative Extension factsheets in the ‘Food Safety on the Farm’ series that focus on specific aspects of the GAPs program and how they relate to Florida crops and practices. Under the new Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA), GAPs are a foundation of the Produce Safety Rule (PSR). Other than for round tomatoes in Florida (T-GAPs regulation), GAPs have mainly been a voluntary program. Additionally the PSR mandates all non-exempt operations to follow these new FSMA federal guidelines (6), but all exempt commodities and for those producers exporting to foreign countries, GAPs may still be required. Both the mandatory PSR and GAPs aim to reduce the foodborne illness burden associated with produce.

Reframing Fatness: Critiquing ‘Obesity’

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bethan Evans ◽  
Charlotte Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Michel Foucault ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Policy Language ◽  
Religious Imagery ◽  
Fat Bodies

Over the last twenty years or so, fatness, pathologised as overweight and obesity, has been a core public health concern around which has grown a lucrative international weight loss industry. Referred to as a ‘time bomb’ and ‘the terror within’, analogies of ‘war’ circulate around obesity, framing fatness as enemy.2 Religious imagery and cultural and moral ideologies inform medical, popular and policy language with the ‘sins’ of ‘gluttony’ and ‘sloth’, evoked to frame fat people as immoral at worst and unknowledgeable victims at best, and understandings of fatness intersect with gender, class, age, sexuality, disability and race to make some fat bodies more problematically fat than others. As Evans and Colls argue, drawing on Michel Foucault, a combination of medical and moral knowledges produces the powerful ‘obesity truths’ through which fatness is framed as universally abject and pathological. Dominant and medicalised discourses of fatness (as obesity) leave little room for alternative understandings.

ADDRESSING THE ISSUE OF СOVID-19, SARS-COV-2 VIRUS AND THE DISEASE

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (6) ◽  
pp. 15-31
Author(s):  
A.A. Korenkova ◽  
◽  
E.M. Mayorova ◽  
V.V. Bahmetjev ◽  
M.V. Tretyak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Significant Problem ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Optimal Therapy ◽  
The World ◽  
Public Health Challenge ◽  
Coronavirus Infection

The new coronavirus infection has posed a major public health challenge around the world, but new data on the disease raises more questions than answers. The lack of optimal therapy is a significant problem. The article examines the molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the pathogenesis of COVID-19, special attention is paid to features of pathological processes and immune responses in children. COVID-19 leads to a wide diversity of negative outcomes, many of which can persist for at least months. Many of the consequences have yet to be identified. SARS-CoV-2 may provoke autoimmune reactions. Reinfection, herd immunity, vaccines and other prevention measures are also discussed in this review.

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