scholarly journals Systematic Review: Microfluidics and Plasmodium

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1245
Author(s):  
Nicolas Thorne ◽  
Luis Flores-Olazo ◽  
Rocío Egoávil-Espejo ◽  
Emir A. Vela ◽  
Julien Noel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Microfluidic Devices ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Remote Locations ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Primary Focus

Malaria affects 228 million people worldwide each year, causing severe disease and worsening the conditions of already vulnerable populations. In this review, we explore how malaria has been detected in the past and how it can be detected in the future. Our primary focus is on finding new directions for low-cost diagnostic methods that unspecialized personnel can apply in situ. Through this review, we show that microfluidic devices can help pre-concentrate samples of blood infected with malaria to facilitate the diagnosis. Importantly, these devices can be made cheaply and be readily deployed in remote locations.

scholarly journals Soil-transmitted helminths and schistosome infections in Ethiopia: a systematic review of progress in their control over the past 20 years

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosie Maddren ◽  
Anna Phillips ◽  
Alison Ower ◽  
Toby Landeryou ◽  
Birhan Mengistu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Parasite Burden ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Soil Transmitted Helminths ◽  
Need For Treatment ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
The Past ◽  
School Based

Abstract Background Ethiopia has set the ambitious national targets of eliminating soil-transmitted helminths (STH) and schistosomiasis (SCH) as public health problems by 2020, and breaking their transmission by 2025. This systematic review was performed to provide insight into the progress made by the national STH and SCH control programme purposed with reaching these targets. Methods Studies published on STH and SCH in Ethiopia were searched for using Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and the resulting references of selected studies. Prevalence and intensity were analysed, stratified by region, age, and diagnostics. Results A total of 231 papers published between 2000 and 2020 were included. Over the past two decades, Trichuris trichiura (TT) infection has shown the most statistically significant decrease (93%, p < 0.0001), followed by Schistosoma mansoni (SM) (69%, p < 0.0001), Ascaris lumbricoides (AL) (67%, p < 0.0001) and Schistosoma haematobium (83%, p = 0.038) infections. Geographically, parasite burden has only consistently shown a significant reduction in the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples’ Region of Ethiopia, where AL, TT, hookworm and SM significantly decreased by 80% (p = 0.006), 95% (p = 0.005), 98% (p = 0.009) and 87% (p = 0.031), respectively. Prevalence of STH was highest among adults across all species, contrary to typical age-infection profiles for TT and AL that peak among school-aged children. Expanding treatment to the whole community would target reservoirs of adult and preschool-aged infection within the community, assisting Ethiopia in reaching their national transmission break targets. There was substantial heterogeneity in diagnostic methods used across studies, the majority of which predominantly used single-slide Kato–Katz. This low slide frequency provides poor diagnostic sensitivity, particularly in low endemic settings. Conclusion The prevalence of STH and SCH in Ethiopia has decreased over time due to the strategic use of anthelmintics. Both standardising and increasing the sensitivity of the diagnostics used, alongside the ubiquitous use of parasite intensity with prevalence, would enable a more accurate and comparable understanding of Ethiopia’s epidemiological progress. Further work is needed on community-wide surveillance in order to understand the burden and subsequent need for treatment among those outside of the standard school-based control program.

Fabricating Plastic Microfluidic Devices With Photodefinable Microvalves for Protein Separations

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl K. Fredrickson ◽  
Champak Das ◽  
Fernando T. Tavares ◽  
Ryan Ferguson ◽  
Zheng Xia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Separation ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Microfluidic Devices ◽  
Hydraulic Press ◽  
Protein Separations ◽  
In Situ Gel ◽  
Separation Media ◽  
Bio Compatibility

This paper describes the results of fabricating plastic microfluidic devices and creating a microvalve array for protein separation. Plastic devices are selected due to low cost of raw materials, bio-compatibility, and disposability. Although the methods for fabricating plastic devices have appeared in literature, reports typically indicate one set of conditions that yield functional devices. We report a systematic study of fabrication process parameters including compression rate, molding temperature, and the compression force used by a hydraulic press. Their effects on the device thickness, channel dimension, and pattern transfer fidelity will be discussed. In addition, we investigated creating an array of pseudo-microvalves using photodefinable, in situ gel polymerization. The valves were developed for introducing two types of separation media for performing two-dimensional protein separation in a microfluidic device. We also demonstrated rapid protein separation using the mechanism for the first dimension, isoelectric focusing.

scholarly journals Drilling Load Model of an Inchworm Boring Robot for Lunar Subsurface Exploration

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiwei Zhang ◽  
Shengyuan Jiang ◽  
Dewei Tang ◽  
Huazhi Chen ◽  
Jieneng Liang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Lunar Regolith ◽  
Drilling Process ◽  
Load Model ◽  
The Past ◽  
Drilling Parameters ◽  
Efficient Control ◽  
Exploration Mission

In the past decade, the wireline robot has received increasing attention due to the advantages of light weight, low cost, and flexibility compared to the traditional drilling instruments in space missions. For the lunar subsurface in situ exploration mission, we proposed a type of wireline robot named IBR (Inchworm Boring Robot) drawing inspiration from the inchworm. Two auger tools are utilized to remove chips for IBR, which directly interacted with the lunar regolith in the drilling process. Therefore, for obtaining the tools drilling characteristics, the chips removal principle of IBR is analyzed and its drilling load model is further established based on the soil mechanical theory in this paper. And then the proposed theoretical drilling load model is experimentally validated. In addition, according to the theoretical drilling load model, this paper discusses the effect of the drilling parameters on the tools drilling moments and power consumption. These results imply a possible energy-efficient control strategy for IBR.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in children and adolescents: a systematic review of critically unwell children and the association with underlying comorbidities

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nia Williams ◽  
Trisha Radia ◽  
Katharine Harman ◽  
Pankaj Agrawal ◽  
James Cook ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Medical History ◽  
Cardiac Disease ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Past Medical History ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
The Past ◽  
Meta Analyses

Abstract Data show that children are less severely affected with SARS-Covid-19 than adults; however, there have been a small proportion of children who have been critically unwell. In this systematic review, we aimed to identify and describe which underlying comorbidities may be associated with severe SARS-CoV-2 disease and death. The study protocol was in keeping with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A total of 1726 articles were identified of which 28 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The 28 studies included 5686 participants with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection ranging from mild to severe disease. We focused on the 108 patients who suffered from severe/critical illness requiring ventilation, which included 17 deaths. Of the 108 children who were ventilated, the medical history was available for 48 patients. Thirty-six of the 48 patients (75%) had documented comorbidities of which 11/48 (23%) had pre-existing cardiac disease. Of the 17 patients who died, the past medical history was reported in 12 cases. Of those, 8/12 (75%) had comorbidities. Conclusion: Whilst only a small number of children suffer from COVID-19 disease compared to adults, children with comorbidities, particularly pre-existing cardiac conditions, represent a large proportion of those that became critically unwell. What is Known:• Children are less severely affected by SARS-CoV-2 than adults.• There are reports of children becoming critically unwell with SARS-CoV-2 and requiring intensive care. What is New:• The majority of children who required ventilation for SARS-CoV-2 infection had underlying comorbidities.• The commonest category of comorbidity in these patients was underlying cardiac disease.

scholarly journals Is EEG Suitable for Marketing Research? A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Bazzani ◽  
Silvio Ravaioli ◽  
Leopoldo Trieste ◽  
Ugo Faraguna ◽  
Giuseppe Turchetti
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Marketing Research ◽  
Future Research ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
The Past ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Consumer Neuroscience ◽  
Neuroscience Research ◽  
Managerial Implications

Background: In the past decade, marketing studies have greatly benefited from the adoption of neuroscience techniques to explore conscious and unconscious drivers of consumer behavior. Electroencephalography (EEG) is one of the most frequently applied neuroscientific techniques for marketing studies, thanks to its low cost and high temporal resolution.Objective: We present an overview of EEG applications in consumer neuroscience. The aim of this review is to facilitate future research and to highlight reliable approaches for deriving research and managerial implications.Method: We conducted a systematic review by querying five databases for the titles of articles published up to June 2020 with the terms [EEG] AND [neuromarketing] OR [consumer neuroscience].Results: We screened 264 abstracts and analyzed 113 articles, classified based on research topics (e.g., product characteristics, pricing, advertising attention and memorization, rational, and emotional messages) and characteristics of the experimental design (tasks, stimuli, participants, additional techniques).Conclusions: This review highlights the main applications of EEG to consumer neuroscience research and suggests several ways EEG technique can complement traditional experimental paradigms. Further research areas, including consumer profiling and social consumer neuroscience, have not been sufficiently explored yet and would benefit from EEG techniques to address unanswered questions.

The Use of Advanced Analytical Techniques for Characterization of the Chemical, Physical, and Crystallographic Nature of a Surface

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 132-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Herfert
Keyword(s):  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Depth Of Penetration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Electron

Studies of the nature of a surface, either metallic or nonmetallic, in the past, have been limited to the instrumentation available for these measurements. In the past, optical microscopy, replica transmission electron microscopy, electron or X-ray diffraction and optical or X-ray spectroscopy have provided the means of surface characterization. Actually, some of these techniques are not purely surface; the depth of penetration may be a few thousands of an inch. Within the last five years, instrumentation has been made available which now makes it practical for use to study the outer few 100A of layers and characterize it completely from a chemical, physical, and crystallographic standpoint. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) provides a means of viewing the surface of a material in situ to magnifications as high as 250,000X.

In situ microprobe quantitation of inorganic particle burden in paraffin sections of lung tissue

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 990-991
Author(s):  
Jerrold L. Abraham
Keyword(s):  
Lung Tissue ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Particulate Material ◽  
Paraffin Sections ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
The Past ◽  
Quantitative Analyses ◽  
Data Result

Inorganic particulate material of diverse types is present in the ambient and occupational environment, and exposure to such materials is a well recognized cause of some lung disease. To investigate the interaction of inhaled inorganic particulates with the lung it is necessary to obtain quantitative information on the particulate burden of lung tissue in a wide variety of situations. The vast majority of diagnostic and experimental tissue samples (biopsies and autopsies) are fixed with formaldehyde solutions, dehydrated with organic solvents and embedded in paraffin wax. Over the past 16 years, I have attempted to obtain maximal analytical use of such tissue with minimal preparative steps. Unique diagnostic and research data result from both qualitative and quantitative analyses of sections. Most of the data has been related to inhaled inorganic particulates in lungs, but the basic methods are applicable to any tissues. The preparations are primarily designed for SEM use, but they are stable for storage and transport to other laboratories and several other instruments (e.g., for SIMS techniques).

An atomic-resolution microscope study of Al contracts on GaAs

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 726-727
Author(s):  
Z. Liliental-Weber ◽  
C. Nelson ◽  
R. Ludeke ◽  
R. Gronsky ◽  
J. Washburn
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Schottky Contacts ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
The Past ◽  
Semiconductor Interfaces ◽  
Deposited Metal ◽  
Microwave Applications ◽  
Free Interfaces ◽  
Potential Use

The properties of metal/semiconductor interfaces have received considerable attention over the past few years, and the Al/GaAs system is of special interest because of its potential use in high-speed logic integrated optics, and microwave applications. For such materials a detailed knowledge of the geometric and electronic structure of the interface is fundamental to an understanding of the electrical properties of the contact. It is well known that the properties of Schottky contacts are established within a few atomic layers of the deposited metal. Therefore surface contamination can play a significant role. A method for fabricating contamination-free interfaces is absolutely necessary for reproducible properties, and molecularbeam epitaxy (MBE) offers such advantages for in-situ metal deposition under UHV conditions

A literature review on firms' internationalisation through e-commerce

2019 ◽  
pp. 121-143
Author(s):  
Riccardo Resciniti ◽  
Federica De Vanna
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
International Business ◽  
Decision Process ◽  
Foreign Markets ◽  
New Markets ◽  
Integrative Framework ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Relationship

The rise of e-commerce has brought considerable changes to the relationship between firms and consumers, especially within international business. Hence, understanding the use of such means for entering foreign markets has become critical for companies. However, the research on this issue is new and so it is important to evaluate what has been studied in the past. In this study, we conduct a systematic review of e-commerce and internationalisation studies to explicate how firms use e-commerce to enter new markets and to export. The studies are classified by theories and methods used in the literature. Moreover, we draw upon the internationalisation decision process (antecedents-modalities-consequences) to propose an integrative framework for understanding the role of e-commerce in internationalisation

Acute mesenteric ischemia with necrosis of entire small intestine

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 174-177
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Mesenteric Ischemia ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Acute Mesenteric Ischemia ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Entire Small Intestine ◽  
Common Etiology

The case study describes a case of a patient with acute mesenteric ischemia with necrosis of entire small intestine. In following text there is an overview of the incidence of acute mesenteric ischemia, its most common etiology, diagnostic methods and treatment of this severe disease.

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