scholarly journals Transesterification in Microreactors—Overstepping Obstacles and Shifting Towards Biodiesel Production on a Microscale

Micromachines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Gojun ◽  
Matea Bačić ◽  
Anabela Ljubić ◽  
Anita Šalić ◽  
Bruno Zelić
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Reaction Path ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Enzymatic Reaction ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Thermomyces Lanuginosus ◽  
Process Equipment ◽  
Enzymatic Transesterification ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis

Biodiesel, which was earlier used only as an alternative fuel, is now an indispensable component of commercial diesel. Conventional production processes are unable to cope with the increasing demand for biodiesel, and therefore more and more work is being done to intensify the existing processes. The intensification of the biodiesel production process, taking into account the environmental and economic factors, is based on increasing productivity. One way to achieve that is by reducing the volume of production units. The application of the enzymatic reaction path, while reducing the volume of process equipment to the micro-level, has significantly magnified the productivity of the biodiesel production process, which is primarily due to better mass transfer in microsystems. Additional breakthrough is the use of deep eutectic solvents (DES) instead of buffers for enzyme stabilization. In this study, a lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (TlL) (both commercial and produced by solid-state fermentation) was used as a catalyst for biodiesel production. Edible and waste sunflower oil, as well as methanol, were used as substrates. The reaction mediums were buffer and DES. The transesterification reaction was carried out in a batch reactor and the emphasis was made on different microreactor configurations. The highest yield of 32% for residence time of only τ = 30 min was obtained in the microreactor system with an emulsion of waste oil and a commercial enzyme suspended in a buffer. This indicates that enzymatic transesterification could be a valuable reaction path for dealing with waste oils. Furthermore, biodiesel synthesis in DES showed somewhat lower yields, but by increasing the water content in the system, the reaction could prove much better results. In the end, the effects of reaction conditions on the volumetric productivity of the process were analyzed.

Acai seed ash as a novel basic heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel synthesis: Optimization of the biodiesel production process

Fuel ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 299 ◽  
pp. 120887
Author(s):  
Erica Karine Lourenço Mares ◽  
Matheus Arrais Gonçalves ◽  
Patrícia Teresa Souza da Luz ◽  
Geraldo Narciso da Rocha Filho ◽  
José Roberto Zamian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis

scholarly journals Kinetic Parameter Estimation and Mathematical Modelling of Lipase Catalysed Biodiesel Synthesis in a Microreactor

Micromachines ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gojun ◽  
Pustahija ◽  
Jurinjak Tušek ◽  
Šalić ◽  
Valinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Residence Time ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Thermomyces Lanuginosus ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Kinetic Parameter Estimation ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
Independent Experimental Data ◽  
Science Production

Development of green, clean, and sustainable processes presents new challenges in today’s science. Production of fuel is no exception. Considering the utilisation of various renewable sources, the synthesis of biodiesel, characterised as more environmentally-friendly then fossil fuel, has drawn significant attention. Even though the process based on chemical transesterification in a batch reactor still presents the most used method for its production, enzyme catalysed synthesis of biodiesel in a microreactor could be a new approach for going green. In this research, edible sunflower oil and methanol were used as substrates and lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (Lipolase L100) was used as catalyst for biodiesel synthesis. Experiments were performed in a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) microreactor with three inlets and in glass microreactors with two and three inlets. For a residence time of 32 min, the fatty acids methyl esters (FAME) yield was 30% higher than the yield obtained for the glass microreactor with three inlets. In comparison, when the reaction was performed in a batch reactor (V = 500 mL), the same FAME yield was achieved after 1.5 h. In order to enhance the productivity of the process, we used proposed reaction kinetics, estimated kinetic parameters, and a mathematical model we developed. After validation using independent experimental data, a proposed model was used for process optimization in order to obtain the highest FAME yield for the shortest residence time.

scholarly journals Interesterifikasi minyak kelapa sawit dengan metil asetat untuk sintesis biodiesel menggunakan candida rugosa lipase terimobilisasi

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heri Hermansyah ◽  
Septian Marno ◽  
Rita Arbianti ◽  
Tania Surya Utami ◽  
Anondho Wijanarko
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Methyl Acetate ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Candida Rugosa ◽  
Candida Rugosa Lipase ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Reactant Ratio ◽  
Adsorption Method ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis

Palm oil interesterification with methyl acetate for biodiesel synthesis using immobilized Candida rugosa lipaseBiocatalyst is a promising alternative catalyst for synthetic biodiesel because it has capability to improve conventional catalyst weakness, such as product purification and undesired side products. However, biocatalyst is easy to be deactivated by alcohol. Therefore, in this research, new method is developed to maintain the activity and stability of biocatalyst during reaction. In this paper, the experimental results of non-alcohol route synthesis of biodiesel using immobilized candida rugosa lipase in zeolit through adsorption method were reported. Methyl acetate as alkyl acceptor was reacted with triglyceride from palm oil in batch reactor. The analytical results from HPLC showed that trioleat convert up to 82% under the condition of 4%-wt substrate of the biocatalyst concentration and oil/alkyl mole ratio equal to 1/12 in 50 hour reaction. The effects of reactant ratio, biocatalyst concentration on concentration profile of tri-, di-, mono-gliceryde, and biodiesel were also observed. Stability test indicated that the activity of the immobilized biocatalyst still remained active for three reaction cycles.  Michaelis-Menten mechanism was used for derivation kinetic reaction equation to describe the behaviour of biodiesel production. Keywords: Biodiesel, interesterification, Candida rugosa lipase, non-alcohol route, immobilized. AbstrakSaat ini riset sintesis biodiesel menggunakan biokatalis sangat menjanjikan karena mampu memperbaiki kelemahan katalis alkali, yaitu kemudahan pemisahan produk dan kemampuan dalam mengarahkan reaksi secara spesifik tanpa adanya reaksi samping yang tidak diinginkan. Namun, biokatalis mudah terdeaktivasi dalam lingkungan beralkohol. Oleh karena itu, dalam riset ini diusulkan untuk melakukan sintesis biodiesel melalui rute non-alkohol untuk menjaga agar aktivitas dan stabilitas biokatalis tetap tinggi selama reaksi berlangsung. Dalam makalah ini akan disajikan hasil penelitian sintesis biodiesel rute non-alkohol menggunakan Candida rugosa lipase yang diimobilisasi dalam zeolit melalui metode adsorpsi dengan mereaksikan metil asetat sebagai penyuplai gugus alkil dengan trigliserida dari minyak kelapa sawit dalam reaktor batch. Hasil analisis HPLC menunjukkan bahwa lebih dari 82% rantai asam lemak dari trigliserida minyak kelapa sawit berhasil dikonversikan menjadi biodiesel pada kondisi konsentrasi biokatalis sebesar 4%-wt substrat dan rasio mol minyak/alkil sebesar 1/12 selama 50 jam reaksi. Pengaruh rasio reaktan, konsentrasi biokatalis terhadap profil konsentrasi dari tri-, di-, mono-gliserida serta biodiesel juga diselidiki. Uji stabilitas menunjukkan bahwa biokatalis terimobilisasi ini masih memiliki aktivitas untuk tiga kali siklus reaksi. Mekanisme Michaelis-Menten digunakan untuk menurunkan persamaan kinetika reaksi yang mampu menggambarkan perilaku produksi biodiesel yang dihasilkan.Kata kunci: biodiesel, interesterifikasi, Candida rugosa lipase, rute non alkohol, imobilisasi

CaO/Natural Dolomite as a Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Production

2020 ◽  
Vol 991 ◽  
pp. 117-122
Author(s):  
Bachrun Sutrisno ◽  
Atik Dian Nafiah ◽  
Indah Suci Fauziah ◽  
Winarto Kurniawan ◽  
Hirofumi Hinode ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Average Pore Size ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Optimum Process ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
High Catalytic Activity ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis

In the present study, the CaO/Natural Dolomite as a heterogeneous catalyst was applied to synthesize biodiesel from coconut oil. The physico-characteristics of CaO/Natural Dolomite catalyst were determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-Ray Fluorescence, and porosity analysis (specific surface area, average pore size diameter and total pore volume). The performance of CaO/Natural Dolomite catalyst was examined in a batch reactor for transesterification reaction of coconut oil with methanol. From the experiments, the optimum process conditions were achieved at a 60°C of reaction temperature, a 5 wt.% of catalyst amount, and 6 : 1 of methanol to coconut oil mass ratio. The CaO/Natural Dolomite catalyst exhibits high catalytic activity and reliable to be applied in biodiesel synthesis as a heterogeneous base catalyst.

scholarly journals Lipase Production by Solid-State Cultivation of Thermomyces Lanuginosus on By-Products from Cold-Pressing Oil Production

Processes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Tišma ◽  
Toma Tadić ◽  
Sandra Budžaki ◽  
Marta Ostojčić ◽  
Anita Šalić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Lipase Production ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Thermomyces Lanuginosus ◽  
Gel Chromatography ◽  
Cold Pressing ◽  
By Products

This study shows that by-products obtained after cold-pressing oil production (flex oil cake, hemp oil cake, hull-less pumpkin oil cake) could be used as substrates for the sustainable and cost-effective production of lipase when cultivating Thermomyces lanuginosus under solid-state conditions (T = 45 °C, t = 9 days). Lipase showed optimum activity at T = 40 °C. The produced lipase extract was purified 17.03-folds with a recovery of 1% after gel chromatography. Three different batch experiments were performed in order to test the possibility of using the lipase in biodiesel production. Experiments were performed with a commercial, unpurified enzyme, and partially purified lipase with sunflower oil and methanol as substrates in a batch reactor at 40 °C. During the experiments, the operational stability of the enzyme was studied. The obtained results clearly showed that produced crude and purified lipase can be used for biodiesel production, but the process needs some additional optimization. As for operation stability, it was noticed that the commercial enzyme was deactivated after 30 h, while produced crude enzyme remained 8.25% of its activity after 368 h.

scholarly journals Response Surface Methodology Approach for Optimized Biodiesel Production from Waste Chicken Fat Oil

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 633
Author(s):  
Fatima Shafiq ◽  
Muhammad Waseem Mumtaz ◽  
Hamid Mukhtar ◽  
Tooba Touqeer ◽  
Syed Ali Raza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Aspergillus Terreus ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Fuel Quality ◽  
Enzymatic Transesterification ◽  
Chicken Fat ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis

Biodiesel is gaining acceptance as an alternative fuel in a scenario where fossil fuel reserves are being depleted rapidly. Therefore, it is considered as the fuel of the future due to its sustainability, renewable nature and environment friendly attributes. The optimal yield of biodiesel from cheap feed stock oils is a challenge to add cost effectiveness without compromising the fuel quality. In the current experiment, waste chicken fat oil was taken as the feedstock oil to produce biodiesel through the chemical and enzymatic route of transesterification. The process of chemical transesterification was performed using KOH and sodium methoxide, while enzymatic transesterification was done by using free Aspergillus terreus lipase and Aspergillus terreus lipase immobilized on functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticles (Fe3O4_PDA_Lipase) as biocatalysts. The physico-chemical properties of the understudy feedstock oil were analyzed to check the feasibility as a feedstock for the biodiesel synthesis. The feedstock oil was found suitable for biodiesel production based upon quality assessment. Optimization of various reaction parameters (the temperature and time of reaction, catalyst concentration and methanol-to-oil mole ratio) was performed based on the response surface methodology (RSM). The maximum yield of biodiesel (90.6%) was obtained from waste chicken fat oil by using Fe3O4_PDA_Lipase as an immobilized nano-biocatalyst. Moreover, the above said optimum yield was obtained when transesterification was done using 6% Fe3O4_PDA_Lipase with a methanol-to-oil ratio of 6:1 at 42 °C for 36 h. Biodiesel production was monitored by FTIR spectroscopic analysis, whereas compositional profiling was done by GC–MS. The measured fuel properties—cloud point, pour point, flash point, fire point and kinematic viscosity—met the biodiesel specifications by American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).

scholarly journals Development of Aqueous Two-Phase Systems Based on Deep Eutectic Solvents for Continuous Protein Extraction in a Microextractor

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Anabela Ljubić ◽  
Anita Šalić ◽  
Bruno Zelić
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Efficiency ◽  
Protein Extraction ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽  
Thermomyces Lanuginosus ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
The Impact

Currently, lipases are one of the most widely used enzymes, especially in catalysis, mostly due to their high activity in mild conditions and wide specificity. Therefore, obtaining the highest possible catalytic activity, which can be achieved through purification, is becoming more and more important. Since most of the purification techniques are time consuming, aqueous two-phase protein extraction is often investigated as a promising alternative. Additionally, this kind of extraction can be carried out in microextractors, which provides not only a continuous processing of raw materials, but also significantly higher efficiencies due to a high surface-to-volume ratio of microchannels. Extraction with deep eutectic solvents (DESs) fulfills all green chemistry principles, because DESs are biodegradable, non-toxic, and recyclable. In this research, the aqueous two-phase system based on natural DES for continuous protein extraction in a microextractor was investigated. The impact of salt concentration on extraction efficiency was investigated in batch experiments with six different previously characterized DESs. After determination of the optimal two-phase system features, the process was transferred to a microextractor. In addition, the selected DES was tested for recyclability while the developed extraction method was verified using raw lipase produced by Thermomyces lanuginosus solid-state cultivation on hull-less pumpkin oil pomace. The highest protein extraction efficiency achieved in a batch reactor was 94.70% for 30 min, while in a microextractor, the highest extraction efficiency obtained was 98.50% for 30 s. Obviously, the extraction process was significantly intensified by continuous microextraction. Additionally, the DES used in the microextraction experiments was efficiently reused in several extraction cycles.

An Overview of Metal-organic Frameworks-based Acid/Base Catalysts for Biofuel Synthesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (16) ◽  
pp. 1876-1891
Author(s):  
Qiuyun Zhang ◽  
Yutao Zhang ◽  
Jingsong Cheng ◽  
Hu Li ◽  
Peihua Ma
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Supported Catalysts ◽  
Metal Organic Framework ◽  
Metal Organic Frameworks ◽  
Flexible Structures ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
Metal Organic ◽  
Organic Framework

Biofuel synthesis is of great significance for producing alternative fuels. Among the developed catalytic materials, the metal-organic framework-based hybrids used as acidic, basic, or supported catalysts play major roles in the biodiesel production. This paper presents a timely and comprehensive review of recent developments on the design and preparation of metal-organic frameworks-based catalysts used for biodiesel synthesis from various oil feedstocks, including MILs-based catalysts, ZIFs-based catalysts, UiO-based catalysts, Cu-BTC-based catalysts, and MOFs-derived porous catalysts. Due to their unique and flexible structures, excellent thermal and hydrothermal stability, and tunable host-guest interactions, as compared with other heterogeneous catalysts, metal-organic framework-based catalysts have good opportunities for application in the production of biodiesel at industrial scale.

scholarly journals Bio-Derived Catalysts: A Current Trend of Catalysts Used in Biodiesel Production

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 812
Author(s):  
Hoang Chinh Nguyen ◽  
My-Linh Nguyen ◽  
Chia-Hung Su ◽  
Hwai Chyuan Ong ◽  
Horng-Yi Juan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
High Catalytic Activity ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
Alkali Catalysts ◽  
A Current

Biodiesel is a promising alternative to fossil fuels and mainly produced from oils/fat through the (trans)esterification process. To enhance the reaction efficiency and simplify the production process, various catalysts have been introduced for biodiesel synthesis. Recently, the use of bio-derived catalysts has attracted more interest due to their high catalytic activity and ecofriendly properties. These catalysts include alkali catalysts, acid catalysts, and enzymes (biocatalysts), which are (bio)synthesized from various natural sources. This review summarizes the latest findings on these bio-derived catalysts, as well as their source and catalytic activity. The advantages and disadvantages of these catalysts are also discussed. These bio-based catalysts show a promising future and can be further used as a renewable catalyst for sustainable biodiesel production.

Application of Low‐Frequency Ultrasound for Intensified Biodiesel Production Process

2021 ◽  
pp. 59-84
Author(s):  
Mohd Razealy Anuar ◽  
Mohamed Hussein Abdurahman ◽  
Nor Irwin Basir ◽  
Ahmad Zuhairi Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Low Frequency Ultrasound ◽  
Frequency Ultrasound
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