scholarly journals Thermal Oxidation of Indium, Germanium, and Tin from Lead-Bearing Alloys Generated in Zinc Refinement

Metals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Kulawik ◽  
Ryszard Prajsnar ◽  
Andrzej Chmielarz ◽  
Andrzej Cybulski, ◽  
Rafał Michalski, ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Production Process ◽  
Thermal Oxidation ◽  
Thermal Processing ◽  
Crucial Issue ◽  
Critical Metals ◽  
Pyrometallurgical Process ◽  
Zinc Smelter ◽  
European Regulations ◽  
The Individual

According to European regulations, indium and germanium are critical metals. Therefore, their recovery is a crucial issue. The present study was focused on the pyrometallurgical treatment of polymetallic PbSnIn and PbSnCuGeIn generated at the Miasteczko Zinc Smelter in order to recover In and Ge. The paper presents the production process of these alloys, as well as their characteristics. The materials were subjected to thermal processing in a laboratory-scale refining kettle fired with natural gas and air. Two different methods for the processing of the individual alloys are described. Two series (one for each material) consisting of five tests were performed in order to determine the optimal metal recovery parameters. The described pyrometallurgical process resulted in the production of an indium-enriched semi-product (In—1.15%) and a Ge–In-enriched product (Ge—11.1%, In—3.0%). Direct indium recovery rates were approximately 83% and >99%, respectively.

The Gatekeeping of iNews.id about News on Worship in Mosques Due to the Covid-19 Pandemic

MEDIASI ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-107
Author(s):  
Shania Shaufa ◽  
Thalitha Sacharissa Rosyidiani
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
System Level ◽  
Organizational Level ◽  
Online Media ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Individual

This article explains about online media iNews.id in implementing gatekeeping function. This study aims to find out how gatekeeping efforts iNews.id in the production process on the issue of preaching restrictions on worship in mosques during Ramadan in 2020. During the Covid-19 pandemic, the current media situation, especially in the midst of a crisis, encourages the public to become heavily dependent on media coverage. With a qualitative approach, researchers analyzed five levels of influence on the gatekeeping process in online media iNews.id. The results of this study show that factors that influence the way iNews.id in the production process of preaching restrictions on worship in mosques due to the Covid-19 pandemic are the individual level of media workers, the level of media routine, the organizational level, the extramedia level, and the social system level. The conclusions of this study state the most dominant levels is the organization level and the media routine level in the iNews.id.

scholarly journals Enhancing natural gas-to-liquids (GTL) processes through chemical looping for syngas production: Process synthesis and global optimization

2018 ◽  
Vol 113 ◽  
pp. 222-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Tso ◽  
Alexander M. Niziolek ◽  
Onur Onel ◽  
C. Doga Demirhan ◽  
Christodoulos A. Floudas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Optimization ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Production Process ◽  
Process Synthesis ◽  
Chemical Looping ◽  
Syngas Production ◽  
Gas To Liquids

Rapid Thermal Annealing and Oxidation of Silicon Wafers with Back-Side Films

1997 ◽  
Vol 470 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. T. Fiory
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Oxidation ◽  
Sheet Resistance ◽  
Thermal Annealing ◽  
Rapid Thermal Annealing ◽  
Temperature Control ◽  
Thermal Processing ◽  
Rapid Thermal Processing ◽  
Oxide Thickness ◽  
Back Side ◽  
Control Accuracy

ABSTRACTTemperatures for lamp-heated rapid thermal processing of wafers with various back-side films were controlled by a Lucent Technologies pyrometer which uses a/c lamp ripple to compensate for emissivity. Process temperatures for anneals of arsenic and boron implants were inferred from post-anneal sheet resistance, and for rapid thermal oxidation, from oxide thickness. Results imply temperature control accuracy of 12°C to 17°C at 3 standard deviations.

Study on Earthenware and Exhaust Gas Made by Low-Carbon Catalytic Combustion Furnace of Natural Gas

2014 ◽  
Vol 894 ◽  
pp. 284-287
Author(s):  
Li Qiang Zhu ◽  
Qin Li Xue ◽  
Shi Hong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Field ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Production Process ◽  
Electric Furnace ◽  
Catalytic Combustion ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Furnace Temperature ◽  
Furnace Production ◽  
Clean Combustion

In the paper, based on the results of lean gas furnace temperature field, the study was carried out on heating earthenware. Compared with earthenware which heated with electric furnace, earthenware heated with Low-carbon Catalytic Combustion Furnace was having apparent advantages. The content of the pollutants in exhaust gas was detected during heating in the same time. It would be the conclusion that a trace of pollutants was produced in the highly clean combustion furnace production process, from analyzing and comparing the data under the condition of heating with earthenware and heating without earthenware in the catalytic combustion furnace.

Validation of the ASVDADD Constraint Selection Algorithm for Effective RCCE Modeling of Natural Gas Ignition in Air

2017 ◽  
Vol 140 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Rivadossi ◽  
Gian Paolo Beretta
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Nox Formation ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Thermodynamic Conditions ◽  
Gas Ignition ◽  
Detailed Kinetic Model ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Value Decomposition ◽  
Constraint Selection ◽  
Hydrocarbon Ignition

The rate-controlled constrained-equilibrium (RCCE) model reduction scheme for chemical kinetics provides acceptable accuracies in predicting hydrocarbon ignition delays by solving a smaller number of differential equations than the number of species in the underlying detailed kinetic model (DKM). To yield good approximations, the method requires accurate identification of the rate controlling constraints. Until recently, a drawback of the RCCE scheme has been the absence of a systematic procedure capable of identifying optimal constraints for a given range of thermodynamic conditions and a required level of approximation. A recent methodology has proposed for such identification an algorithm based on a simple algebraic analysis of the results of a preliminary simulation of the underlying DKM, focused on the degrees of disequilibrium (DoD) of the individual chemical reactions. It is based on computing an approximate singular value decomposition of the actual degrees of disequilibrium (ASVDADD) obtained from the DKM simulation. The effectiveness and robustness of the method have been demonstrated for methane/oxygen ignition by considering a C1/H/O (29 species/133 reactions) submechanism of the GRI-Mech 3.0 scheme and comparing the results of a DKM simulation with those of RCCE simulations based on increasing numbers of ASVDADD constraints. Here, we demonstrate the new method for shock-tube ignition of a natural gas/air mixture, with higher hydrocarbons approximately represented by propane according to the full (53 species/325 reactions) GRI-Mech 3.0 scheme including NOx formation.

Synthesis of superconductors from soluble metal oxo alkoxide precursors

1993 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 1487-1496 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.W. Rupich ◽  
Y.P. Liu ◽  
J. Ibechem ◽  
J.P. Hachey
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Processing ◽  
Intermediate Formation ◽  
Direct Conversion ◽  
Inert Atmosphere ◽  
Superconducting Phase ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Temperature Deposition ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Alkoxide Precursors ◽  
Potential Use

Soluble metal oxo alkoxide precursors are useful for the production of homogeneous, micron-sized YBa2Cu3O7−x powders and the fabrication of superconducting YBa2Cu3O7−x films on large area and nonplanar substrates. This paper describes the synthesis and chemistry of a series of soluble metal oxo alkoxide precursors for the YBa2Cu3O7−x superconducting material and the effect of the thermal processing conditions on the formation of the superconducting phase. We have found that the direct conversion of the metal oxo alkoxide precursors to an amorphous or crystalline YBa2Cu3O6.5 phase without the intermediate formation of the individual metal oxides or carbonates allows the formation of the superconducting phase at temperatures as low as 720 °C. The prevention of the intermediate formation of the metal oxide and carbonate phases is achieved by the controlled thermolysis of the metal oxo alkoxide precursors in an inert atmosphere. The precursors have potential use in the low-temperature deposition of films on large area or nonplanar surfaces and for the production of homogeneous powders.

Development of a high efficiency substitute natural gas production process

1998 ◽  
Vol 45 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 393-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Nagase ◽  
S Takami ◽  
A Hirayama ◽  
Y Hirai
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Production Process ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Natural Gas Production
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