Validation of the ASVDADD Constraint Selection Algorithm for Effective RCCE Modeling of Natural Gas Ignition in Air

2017 ◽  
Vol 140 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Rivadossi ◽  
Gian Paolo Beretta
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Nox Formation ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Thermodynamic Conditions ◽  
Gas Ignition ◽  
Detailed Kinetic Model ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Value Decomposition ◽  
Constraint Selection ◽  
Hydrocarbon Ignition

The rate-controlled constrained-equilibrium (RCCE) model reduction scheme for chemical kinetics provides acceptable accuracies in predicting hydrocarbon ignition delays by solving a smaller number of differential equations than the number of species in the underlying detailed kinetic model (DKM). To yield good approximations, the method requires accurate identification of the rate controlling constraints. Until recently, a drawback of the RCCE scheme has been the absence of a systematic procedure capable of identifying optimal constraints for a given range of thermodynamic conditions and a required level of approximation. A recent methodology has proposed for such identification an algorithm based on a simple algebraic analysis of the results of a preliminary simulation of the underlying DKM, focused on the degrees of disequilibrium (DoD) of the individual chemical reactions. It is based on computing an approximate singular value decomposition of the actual degrees of disequilibrium (ASVDADD) obtained from the DKM simulation. The effectiveness and robustness of the method have been demonstrated for methane/oxygen ignition by considering a C1/H/O (29 species/133 reactions) submechanism of the GRI-Mech 3.0 scheme and comparing the results of a DKM simulation with those of RCCE simulations based on increasing numbers of ASVDADD constraints. Here, we demonstrate the new method for shock-tube ignition of a natural gas/air mixture, with higher hydrocarbons approximately represented by propane according to the full (53 species/325 reactions) GRI-Mech 3.0 scheme including NOx formation.

Validation of the ASVDADD Constraint Selection Algorithm for Effective RCCE Modeling of Natural Gas Ignition in Air

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Rivadossi ◽  
Gian Paolo Beretta
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Thermodynamic Conditions ◽  
Gas Ignition ◽  
Detailed Kinetic Model ◽  
Rate Controlled ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Value Decomposition ◽  
Constraint Selection ◽  
Hydrocarbon Ignition

The Rate-Controlled Constrained-Equilibrium (RCCE) model reduction scheme for chemical kinetics provides acceptable accuracies in predicting hydrocarbon ignition delays by solving a smaller number of differential equations than the number of species in the underlying Detailed Kinetic Model (DKM). To yield good approximations, the method requires accurate identification of the rate controlling constraints. Until recently, a drawback of the RCCE scheme has been the absence of a fully automatable and systematic procedure capable of identifying the best constraints for a given range of thermodynamic conditions and a required level of approximation. A recent paper [1] has proposed a new methodology for such identification based on a simple algebraic analysis of the results of a preliminary simulation of the underlying DKM, focused on the behaviour of the degrees of disequilibrium (DoD) of the individual chemical reactions. The new methodology is based on computing an Approximate Singular Value Decomposition of the Actual Degrees of Disequilibrium (ASVDADD) obtained from the DKM simulation. The effectiveness and robustness of the method has been demonstrated in [1] for some cases of methane/oxygen ignition by considering a C1/H/O (29 species/133 reactions) sub-mechanism of the GRI-Mech 3.0 scheme and comparing the results of a DKM simulation with those of RCCE simulations based on increasing numbers of ASVDADD constraints. The RCCE results are in excellent agreement with DKM predictions for relatively small numbers of RCCE constraints. Here we provide a demonstration of the new method for some cases of shock-tube ignition of a natural gas/air mixture, with higher hydrocarbons approximately represented by propane according to the full (53 species/325 reactions) GRI-Mech 3.0 scheme.

Extending Degree of Disequilibrium Analysis for Automatic Selection of Kinetic Constraints in the Rate-Controlled Constrained-Equilibrium Method

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Hadi ◽  
Vreg Yousefian ◽  
Ehsan Sarfaraz ◽  
Gian Paolo Beretta
Keyword(s):  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Equilibrium States ◽  
Chemical System ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Constrained Equilibrium ◽  
Thermodynamic Conditions ◽  
Detailed Kinetic Model ◽  
Rate Controlled ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Value Decomposition

The Rate-Controlled Constrained-Equilibrium (RCCE) is a model reduction scheme for chemical kinetics. It describes the evolution of a complex chemical system with acceptable accuracy with a number of rate controlling constraints on the associated constrained-equilibrium states of the system, much lower than the number of species in the underlying Detailed Kinetic Model (DKM). Successful approximation of the constrained-equilibrium states requires accurate identification of the constraints. One promising procedure is the fully automatable Approximate Singular Value Decomposition of the Actual Degrees of Disequilibrium (ASVDADD) method that is capable of identifying the best constraints for a given range of thermodynamic conditions and a required level of approximation. ASVDADD is based on simple algebraic analysis of the results of the underlying DKM simulation and is focused on the behavior of the degrees of disequilibrium (DoD) of the individual chemical reactions. In this paper, we propose a method, as part of our work-in-progress efforts, that could expand the applicability of the derived constraints. This method involves running DKM calculations for a wider range of initial conditions, appending the results of all these cases one after the other after normalizing, and finally running the ASVDADD method to get a set of ‘universal’ constraints applicable within that range of conditions. The effectiveness and robustness of the derived constraints is examined in hydrogen/oxygen ignition delay simulations and the results are compared with those obtained from DKM. The proof-of-concept results demonstrate the potential of the method for finding ‘universal’ constraints.

A Reformulation of Degree of Disequilibrium Analysis for Automatic Selection of Kinetic Constraints in the Rate-Controlled Constrained-Equilibrium Method

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Hadi ◽  
Shrabanti Roy ◽  
Omid Askari ◽  
Gian Paolo Beretta
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Species ◽  
Equilibrium States ◽  
Chemical System ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Linearly Independent ◽  
Constrained Equilibrium ◽  
Thermodynamic Conditions ◽  
Rate Controlled ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Value Decomposition

Abstract The Rate-Controlled Constrained-Equilibrium (RCCE) is a model reduction scheme for chemical kinetics. It describes the evolution of a complex chemical system with acceptable accuracy with a number of rate controlling constraints on the associated constrained-equilibrium states of the system, much lower than the number of species in the underlying Detailed Kinetic Model (DKM). Successful approximation of the constrained-equilibrium states requires accurate identification of the constraints. One promising procedure is the fully automatable Approximate Singular Value Decomposition of the Actual Degrees of Disequilibrium (ASVDADD) method that is capable of identifying the best constraints for a given range of thermodynamic conditions and a required level of approximation. ASVDADD is based on simple algebraic analysis of the results of the underlying DKM simulation and is focused on the behavior of the degrees of disequilibrium (DoD) of the individual chemical reactions. In this paper, we introduce an alternative ASVDADD algorithm. Unlike the original ASVDADD algorithm that require the direct computation of the DKM-derived DoDs and the identification of the set of linearly independent reactions, in the alternative algorithm, the components of the overall degree of disequilibrium vector can be computed directly by casting the DKM as an RCCE simulation considering a set of linearly independent constraints equalling the number of chemical species in size. The effectiveness and robustness of the derived constraints from the alternative procedure is examined in hydrogen/oxygen and methane/oxygen ignition delay simulations and the results are compared with those obtained from DKM.

scholarly journals Crystal growth of clathrate hydrate formed with H2 + CO2 mixed gas and tetrahydropyran

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Meku Maruyama ◽  
Riku Matsuura ◽  
Ryo Ohmura
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Growth ◽  
Synthesis Gas ◽  
Water System ◽  
Hydrate Formation ◽  
Growth Dynamics ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Mixed Gas ◽  
Thermodynamic Conditions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Storage

AbstractHydrate-based gas separation technology is applicable to the CO2 capture and storage from synthesis gas mixture generated through gasification of fuel sources including biomass. This paper reports visual observations of crystal growth dynamics and crystal morphology of hydrate formed in the H2 + CO2 + tetrahydropyran (THP) + water system with a target for developing the hydrate-based CO2 separation process design. Experiments were conducted at a temperature range of 279.5–284.9 K under the pressure of 4.9–5.3 MPa. To simulate the synthesis gas, gas composition in the gas phase was maintained around H2:CO2 = 0.6:0.4 in mole fraction. Hydrate crystals were formed and extended along the THP/water interface. After the complete coverage of the interface to shape a polycrystalline shell, hydrate crystals continued to grow further into the bulk of liquid water. The individual crystals were identified as hexagonal, tetragonal and other polygonal-shaped formations. The crystal growth rate and the crystal size varied depending on thermodynamic conditions. Implications from the obtained results for the arrangement of operating conditions at the hydrate formation-, transportation-, and dissociation processes are discussed.

scholarly journals Comparison and Identification for Rhizomes and Leaves of Paris yunnanensis Based on Fourier Transform Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy Combined with Chemometrics

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 3343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-Fei Pei ◽  
Qing-Zhi Zhang ◽  
Zhi-Tian Zuo ◽  
Yuan-Zhong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Chemical Information ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Mid Infrared ◽  
Model Classification ◽  
Paris Polyphylla ◽  
Mir Spectra ◽  
The Individual

Paris polyphylla, as a traditional herb with long history, has been widely used to treat diseases in multiple nationalities of China. Nevertheless, the quality of P. yunnanensis fluctuates among from different geographical origins, so that a fast and accurate classification method was necessary for establishment. In our study, the geographical origin identification of 462 P. yunnanensis rhizome and leaf samples from Kunming, Yuxi, Chuxiong, Dali, Lijiang, and Honghe were analyzed by Fourier transform mid infrared (FT-MIR) spectra, combined with partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), random forest (RF), and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) methods. The obvious cluster tendency of rhizomes and leaves FT-MIR spectra was displayed by principal component analysis (PCA). The distribution of the variable importance for the projection (VIP) was more uniform than the important variables obtained by RF, while PLS-DA models obtained higher classification abilities. Hence, a PLS-DA model was more suitably used to classify the different geographical origins of P. yunnanensis than the RF model. Additionally, the clustering results of different geographical origins obtained by HCA dendrograms also proved the chemical information difference between rhizomes and leaves. The identification performances of PLS-DA and the RF models of leaves FT-MIR matrixes were better than those of rhizomes datasets. In addition, the model classification abilities of combination datasets were higher than the individual matrixes of rhizomes and leaves spectra. Our study provides a reference to the rational utilization of resources, as well as a fast and accurate identification research for P. yunnanensis samples.

Ignition Studies of C1-C7 Natural Gas Blends At Gas-Turbine Relevant Conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amrit Sahu ◽  
A.A.E.S Mohamed ◽  
Snehashish Panigrahy ◽  
Gilles Bourque ◽  
Henry Curran
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Mixtures ◽  
Rapid Compression Machine ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Auto Ignition ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Model Predictions ◽  
Detailed Kinetic Model ◽  
Sensitization Effect

Abstract New ignition delay time measurements (IDT) of natural gas mixtures enriched with small amounts of n-hexane and n-heptane were performed in a rapid compression machine to interpret the sensitization effect of heavier hydrocarbons on auto-ignition at gas-turbine relevant conditions. The experimental data of natural gas mixtures containing alkanes from methane to n-heptane were carried out over a wide range of temperatures (840-1050 K), pressures (20-30 bar), and equivalence ratios (f = 0.5 and 1.5). The experiments were complemented with numerical simulations using a detailed kinetic model developed to investigate the effect of n-hexane and n-heptane additions. Model predictions show that the addition of even small amounts (1-2%) of n-hexane and n-heptane can lead to an increase in reactivity by ~40-60 ms at a temperature of 700 K. The IDTs of these mixtures decrease rapidly with an increase in the concentration of up to 7.5% but becomes almost independent of the C6/C7 concentration >10%. This sensitization effect of C6 and C7 is also found to be more pronounced in the temperature range 700-900 K compared to that at higher temperatures (>900 K). The reason is attributed to the dependence of IDT primarily on H2O2(+M)??H+?H (+M) at higher temperatures while the fuel-dependent reactions such as H-atom abstraction, RO2 dissociation, or Q OOH+O2 reactions are less important compared to the temperature range 700-900 K, where they are very important.

Ignition Studies of C1–C7 Natural Gas Blends at Gas-Turbine Relevant Conditions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amrit Bikram Sahu ◽  
A. Abd El-Sabor Mohamed ◽  
Snehasish Panigrahy ◽  
Gilles Bourque ◽  
Henry Curran
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Ignition Delay ◽  
Delay Time ◽  
Ignition Delay Time ◽  
Gas Mixtures ◽  
Auto Ignition ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Detailed Kinetic Model ◽  
Sensitization Effect

Abstract New ignition delay time measurements of natural gas mixtures enriched with small amounts of n-hexane and n-heptane were performed in a rapid compression machine to interpret the sensitization effect of heavier hydrocarbons on auto-ignition at gas-turbine relevant conditions. The experimental data of natural gas mixtures containing alkanes from methane to n-heptane were carried out over a wide range of temperatures (840–1050 K), pressures (20–30 bar), and equivalence ratios (φ = 0.5 and 1.5). The experiments were complimented with numerical simulations using a detailed kinetic model developed to investigate the effect of n-hexane and n-heptane additions. Model predictions show that the addition of even small amounts (1–2%) of n-hexane and n-heptane can lead to increase in reactivity by ∼40–60 ms at compressed temperature (TC) = 700 K. The ignition delay time (IDT) of these mixtures decrease rapidly with an increase in concentration of up to 7.5% but becomes almost independent of the C6/C7 concentration beyond 10%. This sensitization effect of C6 and C7 is also found to be more pronounced in the temperature range 700–900 K compared to that at higher temperatures (> 900 K). The reason is attributed to the dependence of IDT primarily on H2O2(+M) ↔ 2ȮH(+M) at higher temperatures while the fuel dependent reactions such as H-atom abstraction, RȮ2 dissociation or Q.OOH + O2 reactions are less important compared to 700–900 K, where they are very important.

Sensitivity Analyses of NOx Formation in Micro-Pilot Ignited Natural Gas Engines

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huateng Yang ◽  
S. R. Krishnan ◽  
K. K. Srinivasan ◽  
K. Clark Midkiff
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Relative Error ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Combustion Model ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Nox Formation ◽  
Rate Limiting ◽  
Formation Paths

A sensitivity analysis of NOx formation in micro-pilot ignited natural gas dual fuel engines is performed based on a phenomenological combustion model. The model’s NOx formation mechanism incorporates a super-extended Zel’dovich mechanism (up to 43 reactions). The sensitivity analysis compares the contribution of each major reaction to NOx formation, and identifies the rate controlling NOx formation reactions. The formation rates for reactions involving NOx are also investigated to reveal the primary NOx formation paths. Results show that there are two main NOx formation paths both in the packets zone and the burned zone. The rate limiting reactions for the packets zone are identified as: O+N2=NO+NN2+HO2=NO+HNO Rate limiting reactions for the burned zone are: N2O+M=N2+O+MN2+HO2=NO+HNO Since the aforementioned reaction significantly influence the net NOx prediction, it is important that the corresponding reaction rates be determined fairly accurately. Finally, because the quasi-steady-state assumption is commonly used for certain species in NOx modeling, a transient relative error is estimated to evaluate its use. The relative error in NOx prediction with and without this assumption is of the order of 2 percent. Clearly, sensitivity analysis can provide valuable insight into understanding the possible NOx formation pathways in engines and improve the status of current prediction tools to obtain better estimates.

A Literature Review of NOx Formation Kinetics and a Prediction Method for Lean-Burn, Two-Stroke Natural Gas Engines

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taylor F. Linker ◽  
Mark Patterson ◽  
Greg Beshouri ◽  
Abdullah U. Bajwa ◽  
Timothy J. Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Prediction Method ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Combustion Mechanism ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Lean Burn ◽  
Nox Formation ◽  
Gas Combustion ◽  
No2 Formation

Abstract The increased production of natural gas harvested from unconventional sources, such as shale, has led to fluctuations in the species composition of natural gas moving through pipelines. These variations alter the chemical properties of the bulk gas mixture and, consequently, affect the operation of pipeline compressor engines which use the gas as fuel. Among several possible ramifications of these variations is that of unacceptably high engine-out NOx emissions. Therefore, engine controller enhancements which can account for fuel variability are necessary for maintaining emissions compliance. Having the means to predict NOx emissions from a field engine can inform the development of such control schemes. There are several types of compressor engines; however, this study considers a large bore, lean-burn, two-stroke, integral compressor engine. This class of engine has unique operating conditions which make the formation of engine-out NOx different from typical automotive spark-ignited engines. For this reason, automotive-based methods for predicting NOx emissions are not sufficiently accurate. In this study, an investigation is performed on the possible NO and NO2 formation pathways which could be contributing to exhaust emissions. Additionally, a modeling method is proposed to predict engine-out NOx emissions using a 0-D/1-D model of a Cooper-Bessemer GMWH-10C compressor engine. Predictions are achieved with GRI-Mech3.0, a natural gas combustion mechanism, which allows for simulated formation of NOx species. The implemented technique is tuned using experimental data from a field engine to better predict emissions over a range of engine operating conditions. Tuning the model led to acceptable agreement across operating points varying in both load and trapped equivalence ratio.

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