scholarly journals Hydrometallurgical Process and Economic Evaluation for Recovery of Zinc and Manganese from Spent Alkaline Batteries

Metals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lan-Huong Tran ◽  
Kulchaya Tanong ◽  
Ahlame Dalila Jabir ◽  
Guy Mercier ◽  
Jean-François Blais
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Acid Leaching ◽  
Industrial Process ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Hydrometallurgical Process ◽  
Alkaline Batteries ◽  
Metal Form ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Treatment Step

An innovative, efficient, and economically viable process for the recycling of spent alkaline batteries is presented herein. The developed process allows for the selective recovery of Zn and Mn metals present in alkaline batteries. The hydrometallurgical process consists of a physical pre-treatment step for separating out the metal powder containing Zn and Mn, followed by a chemical treatment step for the recovery of these metals. Sulfuric acid was used for the first leaching process to dissolve Zn(II) and Mn(II) into the leachate. After purification, Mn was recovered in the form of MnO2, and Zn in its metal form. Furthermore, during the second sulfuric acid leaching, Na2S2O5 was added for the conversion of Mn(IV) to Mn(II) (soluble in the leachate), allowing Mn to be recovered as MnCO3. Masses of 162 kg of Zn metal and 215 kg of Mn (both in the form of MnO2 and MnCO3) were recovered from one ton of spent alkaline batteries. The direct operating costs (chemicals, labor operation, utilities, energy) and indirect costs (amortization, interest payment) required for a plant treating 8 tons of spent batteries per day was calculated to be $CAD 726 and $CAD 534 per ton, respectively, while the total revenue from the sale of the metals was calculated at $CAD 1359.6 per ton of spent batteries. The development of this type of cost-effective industrial process is necessary for a circular economy, as it contributes to addressing environment- and energy-related issues, and creates opportunities for the economic utilization of metals.

scholarly journals Extraction of Ta and Nb from a Coltan Bearing Ore by Means of Ammonium Bifluoride Fluorination and Sulfuric Acid Leaching

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1392
Author(s):  
Alidor Shikika ◽  
Francois Zabene ◽  
Fabrice Muvundja ◽  
Mac C. Mugumaoderha ◽  
Julien L. Colaux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Acid Leaching ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Sulfuric Acid Leaching ◽  
Mechanical Agitation ◽  
Ammonium Bifluoride ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Subsequent Acid

A novel approach for Ta and Nb extraction consisting of the pre-treatment of a coltan-bearing ore with an ammonium bifluoride sub-molten salt and subsequent acid leaching has been studied. The effects from ore granulometry, ammonium bifluoride (ABF) to ore mass ratio, temperature and duration of fluorination on the degree of Ta and Nb extraction were examined. The ABF to ore ratio and process temperature were found to have the most pronounced impact on extraction efficiency. The following optimal process conditions were determined: ore granulometric fraction (−75 + 45 µm), ABF-ore (5/1), fluorination temperature (200 °C) and fluorination time (2.5 h). Maintaining these parameters enabled about 94% of Ta and 95% of Nb to be brought into solution during the sulfuric-acid-leaching stage. A comparison of the proposed method with previously reported studies suggests that due to the effects of mechanical agitation and the recirculation of the HF-containing gaseous phase back into the process, the dosage rate of ABF at the fluorination stage could be reduced significantly without sacrificing the overall recovery of Ta and Nb. In such a way, the approach could offer added environmental benefits since release of fluoride-containing effluents into the environment could be limited.

scholarly journals Selection of sorption materials for the extraction of nickel and cobalt from the ore of the Gornostaevskoye deposit

2021 ◽  
pp. 4-12
Author(s):  
Yelena Panova ◽  
Yermek Aubakirov ◽  
Huseyin Arbag
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Sorption Capacity ◽  
Nickel Content ◽  
Acid Leaching ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cyclic Process ◽  
Dynamic Mode ◽  
Static Mode ◽  
Nickel Ores ◽  
Oxidized Nickel Ores

Oxidized nickel ores account for the majority of industrial ores suitable for nickel production. The processing of such ores using traditional pyrometallurgical technology is not economically viable due to the low nickel content. One of the most cost-effective methods of processing oxidized nickel ores is sulfuric acid leaching technology followed by sorption extraction. The aim of this work is to establish the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the sorption extraction of nickel and cobalt using iminodiacetate chelating ion-exchange sorbents from various manufacturers, to select a desorbing solution and to determine the degree of desorption. The sorption of nickel and cobalt was carried out in a weakly acidic medium from a model solution containing impurities of other metals in static and dynamic modes. The limiting sorption capacity for the studied sorbents is 18-26 mg/g for nickel and 1-2 mg/g for cobalt in the static mode. The sorption capacity in the dynamic mode for nickel is equal to 25.5 g/L for Purolite S 930, 29.2 g/L for Lewatit TP 207, 1.4 g/L, and 1.8 g/L for cobalt, respectively. The best desorption parameters are achieved when using a 2 M sulfuric acid solution. The degree of desorption for sorbents Purolite S 930 and Lewatit TP 207 exceeds 90%. The use of the Lewatit TP 207 sorbent for the extraction of nickel from the leaching solution of nickel ore of the Gornostaevskoye deposit in 5 cycles made it possible to obtain a commercial desorbate with a nickel content of 18 g/L. The use of a part of the commercial desorbate obtained in the previous cycle, further strengthened to the initial concentration of sulfuric acid, for re-extracting nickel from the saturated sorbent during a cyclic process leads to a deterioration in desorption characteristics. It is recommended to remove the commercial desorbate from the process after several cycles of desorption and supply new solution of sulfuric acid for desorption to restore the sorption parameters.

scholarly journals Utilization of agro-industrial by-products in Monascus fermentation: a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignatius Srianta ◽  
Endang Kusdiyantini ◽  
Elok Zubaidah ◽  
Susana Ristiarini ◽  
Ira Nugerahani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Food ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Product Yield ◽  
Food Supplements ◽  
Food Ingredients ◽  
Specific Objective ◽  
Cereal Brans ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Treatment Step ◽  
By Products

AbstractThe Monascus fermentation industry has gained global attention. Its key products, i.e., pigments, functional food ingredients, food supplements, and medicinal use, are growing in the world’s market. Efforts to find the cost-effective substrate for Monascus fermentation have remained the target. This paper aimed to appraise the utilization of agro-industrial by-products (cereal, starchy tuber and root, legume, fruit, and coffee processing) as a cost-effective substrate for Monascus fermentation. The specific objective was to review the by-products pre-treatment, the fermentation process, product yield, and the bioactivity of the fermented products. Among all the by-products that could be used as the fermentation substrate, cereal brans do not need pre-treatment, but others need a suitable pre-treatment step, e.g., cassava peel, okara, and jackfruit seed to list a few, that need to be powdered beforehand. Other substrates, such as corn cob and durian seed, need soaking and size reduction through the pre-treatment step. During fermentation, Monascus produce many pigments, monacolin K, associated with rise in phenolic and flavonoid contents. These products possess antioxidant, antihypercholesterol, antidiabetes, and antiatherosclerosis activities which underpin their health significance. In conclusion, we report in this review the agro-industrial by-products which have potential prospects for pigments, functional food ingredients, food supplements, and therapeutic usages produced from Monascus fermentation.

Effect of Fluoride Addition in Sulfuric Acid-Based Desmutting Solution for Aluminium Alloy AA8006

2019 ◽  
Vol 813 ◽  
pp. 285-291
Author(s):  
Anna Carangelo ◽  
Annalisa Acquesta ◽  
Francesco Bravaccino ◽  
Ciro Sinagra ◽  
Tullio Monetta
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Aluminium Alloy ◽  
Oxide Layer ◽  
Industrial Process ◽  
Optical Emission ◽  
Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Potentiodynamic Curves ◽  
Natural Oxide ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Performance Surface

Aluminium alloys are covered spontaneously by a natural oxide layer, well adherent to the surface. For improving the material’s anticorrosion performance surface pre-treatments are needed in order to remove the superficial oxide and to prepare the alloy surface to subsequent treatments. The pre-treatment process involves several steps, including desmutting. The last requires the immersion of the part in an appropriate solution, typically composed of several chemicals, able to remove the oxide layer. In this work, the effect of the fluorides addition into a sulfuric acid-based solution, when used in a desmutting industrial process, was evaluated. Potentiodynamic curves, glow discharge optical emission spectrometry and contact angle techniques were used to characterize the surface of the aluminium alloy AA8006 after desmutting.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in Conventional Methods and Electrochemical Aptasensors for Mycotoxin Detection

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1437
Author(s):  
Jing Yi Ong ◽  
Andrew Pike ◽  
Ling Ling Tan
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Preventive Action ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Recognition Elements ◽  
Key Features ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
And Performance

The presence of mycotoxins in foodstuffs and feedstuffs is a serious concern for human health. The detection of mycotoxins is therefore necessary as a preventive action to avoid the harmful contamination of foodstuffs and animal feed. In comparison with the considerable expense of treating contaminated foodstuffs, early detection is a cost-effective way to ensure food safety. The high affinity of bio-recognition molecules to mycotoxins has led to the development of affinity columns for sample pre-treatment and the development of biosensors for the quantitative analysis of mycotoxins. Aptamers are a very attractive class of biological receptors that are currently in great demand for the development of new biosensors. In this review, the improvement in the materials and methodology, and the working principles and performance of both conventional and recently developed methods are discussed. The key features and applications of the fundamental recognition elements, such as antibodies and aptamers are addressed. Recent advances in aptasensors that are based on different electrochemical (EC) transducers are reviewed in detail, especially from the perspective of the diagnostic mechanism; in addition, a brief introduction of some commercially available mycotoxin detection kits is provided.

scholarly journals Analysis and Optimization of a Novel Hexagonal Waveguide Concentrator for Solar Thermal Applications

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 2146
Author(s):  
Karunesh Kant ◽  
Karthik Nithyanandam ◽  
Ranga Pitchumani
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Process ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Solar Irradiation ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Solar Concentrator ◽  
Thermal Desalination ◽  
Process Heat ◽  
Solar Thermal Applications ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Operation And Maintenance Cost

This paper analyzes a novel, cost-effective planar waveguide solar concentrator design that is inspired by cellular hexagonal structures in nature with the benefits of facile installation and low operation and maintenance cost. A coupled thermal and optical analysis of solar irradiation through an ideal hexagonal waveguide concentrator integrated with a linear receiver is presented, along with a cost analysis methodology, to establish the upper limit of performance. The techno-economic model, coupled with numerical optimization, is used to determine designs that maximized power density and minimized the cost of heat in the temperature range of 100–250 °C, which constitutes more than half of the industrial process heat demand. Depending on the incident solar irradiation and the application temperature, the cost of heat for the optimal design configuration ranged between 0.1–0.27 $/W and 0.075–0.18 $/W for waveguide made of ZK7 glass and polycarbonate, respectively. A techno-economic analysis showed the potential of the technology to achieve cost as low as 80 $/m2 and 61 $/m2 for waveguide made of ZK7 glass and polycarbonate material, respectively, which is less than half the cost of state-of-the-art parabolic trough concentrators. Overall, the hexagonal waveguide solar concentrator technology shows immense potential for decarbonizing the industrial process heat and thermal desalination sectors.

scholarly journals Study on Ultrasonically-Enhanced Sulfuric Acid Leaching of Nickel from Nickel-Containing Residue

Crystals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 810
Author(s):  
Zhanyong Guo ◽  
Ping Guo ◽  
Guang Su ◽  
Fachuang Li
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Acid Leaching ◽  
Ultrasonic Waves ◽  
Sulfuric Acid Leaching ◽  
Solid Product ◽  
Leaching Process ◽  
Diffusion Controlled ◽  
Extraction Degree ◽  
Ultrasonic Conditions ◽  
Complex Nickel

In this paper, nickel-containing residue, a typical solid waste produced in the battery production process, was used to study the cavitation characteristics of ultrasonic waves in a liquid–solid reaction. The ultrasonically-enhanced leaching technology for multicomponent and complex nickel-containing residue was studied through systematic ultrasonic-conventional comparative experiments. An ultrasonic leaching kinetics model was established which provided reliable technological guidance and basic theory for the comprehensive utilization of nickel-containing residue. In the study, it was found that ultrasonically-enhanced leaching for 40 min obtained the same result as conventional leaching for 80 min, and the Ni extraction degree reached more than 95%. According to the kinetic fitting of the leaching process, it was found that the sulfuric acid leaching process belonged to the diffusion-controlled model of solid product layers under conventional and ultrasonic conditions, and the activation energy of the reaction was Ea1 = 17.74 kJ/mol and Ea2 = 5.04 kJ/mol, respectively.

scholarly journals Utilising Commercially Fabricated Printed Circuit Boards as an Electrochemical Biosensing Platform

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 793
Author(s):  
Uroš Zupančič ◽  
Joshua Rainbow ◽  
Pedro Estrela ◽  
Despina Moschou
Keyword(s):  
Printed Circuit Boards ◽  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Electrochemical Sensing ◽  
Label Free ◽  
Circuit Boards ◽  
Printed Circuit ◽  
Sensing Applications ◽  
Electrochemical Biosensing ◽  
Pre Treatment

Printed circuit boards (PCBs) offer a promising platform for the development of electronics-assisted biomedical diagnostic sensors and microsystems. The long-standing industrial basis offers distinctive advantages for cost-effective, reproducible, and easily integrated sample-in-answer-out diagnostic microsystems. Nonetheless, the commercial techniques used in the fabrication of PCBs produce various contaminants potentially degrading severely their stability and repeatability in electrochemical sensing applications. Herein, we analyse for the first time such critical technological considerations, allowing the exploitation of commercial PCB platforms as reliable electrochemical sensing platforms. The presented electrochemical and physical characterisation data reveal clear evidence of both organic and inorganic sensing electrode surface contaminants, which can be removed using various pre-cleaning techniques. We demonstrate that, following such pre-treatment rules, PCB-based electrodes can be reliably fabricated for sensitive electrochemical biosensors. Herein, we demonstrate the applicability of the methodology both for labelled protein (procalcitonin) and label-free nucleic acid (E. coli-specific DNA) biomarker quantification, with observed limits of detection (LoD) of 2 pM and 110 pM, respectively. The proposed optimisation of surface pre-treatment is critical in the development of robust and sensitive PCB-based electrochemical sensors for both clinical and environmental diagnostics and monitoring applications.

scholarly journals Cost-of-illness for non-underweight binge-eating disorders

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul E. Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Binge Eating ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Academic Impairment ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Binge Eating Disorders ◽  
Low Weight

Abstract Purpose This study examined economic costs associated with untreated eating disorders (EDs) characterised by regular binge eating in the absence of low weight. Both direct and indirect costs were assessed, reporting a limited societal perspective of economic impact as some costs were not included. Methods One hundred and twenty six adults seeking treatment for recurrent binge eating were asked to report impairment associated with an ED. Costs were calculated using 2017 prices, including an examination of variables associated with costs. Results Estimated societal costs for the year preceding assessment were £3268.47 (€3758.54) per person. In multivariate analyses, no reliable baseline associates of cost were identified. Conclusion The economic burden of EDs characterised by regular binge eating is significant, and underscores the need for efficacious and cost-effective treatments. Individuals with binge-eating disorders report work impairment and healthcare use that may cost the United Kingdom economy upwards of £3.5 billion (€4bn) per annum. Further studies should consider academic impairment and the economic impact of EDs on families. Level of evidence III: evidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case–control analytic studies.

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