scholarly journals The Microstructure and Properties of an Al-Mg-0.3Sc Alloy Deposited by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing

Metals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 320
Author(s):  
Lingling Ren ◽  
Huimin Gu ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Shuai Wang ◽  
Chengde Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Yield Strength ◽  
Mg Alloy ◽  
Strengthening Effect ◽  
Spherical Diameter ◽  
High Dispersity ◽  
20 Nm ◽  
Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing

Al-Mg alloys can reach medium strength without a solid solution and quenching treatment, thereby avoiding product distortion caused by quenching, which has attracted the attention of wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) researchers. However, the mechanical properties of the WAAM Al-Mg alloy deposits obtained so far are poor. Herein, we describe the preparation of Al-Mg-0.3Sc alloy deposits by WAAM and detail the pores, microstructure, and mechanical properties of the alloy produced in this manner. The results showed that the number and sizes of the pores in WAAM Al-Mg-0.3Sc alloy deposits were equivalent to those in Al-Mg alloy deposits without Sc. The rapid cooling characteristics of the WAAM process make the precipitation morphology, size, and distribution of the primary and secondary Al3Sc phases unique and effectively improve the mechanical properties of the deposit. A primary Al3Sc phase less than 3 μm in size was found to precipitate from the WAAM Al-Mg-0.3Sc alloy deposits. The primary Al3Sc phase refines grains, changes the segregated β(Mg2Al3) phase morphology, and ensures that the mechanical properties of horizontal and vertical samples of the deposits are uniform. After heat treatment at 350 °C for 1 h, the WAAM Al-Mg-0.3Sc alloy deposits precipitated a secondary Al3Sc phase, which was spherical (diameter about 20 nm) and had high dispersity. This phase blocks dislocations and subgrain boundaries, causes a noticeable strengthening effect, and further improves the mechanical properties of the deposits, up to a horizontal samples tensile strength of 415 MPa, a yield strength of 279 MPa, and an elongation of 18.5%, a vertical samples tensile strength of 411 MPa, a yield strength of 279 MPa, and an elongation of 14.5%. This Al-Mg-Sc alloy is expected to be widely used in the WAAM field.

scholarly journals Effect of Mg Content on Microstructure and Properties of Al–Mg Alloy Produced by the Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing Method

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 4160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lingling Ren ◽  
Huimin Gu ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Shuai Wang ◽  
Chengde Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Yield Strength ◽  
Surface Oxidation ◽  
Mg Alloy ◽  
Fracture Mechanisms ◽  
Additive Manufacture ◽  
Microstructure And Properties ◽  
Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Mg Content

In this study, an Al–Mg alloy was fabricated by wire arc additive manufacture (WAAM), and the effect of Mg content on the microstructure and properties of Al–Mg alloy deposits was investigated. The effects on the deposition surface oxidation, geometry, burn out rate of Mg, pores, microstructure, mechanical properties and fracture mechanisms were investigated. The results show that, when the Mg content increased, the surface oxidation degree increased; a “wave”-shaped deposition layer occurred when the Mg content reached 8%. When the Mg content was more than 6%, the burning loss rate of the Mg element increased significantly. With the increase of Mg content, the number of pores first decreased and then increased, and the size first decreased and then increased. When the Mg content reached 7% or above, obvious crystallization hot cracks appeared in the deposit bodies. When the Mg content increased, the precipitated phase (FeMn)Al6 and β(Mg2Al3) increased, and the grain size increased. When the Mg content was 6%, the comprehensive mechanical properties were best. The horizontal tensile strength, yield strength and elongation were 310 MPa, 225 MPa and 17%, respectively. The vertical tensile strength, yield strength and elongation were 300 MPa, 215 MPa and 15%, respectively. The fracture morphology was a ductile fracture.

scholarly journals Effect of Filler Metal Type on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Fabricated NiAl Bronze Alloy Using Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing System

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 513
Author(s):  
Jae Won Kim ◽  
Jae-Deuk Kim ◽  
Jooyoung Cheon ◽  
Changwook Ji
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Filler Metal ◽  
Gas Metal Arc Welding ◽  
Metal Wire ◽  
Cold Metal Transfer ◽  
Metal Type ◽  
Cold Metal ◽  
Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing

This study observed the effect of filler metal type on mechanical properties of NAB (NiAl-bronze) material fabricated using wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) technology. The selection of filler metal type is must consider the field condition, mechanical properties required by customers, and economics. This study analyzed the bead shape for representative two kind of filler metal types use to maintenance and fabricated a two-dimensional bulk NAB material. The cold metal transfer (CMT) mode of gas metal arc welding (GMAW) was used. For a comparison of mechanical properties, the study obtained three specimens per welding direction from the fabricated bulk NAB material. In the tensile test, the NAB material deposited using filler metal wire A showed higher tensile strength and lower elongation (approx. +71 MPa yield strength, +107.1 MPa ultimate tensile strength, −12.4% elongation) than that deposited with filler metal wire B. The reason is that, a mixture of tangled fine α platelets and dense lamellar eutectoid α + κIII structure with β´ phases was observed in the wall made with filler metal wire A. On the other hand, the wall made with filler metal wire B was dominated by coarse α phases and lamellar eutectoid α + κIII structure in between.

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of TiB2/ Al-Si Composites Fabricated by TIG Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing

2019 ◽  
Vol 944 ◽  
pp. 64-72
Author(s):  
Qing Feng Yang ◽  
Cun Juan Xia ◽  
Ya Qi Deng
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Yield Strength ◽  
Filler Wire ◽  
T6 Heat Treatment ◽  
Microstructure And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Before And After

Bulky sample was made by using TIG wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) technology, in which Ф1.6 mm filler wire of in-situ TiB2/Al-Si composites was selected as deposition metal, following by T6 heat treatment. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the bulky sample before and after heat treatment were analyzed. Experimental results showed that the texture of the original samples parallel to the weld direction and perpendicular to the weld direction was similar consisting of columnar dendrites and equiaxed crystals. After T6 heat treatment, the hardness of the sample was increased to 115.85 HV from 62.83 HV, the yield strength of the sample was 273.33 MPa, the average tensile strength was 347.33 MPa, and the average elongation after fracture was 7.96%. Although pore defects existed in the fracture, yet the fracture of the sample was ductile fracture.

scholarly journals Mechanical properties of wire and arc additively manufactured high-strength steel structures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Müller ◽  
Jonas Hensel ◽  
Klaus Dilger
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Yield Strength ◽  
High Strength Steel ◽  
Energy Input ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Accelerated Cooling ◽  
Active Cooling ◽  
Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Interpass Temperature

AbstractAdditive manufacturing with steel opens up new possibilities for the construction sector. Especially direct energy deposition processes like DED-arc, also known as wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), is capable of manufacturing large structures with a high degree of geometric freedom, which makes the process suitable for the manufacturing of force flow-optimized steel nodes and spaceframes. By the use of high strength steel, the manufacturing times can be reduced since less material needs to be deposited. To keep the advantages of the high strength steel, the effect of thermal cycling during WAAM needs to be understood, since it influences the phase transformation, the resulting microstructure, and hence the mechanical properties of the material. In this study, the influences of energy input, interpass temperature, and cooling rate were investigated by welding thin walled samples. From each sample, microsections were analyzed, and tensile test and Charpy-V specimens were extracted and tested. The specimens with an interpass temperature of 200 °C, low energy input and applied active cooling showed a tensile strength of ~ 860–900 MPa, a yield strength of 700–780 MPa, and an elongation at fracture between 17 and 22%. The results showed the formation of martensite for specimens with high interpass temperatures which led to low yield and high tensile strengths (Rp0.2 = 520–590 MPa, Rm = 780–940 MPa) for the specimens without active cooling. At low interpass temperatures, the increase of the energy input led to a decrease of the tensile and the yield strength while the elongation at fracture as well as the Charpy impact energy increased. The formation of upper bainite due to the higher energy input can be avoided by accelerated cooling while martensite caused by high interpass temperatures need to be counteracted by heat treatment.

Mechanical Characterization of Aluminium Alloy 6061 Powder Deposit Made by Friction Stir Based Additive Manufacturing

2020 ◽  
Vol 846 ◽  
pp. 110-116
Author(s):  
Akash Mukhopadhyay ◽  
Probir Saha
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Ultimate Tensile Strength ◽  
Yield Strength ◽  
Functionally Graded ◽  
Future Application ◽  
Micro Hardness ◽  
Friction Stir ◽  
Graded Structures

Additive Friction Stir (AFS) has the potential for extensive future application in metal based additive manufacturing. Powder based AFS is specifically useful for fabricating functionally graded structures. But, the consolidation of powder inside the hollow tool used in this operation hinders the powder based AFS process. This problem could be resolved by Additive Friction Stir Processing (AFSP) while maintaining the key advantages of AFS. A 3D deposit structure of height 5 mm and width 64 mm was made from Al6061 alloy powder by AFSP. Mechanical properties like ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and micro-hardness of the deposit were evaluated in both longitudinal and transverse directions. The ultimate tensile strength and micro-hardness of the deposit were comparable to Al6061-O and there was a significant increment in tensile yield strength. Also, the isotropic nature of the deposit could be inferred from similar mechanical properties in the longitudinal and transverse direction. Dimple ruptures seen in fractographic analysis gave evidence to the ductile nature of the deposit.

scholarly journals Wire-arc additive manufacturing of Al-Mg alloy using CMT and PMC technologies

2018 ◽  
Vol 233 ◽  
pp. 00031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bianca F. Gomes ◽  
Paulo J. Morais ◽  
Vítor Ferreira ◽  
Margarida Pinto ◽  
Luiz H. de Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mg Alloy ◽  
Cold Metal Transfer ◽  
Small Pore ◽  
Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Pore Fraction

Among the several metallic additive manufacturing (MAM) technologies available, the wire-and-arc based ones are very beneficial due to the lower operational costs, higher efficiency use of raw materials, and high deposition rates achieved. The Cold Metal Transfer (CMT) process stands out by the lower heat input compared to the other wire-and-arc based methods. On the other hand, processes such as Pulse Multi Control (PMC) and its variants have not been tested yet in additive manufacturing and for this reason they should be evaluated. Therefore, considering the technologies potential and the need of automotive and aeronautical industry of manufacturing parts of complex and optimized geometry in a faster way, the study of these technologies is very relevant. Thus, the objective of this paper is the additive manufacturing of walls with Al-Mg alloy using CMT, CMT-Pulse, PMC, PMC-Mix, and MIG-Pulse, and the evaluation of the hardness, mechanical strength, and porosity of the manufactured parts aiming future industrial applications. The results showed good mechanical properties, small pore fraction, and geometric uniformity of parts produced with PMC and PMC-Mix. MIG-Pulse and PMC parts presented the smaller pore fraction among the GMAW variants, although no difference was noticed in the mechanical properties of the parts.

Effects of La on the Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of AZ91 Magnesium Alloy and its Mechanism

2011 ◽  
Vol 328-330 ◽  
pp. 1650-1653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Ling Zhang ◽  
She Bin Wang ◽  
Xiao Ye Qi ◽  
Bing She Xu
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Magnesium Alloy ◽  
Yield Strength ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Az91 Alloy ◽  
Strengthening Effect ◽  
Az91 Magnesium Alloy ◽  
Az91 Magnesium ◽  
Maximum Yield Strength

Microstructure changes brought by the addition of La element to AZ91 magnesium alloy are studied, also, the precipitating phases were identified and their influence on the mechanical properties of alloys was investigated. Results show La makes refinement of microstructure of the AZ91 alloy, and decrease the size of Mg17Al12 phase. La element takes a priority to react with Al element over Mg, forming binary phase Al11La3 with high melting point. Certain amount of La increases tensile strength, yield strength and elongation. With more addition, La would combine more Al in matrix and decrease strengthening effect, because Al11La3 phase would become coarsening. The mechanical poroerties tests indicate that AZ91+0.16%La alloy has the best properties. Maximum tensile strength, maximum yield strength and elongation are 245MPa, 178MPa and 14.5% respective, increased by 21%, 19% and 48% respectively. The mechanism of La strenthing mechanical properties is proposed that Al11La3 phase enriched on solid-liquid interface, increased the degree of supercooling, refined the grain size and changed the crystal style.

scholarly journals Fabricating Pyramidal Lattice Structures of 304 L Stainless Steel by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 3482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haorui Zhang ◽  
Junjin Huang ◽  
Changmeng Liu ◽  
Yongsheng Ma ◽  
Yafeng Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Lattice Structures ◽  
Layer Height ◽  
Superior Mechanical Properties ◽  
Material Utilization ◽  
Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Dendritic Austenite

Lattice structures have drawn considerable attention due to their superior mechanical properties. However, the existing fabrication methods for lattice structures require complex procedures, as they have low material utilization and lead to unreliable node connections, which greatly restricts their application. In this work, wire arc additive manufacturing is used to fabricate large-scale lattice structures efficiently, without any air holes between rods and panels. The principle and the process of fabricating the rods were analyzed systematically. The influence of the two most important parameters, including heat input and preset layer height, is disclosed. Through optical microscopy, the microstructure of the fabricated steel rods is found to consist of dendritic austenite and skeletal ferrite. The tensile strength of the rods can reach 603 MPa, and their elongation reaches 77%. These experimental results demonstrated the feasibility of fabricating lattice structures using wire arc additive manufacturing.

scholarly journals Correlations between Microstructure Characteristics and Mechanical Properties in 5183 Aluminium Alloy Fabricated by Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing with Different Arc Modes

Materials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2075 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuewei Fang ◽  
Lijuan Zhang ◽  
Guopeng Chen ◽  
Xiaofeng Dang ◽  
Ke Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Aluminium Alloy ◽  
Cold Metal Transfer ◽  
Average Pore ◽  
Microstructure Characteristics ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Cold Metal ◽  
Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing

The effect of arc modes on the microstructure and tensile properties of 5183 aluminium alloy fabricated by cold metal transfer (CMT) processes has been thoroughly investigated. Heat inputs of CMT processes with three arc modes, i.e., CMT, CMT advance (CMT+A), and CMT pulse (CMT+P), were quantified, and their influence on the formation of pores were investigated. The highest tensile strength was found from samples built by the CMT+A process. This agrees well with their smallest average pore sizes. Average tensile strengths of CMT+A arc mode-built samples were 296.9 MPa and 291.8 MPa along the horizontal and vertical directions, respectively. The difference of tensile strength along the horizontal and vertical directions of the CMT+P and CMT samples was mainly caused by the pores at the interfaces between each deposited layer. The successfully built large 5183 aluminium parts by the CMT+A arc mode further proves that this arc mode is a suitable mode for manufacturing of 5183 aluminium alloy.

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