scholarly journals Proteo-Transcriptomic Analysis Identifies Potential Novel Toxins Secreted by the Predatory, Prey-Piercing Ribbon Worm Amphiporus lactifloreus

Marine Drugs ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Björn Marcus von Reumont ◽  
Tim Lüddecke ◽  
Thomas Timm ◽  
Günter Lochnit ◽  
Andreas Vilcinskas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Molecule ◽  
Sea Anemone ◽  
Transcriptomic Analysis ◽  
Sea Star ◽  
Cystine Knot ◽  
Preliminary Identification ◽  
Protein Toxins ◽  
Insight Into

Nemerteans (ribbon worms) employ toxins to subdue their prey, but research thus far has focused on the small-molecule components of mucus secretions and few protein toxins have been characterized. We carried out a preliminary proteotranscriptomic analysis of putative toxins produced by the hoplonemertean Amphiporus lactifloreus (Hoplonemertea, Amphiporidae). No variants were found of known nemertean-specific toxin proteins (neurotoxins, cytotoxins, parbolysins or nemertides) but several toxin-like transcripts were discovered, expressed strongly in the proboscis, including putative metalloproteinases and sequences resembling sea anemone actitoxins, crown-of-thorn sea star plancitoxins, and multiple classes of inhibitor cystine knot/knottin family proteins. Some of these products were also directly identified in the mucus proteome, supporting their preliminary identification as secreted toxin components. Two new nemertean-typical toxin candidates could be described and were named U-nemertotoxin-1 and U-nemertotoxin-2. Our findings provide insight into the largely overlooked venom system of nemerteans and support a hypothesis in which the nemertean proboscis evolved in several steps from a flesh-melting organ in scavenging nemerteans to a flesh-melting and toxin-secreting venom apparatus in hunting hoplonemerteans.

scholarly journals The Photorhabdus asymbiotica virulence cassettes deliver protein effectors directly into target eukaryotic cells

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabella Vlisidou ◽  
Alexia Hapeshi ◽  
Joseph RJ Healey ◽  
Katie Smart ◽  
Guowei Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Host Cell ◽  
Small Molecule ◽  
Rho Gtpase ◽  
Eukaryotic Cells ◽  
Host Cell Membrane ◽  
Western Blots ◽  
Insect Pathogen ◽  
Protein Toxins ◽  
Delivery Mechanism

Photorhabdus is a highly effective insect pathogen and symbiont of insecticidal nematodes. To exert its potent insecticidal effects, it elaborates a myriad of toxins and small molecule effectors. Among these, the Photorhabdus Virulence Cassettes (PVCs) represent an elegant self-contained delivery mechanism for diverse protein toxins. Importantly, these self-contained nanosyringes overcome host cell membrane barriers, and act independently, at a distance from the bacteria itself. In this study, we demonstrate that Pnf, a PVC needle complex associated toxin, is a Rho-GTPase, which acts via deamidation and transglutamination to disrupt the cytoskeleton. TEM and Western blots have shown a physical association between Pnf and its cognate PVC delivery mechanism. We demonstrate that for Pnf to exert its effect, translocation across the cell membrane is absolutely essential.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic relationships among the clownfish-hosting sea anemones

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin M. Titus ◽  
Charlotte Benedict ◽  
Robert Laroche ◽  
Luciana C. Gusmão ◽  
Vanessa Van Deusen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Sea Anemone ◽  
Coral Triangle ◽  
Sea Anemones ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Holistic Understanding ◽  
The Family ◽  
Genus 2 ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractThe clownfish-sea anemone symbiosis has been a model system for understanding fundamental evolutionary and ecological processes. However, our evolutionary understanding of this symbiosis comes entirely from studies of clownfishes. A holistic understanding of a model mutualism requires systematic, biogeographic, and phylogenetic insight into both partners. Here, we conduct the largest phylogenetic analysis of sea anemones (Order Actiniaria) to date, with a focus on expanding the biogeographic and taxonomic sampling of the 10 nominal clownfish-hosting species. Using a combination of mtDNA and nuDNA loci we test 1) the monophyly of each clownfish-hosting family and genus, 2) the current anemone taxonomy that suggests symbioses with clownfishes evolved multiple times within Actiniaria, and 3) whether, like the clownfishes, there is evidence that host anemones have a Coral Triangle biogeographic origin. Our phylogenetic reconstruction demonstrates widespread poly-and para-phyly at the family and genus level, particularly within the family Stichodactylidae and genus Sticodactyla, and suggests that symbioses with clownfishes evolved minimally three times within sea anemones. We further recover evidence for a Tethyan biogeographic origin for some clades. Our data provide the first evidence that clownfish and some sea anemone hosts have different biogeographic origins, and that there may be cryptic species of host anemones. Finally, our findings reflect the need for a major taxonomic revision of the clownfish-hosting sea anemones.

New insight into ovary abortion during ovary development of hazelnut through a combined proteomic and transcriptomic analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 234 ◽  
pp. 36-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianfeng Liu ◽  
Jiyang Xing ◽  
Jun Fang ◽  
Pengfei Ai ◽  
Yunqing Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptomic Analysis ◽  
Ovary Development ◽  
Insight Into

scholarly journals Physiological and transcriptomic analysis provide novel insight into cobalt stress responses in willow

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-Ming Wang ◽  
Qi Yang ◽  
Hui Xu ◽  
Yan-Jing Liu ◽  
Hai-Ling Yang
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Transcriptomic Analysis ◽  
Insight Into

Computational Insight into Small Molecule Inhibition of Cyclophilins

2010 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 475-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Somisetti V. Sambasivarao ◽  
Orlando Acevedo
Keyword(s):  
Small Molecule ◽  
Small Molecule Inhibition ◽  
Insight Into

scholarly journals Pulse trains to percepts: the challenge of creating a perceptually intelligible world with sight recovery technologies

2015 ◽  
Vol 370 (1677) ◽  
pp. 20140208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ione Fine ◽  
Geoffrey M. Boynton
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Small Molecule ◽  
Perceptual Experience ◽  
Cortical Plasticity ◽  
Pulse Trains ◽  
Intelligible World ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Stimulation Of

An extraordinary variety of sight recovery therapies are either about to begin clinical trials, have begun clinical trials, or are currently being implanted in patients. However, as yet we have little insight into the perceptual experience likely to be produced by these implants. This review focuses on methodologies, such as optogenetics, small molecule photoswitches and electrical prostheses, which use artificial stimulation of the retina to elicit percepts. For each of these technologies, the interplay between the stimulating technology and the underlying neurophysiology is likely to result in distortions of the perceptual experience. Here, we describe some of these potential distortions and discuss how they might be minimized either through changes in the encoding model or through cortical plasticity.

scholarly journals Ionomic and transcriptomic analysis provides new insight into the distribution and transport of cadmium and arsenic in rice

2017 ◽  
Vol 331 ◽  
pp. 246-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuemin Feng ◽  
Lei Han ◽  
Daiyin Chao ◽  
Yan Liu ◽  
Yajing Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptomic Analysis ◽  
Insight Into
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document