scholarly journals Equity Cost Induced Dichotomy for Optimal Dividends with Capital Injections in the Cramér-Lundberg Model

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 931
Author(s):  
Florin Avram ◽  
Dan Goreac ◽  
Juan Li ◽  
Xiaochi Wu
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Dividends ◽  
First Case ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Equity Cost ◽  
Structure Equations ◽  
Insurance Model ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Capital Injections ◽  
First Time

We investigate a control problem leading to the optimal payment of dividends in a Cramér-Lundberg-type insurance model in which capital injections incur proportional cost, and may be used or not, the latter resulting in bankruptcy. For general claims, we provide verification results, using the absolute continuity of super-solutions of a convenient Hamilton-Jacobi variational inequality. As a by-product, for exponential claims, we prove the optimality of bounded buffer capital injections (−a,0,b) policies. These policies consist in stopping at the first time when the size of the overshoot below 0 exceeds a certain limit a, and only pay dividends when the reserve reaches an upper barrier b. An exhaustive and explicit characterization of optimal couples buffer/barrier is given via comprehensive structure equations. The optimal buffer is shown never to be of de Finetti (a=0) or Shreve-Lehoczy-Gaver (a=∞) type. The study results in a dichotomy between cheap and expensive equity, based on the cost-of-borrowing parameter, thus providing a non-trivial generalization of the Lokka-Zervos phase-transition Løkka-Zervos (2008). In the first case, companies start paying dividends at the barrier b*=0, while in the second they must wait for reserves to build up to some (fully determined) b*>0 before paying dividends.

An Evaluation of Provincial Macroeconomic Performance in Vietnam

2017 ◽  
pp. 34-47
Author(s):  
Hoi Le Quoc ◽  
Nam Pham Xuan ◽  
Tuan Nguyen Anh
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Institutional Transformation ◽  
Economic Indicators ◽  
Macroeconomic Performance ◽  
Economic Development Strategy ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Development Objectives ◽  
First Time

The study was targeted at developing a methodology for constructing a macroeconomic performance index at a provincial level for the first time in Vietnam based on 4 groups of measurements: (i) Economic indicators; (ii) oriented economic indicators; (iii) socio-economic indicators; and (iv) economic - social – institutional indicators. Applying the methodology to the 2011 - 2015 empirical data of all provinces in Vietnam, the research shows that the socio-economic development strategy implemented by those provinces did not provide balanced outcomes between growth and social objectives, sustainability and inclusiveness. Many provinces focused on economic growth at the cost of structural change, equality and institutional transformation. In contrast, many provinces were successful in improving equality but not growth. Those facts threaten the long-term development objectives of the provinces.

TBE in Sweden

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Characterization ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Specific Immunoglobulin ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus ◽  
First Time

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) was isolated for the first time in Sweden in 1958 (from ticks and from 1 tick-borne encephalitis [TBE] patient).1 In 2003, Haglund and colleagues reported the isolation and antigenic and genetic characterization of 14 TBEV strains from Swedish patients (samples collected 1991–1994).2 The first serum sample, from which TBEV was isolated, was obtained 2–10 days after onset of disease and found to be negative for anti-TBEV immunoglobulin M (IgM) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), whereas TBEV-specific IgM (and TBEV-specific immunoglobulin G/cerebrospinal fluid [IgG/CSF] activity) was demonstrated in later serum samples taken during the second phase of the disease.

Physical Failure Analysis Techniques for Front-End-of-Line Defect Analysis

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk Doyle ◽  
Lawrence Benedict ◽  
Fritz Christian Awitan
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Focused Ion Beam ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Gate Oxide ◽  
Top Down ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
First Case ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Transmission

Abstract Novel techniques to expose substrate-level defects are presented in this paper. New techniques such as inter-layer dielectric (ILD) thinning, high keV imaging, and XeF2 poly etch overflow are introduced. We describe these techniques as applied to two different defects types at FEOL. In the first case, by using ILD thinning and high keV imaging, coupled with focused ion beam (FIB) cross section and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM,) we were able to judge where to sample for TEM from a top down perspective while simultaneously providing the top down images giving both perspectives on the same sample. In the second case we show retention of the poly Si short after removal of CoSi2 formation on poly. Removal of the CoSi2 exposes the poly Si such that we can utilize XeF2 to remove poly without damaging gate oxide to reveal pinhole defects in the gate oxide. Overall, using these techniques have led to 1) increased chances of successfully finding the defects, 2) better characterization of the defects by having a planar view perspective and 3) reduced time in localizing defects compared to performing cross section alone.

Immunochemical Characterization of Setaria cervi Microfilarial Antigens Using Novel Antibodies

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (14) ◽  
pp. 1263-1274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anuradha Kalani ◽  
Komal Kalani ◽  
Poonam Chaturvedi ◽  
Pankaj Chaturvedi
Keyword(s):  
Adult Worm ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Immune Recognition ◽  
Setaria Cervi ◽  
Crossed Immunoelectrophoresis ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Immune Rabbit

Background:Filariasis affects millions of people in tropical and subtropical regions of the world and is caused by nematode roundworm. In order to develop a vaccine and specific diagnostic tests, it is important to characterize different stages of the filarial worms. Microfilariae (Mf) stage of the roundworm is found in host’s blood or lymph vessels and can be important not only for developing better immunodiagnostics but also for understanding immune recognition and its relevance to immunepathogenesis and protective immunity.Objective:The present study aimed to immunocharacterize Mf and adult worm antigens that could be helpful in future diagnostic tests.Method:Four different immune sera against Setaria cervi intact live, intact live with adjuvant, intact glutaraldehyde fixed with adjuvant and total somatic Mf were prepared and used for the immunocharacterization of Mf antigens.Results:Our study results suggest that compared to fixed intact Mf, live intact Mf are more immunogenic, as the immune sera generated against intact live Mf showed high ELISA reactivity with Setaria cervi Mf and adult worm antigens. All the four immune sera IgG fractions had surface specificity as determined through considerable ELISA reactivity with S. cervi intact Mf. When tested under native conditions (immunoelectrophoresis and crossed immunoelectrophoresis), all the four immune rabbit sera were able to detect antigens of S. cervi Mf and adult stages.Conclusion:These results can be useful in detailed understanding of the complex nature of the Mf and adult antigens, which are prerequisites in the development of vaccine and more specific diagnostic tests.

Chemical Constituents and Antibacterial Activity of Cissus Aralioides.

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Balogun Olaoye Solomon ◽  
Ajayi Olukayode Solomon ◽  
Owolabi Temitayo Abidemi ◽  
Oladimeji Abdulkarbir Oladele ◽  
Liu Zhiqiang
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extract ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Chromatographic Purification ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
First Time

: Cissus aralioides is a medicinal plant used in sub-Saharan Africa for treatment of infectious diseases; however the chemical constituents of the plant have not been investigated. Thus, in this study, attempt was made at identifying predominant phytochemical constituents of the plant through chromatographic purification and silylation of the plant extract, and subsequent characterization using spectroscopic and GC-MS techniques. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs) for the antibacterial activities of the plant extract, chromatographic fractions and isolated compounds were also examined. Chromatographic purification of the ethyl acetate fraction from the whole plant afforded three compounds: β-sitosterol (1), stigmasterol (2) and friedelin (3). The phytosterols (1 and 2) were obtained together as a mixture. The GC-MS analysis of silylated extract indicated alcohols, fatty acids and sugars as predominant classes, with composition of 24.62, 36.90 and 26.52% respectively. Results of MICs indicated that friedelin and other chromatographic fractions had values (0.0626-1.0 mg/mL) comparable with the standard antibiotics used. Characterization of natural products from C. aralioides is being reported for the first time in this study.

Green Synthesis and Spectroscopic Studies of Ag-rGO Nanocomposites for Highly Selective Mercury (II) Sensing

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shubhangi J. Mane-Gavade ◽  
Sandip R. Sabale ◽  
Xiao-Ying Yu ◽  
Gurunath H. Nikam ◽  
Bhaskar V. Tamhankar
Keyword(s):  
Green Synthesis ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Aqueous Media ◽  
Suitable Condition ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Spectroscopic Studies ◽  
Calibration Plot ◽  
First Time

Introduction: Herein we report the green synthesis and characterization of silverreduced graphene oxide nanocomposites (Ag-rGO) using Acacia nilotica gum for the first time. Experimental: We demonstrate the Hg2+ ions sensing ability of the Ag-rGO nanocomposites form aqueous medium. The developed colorimetric sensor method is simple, fast and selective for the detection of Hg2+ ions in aqueous media in presence of other associated ions. A significant color change was noticed with naked eye upon Hg2+ addition. The color change was not observed for cations including Sr2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Fe2+, Ba2+ and Mn2+indicating that only Hg2+ shows a strong interaction with Ag-rGO nanocomposites. Under the most suitable condition, the calibration plot (A0-A) against concentration of Hg2+ was linear in the range of 0.1-1.0 ppm with a correlation coefficient (R2) value 0.9998. Results & Conclusion The concentration of Hg2+ was quantitatively determined with the Limit of Detection (LOD) of 0.85 ppm. Also, this method shows excellent selectivity towards Hg2+ over nine other cations tested. Moreover, the method offers a new cost effective, rapid and simple approach for the detection of Hg2+ in water samples.

scholarly journals Autism Tsunami: the Impact of Rising Prevalence on the Societal Cost of Autism in the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Blaxill ◽  
Toby Rogers ◽  
Cynthia Nevison
Keyword(s):  
Forecast Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Population Projections ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
Total Base ◽  
Cost Categories ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time

AbstractThe cost of ASD in the U.S. is estimated using a forecast model that for the first time accounts for the true historical increase in ASD. Model inputs include ASD prevalence, census population projections, six cost categories, ten age brackets, inflation projections, and three future prevalence scenarios. Future ASD costs increase dramatically: total base-case costs of $223 (175–271) billion/year are estimated in 2020; $589 billion/year in 2030, $1.36 trillion/year in 2040, and $5.54 (4.29–6.78) trillion/year by 2060, with substantial potential savings through ASD prevention. Rising prevalence, the shift from child to adult-dominated costs, the transfer of costs from parents onto government, and the soaring total costs raise pressing policy questions and demand an urgent focus on prevention strategies.

scholarly journals Waste-Based One-Part Alkali Activated Materials

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 2911
Author(s):  
Margarida Gonçalves ◽  
Inês Silveirinha Vilarinho ◽  
Marinélia Capela ◽  
Ana Caetano ◽  
Rui Miguel Novais ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Microstructural Analysis ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Sodium Metasilicate ◽  
High Compressive Strength ◽  
Hardened State ◽  
First Time ◽  
Furnace Slag ◽  
Alkali Activated

Ordinary Portland Cement is the most widely used binder in the construction sector; however, a very high carbon footprint is associated with its production process. Consequently, more sustainable alternative construction materials are being investigated, namely, one-part alkali activated materials (AAMs). In this work, waste-based one-part AAMs binders were developed using only a blast furnace slag, as the solid precursor, and sodium metasilicate, as the solid activator. For the first time, mortars in which the commercial sand was replaced by two exhausted sands from biomass boilers (CA and CT) were developed. Firstly, the characterization of the slag and sands (aggregates) was performed. After, the AAMs fresh and hardened state properties were evaluated, being the characterization complemented by FTIR and microstructural analysis. The binder and the mortars prepared with commercial sand presented high compressive strength values after 28 days of curing-56 MPa and 79 MPa, respectively. The mortars developed with exhausted sands exhibit outstanding compressive strength values, 86 and 70 MPa for CT and CA, respectively, and the other material’s properties were not affected. Consequently, this work proved that high compressive strength waste-based one-part AAMs mortars can be produced and that it is feasible to use another waste as aggregate in the mortar’s formulations: the exhausted sands from biomass boilers.

scholarly journals A METHODOLOGY TO SUPPORT COMPANIES IN THE FIRST STEPS TOWARDS DE-MANUFACTURING

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 131-140
Author(s):  
Federica Cappelletti ◽  
Marta Rossi ◽  
Michele Germani ◽  
Mohammad Shadman Hanif
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Life Strategies ◽  
Disassembly Sequence ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Technical Solutions ◽  
First Time ◽  
Complex Activities

AbstractDe-manufacturing and re-manufacturing are fundamental technical solutions to efficiently recover value from post-use products. Disassembly in one of the most complex activities in de-manufacturing because i) the more manual it is the higher is its cost, ii) disassembly times are variable due to uncertainty of conditions of products reaching their EoL, and iii) because it is necessary to know which components to disassemble to balance the cost of disassembly. The paper proposes a methodology that finds ways of applications: it can be applied at the design stage to detect space for product design improvements, and it also represents a baseline from organizations approaching de-manufacturing for the first time. The methodology consists of four main steps, in which firstly targets components are identified, according to their environmental impact; secondly their disassembly sequence is qualitatively evaluated, and successively it is quantitatively determined via disassembly times, predicting also the status of the component at their End of Life. The aim of the methodology is reached at the fourth phase when alternative, eco-friendlier End of Life strategies are proposed, verified, and chosen.

scholarly journals AB1062 LIPODERMATOSCLEROSIS AS A TYPE OF LOBULAR PANNICULITIS: THE EFFECTIVENESS OF NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT METHODS

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 1821.1-1821
Author(s):  
M. Sukhareva ◽  
O. Egorova ◽  
B. Belov
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Lymphatic Drainage ◽  
Normal Body Mass Index ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Group I ◽  
Positive Clinical Effect ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Lobular Panniculitis

Background:In medical practice lobular panniculitis-lipodermatosclerosis (LDS) is becoming more and more common. It is manifested by degenerative-dystrophic changes in subcutaneous fat (SCF) and occurs more often in middle-aged women affected by chronic venous insufficiency.Objectives:to evaluate the effectiveness of mesotherapy (MT) and shockwave ultrasound therapy (UST) for LDSMethods:among 539 patients referred to the V.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology with the referral diagnoses of erythema nodosum or panniculitis 8.5% (46) of patients (44 women, 2 men) aged 18 to 82 with overweight (32) LDS with the disease duration of 11,8±6.4 months was verified. Patients were randomized into two groups of 23 patients each: group I received daily MT (10 sessions) therapy with drugs that have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, lymphatic drainage and lipolytic effects, and 3 MHz UST of the node area twice a week (5 sessions). In group II MT was performed daily with 9% Natrii chloridum solution at a dose comparable to group I. The control methods included general clinical examination (characterization of induration on the lower legs with an assessment of the effect of pain pressing according to visual analogue scale (VAS pain), general blood and urine tests and ultrasound with elastography (USE) of the compaction. The main stages of control: initial (T0), after 14 days (T1), 1 month (T2) and 3 months (T3).Results:before treatment 38 patients with LDS demonstrated asymmetric (83%) inflammation of SCF of the lower legs (100%) on its medial surface (91%). LDS regressed faster with normal body mass index (p = 0,04). In all patients of group I, after a course of physiotherapy a positive trend was registered, that is a decrease in VAS pain intensity (T0 50±18 mm; T1 35±11 mm), decrease in diameter (T0 6±2.2 cm; T1 4.5±1, 7 mm) and color intensity of the node (p<0.002), SCF thickening which results in “lumping” with macrovascularization according to USE, and decrease in ESR and CRP. In 44% of cases the treatment effect increased to T2 (p <0.05). After 3 months of observation, 15 patients required a second course of physiotherapy. In group II a positive clinical effect was registered for T2 in 14 patients (60.8%) and for T3 in 19 patients (83%) (p<0.05). Over the entire observation period LDS recurrence was registered in 19 patients (41%), the median of recurrence was 3 [1; 6] months, mainly in patients of group I. Recurrence was associated with node fusion into conglomerates (OR 4.33, 95% CI 1.05-17.8; p = 0.037). MT and UST were tolerated well, no side effects were detected.Conclusion:the use of MT with 9% Natrii chloridum solution allowed us to achieve positive dynamics in patients with LDS, which significantly reduced the cost of treatment. Further studies are needed to evaluate the significance of these techniques.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

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