scholarly journals Global Hypothesis Test to Compare the Predictive Values of Diagnostic Tests Subject to a Case-Control Design

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 658
Author(s):  
Saad Bouh Regad ◽  
José Antonio Roldán-Nofuentes
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Hypothesis Test ◽  
Control Design ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Manuscript Studies ◽  
Type I ◽  
Hypothesis Tests ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Predictive Values

Use of a case-control design to compare the accuracy of two binary diagnostic tests is frequent in clinical practice. This design consists of applying the two diagnostic tests to all of the individuals in a sample of those who have the disease and in another sample of those who do not have the disease. This manuscript studies the comparison of the predictive values of two diagnostic tests subject to a case-control design. A global hypothesis test, based on the chi-square distribution, is proposed to compare the predictive values simultaneously, as well as other alternative methods. The hypothesis tests studied require knowing the prevalence of the disease. Simulation experiments were carried out to study the type I errors and the powers of the hypothesis tests proposed, as well as to study the effect of a misspecification of the prevalence on the asymptotic behavior of the hypothesis tests and on the estimators of the predictive values. The proposed global hypothesis test was extended to the situation in which there are more than two diagnostic tests. The results have been applied to the diagnosis of coronary disease.

scholarly journals Comparison of the predictive values of two binary diagnostic tests subject to a case-control sampling

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Antonio Roldán-Nofuentes ◽  
Saad Bouh Sidaty-Regad
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Hypothesis Test ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Disease Prevalence ◽  
Type I ◽  
Hypothesis Tests ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Global Test ◽  
Predictive Values

Abstract Background: The main parameters to compare binary tests are the sensitivity and the specificity. Case-control sampling to compare two binary tests is frequent in clinical practice. This design consists of applying the two binary tests to all of the individuals in a sample of those who have the disease and in another sample of those who do not have the disease. In this design, the sensitivities (specificities) are compared from the case (control) sample applying the McNemar’s test. Other parameters of a binary test are the predictive values. The predictive values of a binary test represent the clinical accuracy of a binary test when it is applied to the individuals in a population with a determined disease prevalence. Methods: This article studies the comparison of the predictive values of two diagnostic tests subject to a case-control sampling. A global hypothesis test, based on the chi-square distribution, is proposed to compare the predictive values simultaneously. The comparison of the predictive values is also studied individually. The hypothesis tests studied require knowledge of an estimation of the disease prevalence. Results: Simulation experiments were carried out to study the type I errors and the powers of the hypothesis tests, as well as to study the effect of a misspecification of the prevalence on the behaviour of the hypothesis tests and on the estimators of the predictive values. The results obtained were applied to an example on the diagnosis of the Human African Trypanosomiasis. Conclusions: A method has been proposed to compare the predictive values of two diagnostic tests subject to a case-control sampling. This method consists in: 1) Simultaneously comparing the predictive values applying the global hypothesis test based on the chi-square distribution to an error alpha; 2) If the global test is not significant, then the equality of the predictive values is not rejected. If the global test is significant to an error alpha , then the causes of the significance are studied solving the individual hypothesis tests and applying Bonferroni’s method (or Holm’s method) to an error alpha. Keywords: Binary diagnostic test, Chi-square distribution, Positive and negative predictive values.

scholarly journals Comparison of the predictive values of diagnostic tests subject to a case-control sampling with application to the diagnosis of Human African Trypanosomiasis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Antonio Roldán-Nofuentes ◽  
Saad Bouh Sidaty-Regad
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Test ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Human African Trypanosomiasis ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Disease Prevalence ◽  
Type I ◽  
African Trypanosomiasis ◽  
Hypothesis Tests ◽  
Predictive Values

AbstractCase-control sampling to compare the accuracy of two binary diagnostic tests is frequent in clinical practice. This type of sampling consists of applying the two diagnostic tests to all of the individuals in a sample of those who have the disease and in another sample of those who do not have the disease. In this sampling, the sensitivities are compared from the case sample applying the McNemar’s test, and the specificities from the control sample. Other parameters of binary tests are the positive and negative predictive values. The predictive values of a diagnostic test represent the clinical accuracy of a binary diagnostic test when it is applied to the individuals in a population with a determined disease prevalence. This article studies the comparison of the predictive values of two diagnostic tests subject to a case-control sampling. A global hypothesis test, based on the chi-square distribution, is proposed to compare the predictive values simultaneously. The comparison of the predictive values is also studied individually. The hypothesis tests studied require knowledge of the disease prevalence. Simulation experiments were carried out to study the type I errors and the powers of the hypothesis tests proposed, as well as to study the effect of a misspecification of the prevalence on the asymptotic behavior of the hypothesis tests and on the estimators of the predictive values. The results obtained were applied to a real example on the diagnosis of the Human African Trypanosomiasis. The model proposed was extended to the situation in which there are more than two diagnostic tests.

scholarly journals THE RELATIONS BETWEEN DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE 2 ON THE INCIDENCE CATARACT IN BALAI KESEHATAN MATA MAKASSAR IN 2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 99
Author(s):  
A. NURUL AMALIAH ◽  
AMI FEBRIZA
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Medical Record ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 ◽  
Control Design ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Moderate Correlation ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Diabetes Melitus

The aim of this research was to know about the correlation between cataract occurance with Diabetes Mellitus. This research was performed in Medical Record Departement of Balai Kesehatan Mata Masyarakat Makassar using medical record on the period of January 2016 to October 2016 with case control design, consist of 74 subjects which were divided into cataract as case, consist of 37 subjects and without cataract as control, consist of 37 subjects. Data of diabetes mellitus history were collected from patient medical recordand analyzed by Chi Square with the significance’s degree was p<0.05. The result showed moderate correlation between cataract occurance and diabetes mellitus (p=0.002) with Odds Ratio (OR) 4,563 (IC :1,683 – 12,371)KEYWORDS : Cataract, Diabetes Melitus

scholarly journals The Risk of Late Treatment and The Reaction of Leprosy with Grade 2 Disability

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Fariska Firdaus
Keyword(s):  
Medical Records ◽  
Control Design ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Several Variables ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Leprosy Patients ◽  
Late Treatment ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
History Of

Background: The number of new cases of leprosy in Indonesia is still high with 15,910 new cases found in 2017. East Java is the highest contributor to new leprosy cases with 3,374 incidences in 2017 and the leprosy proportion of the grade 2 disability not reaching the national target is more than 5%. Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the risk of late treatment and the reaction of grade 2 disability of leprosy at Sumberglagah leprosy Hospital, Mojokerto. Methods: This study was the observational type with case-control design. The sample size consists of 35 case samples and 35 control samples. The direct interview and medical records collection were applied in this study. The research was conducted in Sumberglagah Leprosy Hospital from October to November 2018. Several variables were evaluated including the respondent characteristics (gender, age, education level, occupation, and type of leprosy), late treatment, and leprosy reaction. The chi-square test was used in this study. Results: The most Leprosy patients with grade 2 disability were found in the male (31.40%), older citizen (20.00%), people graduated only from elementary school (18.60%), farmers (15.70%), and people experience type-MB leprosy (50.00%). Research conducted at Sumberglagah leprosy Hospital showed the risk of late treatment (p = 0.01) and leprosy reaction (p = 0.01) with grade 2 disability. Conclusion: Late treatment and a history of leprosy reactions cause grade 2 disability in leprosy patients.

Hubungan Frekuensi Antenatal Care Dengan Kejadian Anemia Pada Ibu Hamil Trimester III Di Rsud Nganjuk Tahun 2017

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Sumy Dwi Antono
Keyword(s):  
Antenatal Care ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Control Design ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Pregnant Mother ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Antenatal Care is supervison before delivery especially knowing growth and development of fetus in uterus. The purpose of this study is to conceive the relationship between the frequency of ANC (Antenatal Care) with the incidence of anemia in the mother trimester III RSUD Nganjuk 2017. Method: in this study this research in an analytic  survey using case control design or caase control is related to how risk factors are studied using retrospective approach.in this study the population is pregnant women TM Nganjuk from January to june 2017. Populationin this study based on data from RSUD Nganjuk is 254 pregnant women TM III the sample of this  study is TM III pregnant women in the month January to june 2017 large sample are in use is  154 from the data collection in the analysis with chi square test. Results: After doing calculation hence found count bigger than table (3,84) hence ho rejected, so it can be concluded that there is relation between frequency of Antenatal Care with Genesis Anemia in pregnant mother Trimester III. Conclusion: Based on result of analysis,it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between the frequency  of antenatal Care with the incidence of anemia in pregnant women.

A simulation study on the accuracy of cryptographic randomness tests

SIMULATION ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 93 (12) ◽  
pp. 1113-1122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haydar Demirhan ◽  
Nihan Bitirim
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Study ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Statistical Characteristics ◽  
Type I ◽  
Hypothesis Tests ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Monte Carlo Simulation Study ◽  
Randomness Test ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Randomness Tests

Randomness provided by pseudo-random number generators is the one of the most vital parts of cryptographic applications. There are two gaps in the cryptographic randomness test procedures used to evaluate the degree of randomness. Firstly, although there are more accurate alternatives, the usual chi-square test is directly applied regardless of the predictive power of the tests. Secondly, although there are more than 100 cryptographic randomness tests available in the literature of cryptography, the statistical characteristics and accuracy of those hypothesis tests have not been figured out by an extensive simulation study. To conduct appropriate and reliable hypothesis tests, the main statistical characteristics of the tests should be studied. In this article, the usage of alternatives to the chi-square test, such as Anderson–Darling, Kolmogorov–Smirnov, and Jarque–Bera tests, in testing the cryptographic randomness is proposed to get better statistical properties. Also, the effects of type-I error, sensitivity, specificity, power, negative predictive value, and goodness-of-fit tests on the accuracy of recently proposed and existing cryptographic randomness tests are evaluated by an extensive Monte Carlo simulation study. The results are beneficial for practitioners wishing to choose the most appropriate cryptographic randomness test procedure and for the evaluation of accuracy of the cryptographic randomness tests in the detection of non-randomness for cryptographic applications.

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN ANTARA TINGGI BADAN ORANG TUA DAN PEMBERIAN ASI EKSKLUSIF TERHADAP KEJADIAN STUNTING DI PUSKESMAS SEPATAN KABUPATEN TANGERANG

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 688-696
Author(s):  
Lastri Mei Winarni ◽  
Beti Prihandini ◽  
Febi Ratnasari
Keyword(s):  
Control Design ◽  
Case Control ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Purposive Sampling

Kejadian stunting merupakan permasalah pada gizi dan salah satunya dipengaruhi juga oleh faktor genetik (tinggi badan). Terjadi peningkatan kejadian stunting yang signifikan di Puskesmas Sepatan dimana tahun 2018 sebanyak 44 kasus dan tahun 2019 sebanyak 70 kasus. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui hubungan antara tinggi badan orang tua dan pemberian ASI eksklusif terhadap kejadian stunting di Puskesmas Sepatan Kabupaten Tangerang. Metode penelitian menggunakan case control design. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh balita di Puskesmas Sepatan Kabupaten Tangerang. Besaran sampel menggunakan rumus Yamane diperoleh sampel sebanyak 60 responden untuk masing-masing kasus dan kontrol dengan total sampel 120 responden. Sampel diambil dengan teknik purposive sampling. Data diperoleh dengan cara menelpon orang tua balita atau kader dan menanyakan sesuai dengan kuesioner. Analisa data secara univariat dan bivariat dengan menggunakan uji chi square. Hasil penelitian dari 120 orang tua pada balita, sebagian besar memiliki tinggi badan ayah dan ibu yang normal yaitu 93 responden (77,5%) dan 89 responden (74,2%). Balita sebagian besar mendapatkan ASI eksklusif yaitu sebanyak 79 responden (65,8%). Terdapat hubungan antara tinggi badan ibu dan pemberian ASI eksklusif dengan kejadian stunting dengan P value = 0,000 dan 0,007. Tidak terdapat hubungan tinggi badan ayah dengan kejadian stunting dengan P value = 0,190. Kesimpulan  ada hubungan antara tinggi badan ibu dan pemberian ASI eksklusif dengan kejadian stunting di Puskesmas Sepatan Kabupaten Tangerang. Disarankan perlunya edukasi secara rutin untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan masyarakat tentang pertumbuhan dan perkembangan balita sehingga mengetahui faktor yang mempengaruhi permasalahan pertumbuhan balita khususnya stunting sehingga mampu melakukan tindakan pencegahan kejadian stunting.

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN KECUKUPAN VITAMIN C DAN ZAT BESI DENGAN KEBUGARAN JASMANI ATLET PENCAK IPSI LAMONGAN

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 134
Author(s):  
Kartika Indaswari Dewi ◽  
R. Bambang Wirjatmadi
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Control Design ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Statistical Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

Pencak silat is a sport that requires agility, speed, balance and body slenderness. Vitamin C and iron are part of the micronutrients that can support the athlete’s physical fitness. The aims of this study was to determine the relationship between the adequacy of vitamin C and iron with physical fitness of pencak silat athletes IPSI Lamongan. This study used observational analytics with case-control design with 20 samples of athletes, divided into 10 cases and 10 controls. The result of analysis from 2×24 hour food recall method in each case group was 9 (90%) athletes did not meet the requirement of vitamin C (<77%) and 8 (80%) athletes did not meet the requirement of iron and control group there were 7 (70 %) Athletes are not sufficient for vitamin C (<77%) and 6 (60%) of athletes are inadequate for iron (<77%). From the statistical test using chi-square, it was found that there was no significant relationship between vitamin C and iron adequacy with physical fitness (TKJI) with p=0.580 and p=0.620. Conclusion: adequacy level of vitamin C and iron of pencak silat athletes IPSI Lamongan is not meet their requirement yet.

Global hypothesis test to simultaneously compare the predictive values of two binary diagnostic tests

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 1161-1173 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Antonio Roldán Nofuentes ◽  
Juan de Dios Luna del Castillo ◽  
Miguel Ángel Montero Alonso
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Hypothesis Test ◽  
Predictive Values

scholarly journals Influenza vaccine effectiveness against influenza A in children based on the results of various rapid influenza tests in the 2018/19 season

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0249005
Author(s):  
Masayoshi Shinjoh ◽  
Norio Sugaya ◽  
Yoshio Yamaguchi ◽  
Ichiro Ookawara ◽  
Yuji Nakata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Control Design ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Vaccine Effectiveness ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Negative Case ◽  
Influenza A H1n1

During influenza epidemics, Japanese clinicians routinely conduct rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs) in patients with influenza-like illness, and patients with positive test results are treated with anti-influenza drugs within 48 h after the onset of illness. We assessed the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) in children (6 months–15 years old, N = 4243), using a test-negative case-control design based on the results of RIDTs in the 2018/19 season. The VE against influenza A(H1N1)pdm and A(H3N2) was analyzed separately using an RIDT kit specifically for detecting A(H1N1)pdm09. The adjusted VE against combined influenza A (H1N1pdm and H3N2) and against A(H1N1)pdm09 was 39% (95% confidence interval [CI], 30%–46%) and 74% (95% CI, 39%–89%), respectively. By contrast, the VE against non-A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza A (presumed to be H3N2) was very low at 7%. The adjusted VE for preventing hospitalization was 56% (95% CI, 16%–77%) against influenza A. The VE against A(H1N1)pdm09 was consistently high in our studies. By contrast, the VE against A(H3N2) was low not only in adults but also in children in the 2018/19 season.

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