scholarly journals A Comprehensive Review of Characterization Methods for Metallurgical Coke Structures

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 174
Author(s):  
Heng Zheng ◽  
Runsheng Xu ◽  
Jianliang Zhang ◽  
Oday Daghagheleh ◽  
Johannes Schenk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Gas Adsorption ◽  
Diffraction Method ◽  
Metallurgical Coke ◽  
Image Method ◽  
Adsorption Method ◽  
Characterization Methods ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Chemical Structures

The structure of coke affects its reactivity and strength, which directly influences its performance in the blast furnace. This review divides coke structures into chemical structure, physical structure, and optical texture according to their relevant characteristics. The focuses of this review are the current characterization methods and research status of the coke structures. The chemical structures (element composition and functional group) can be characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy (Raman), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging technology (13C NMR). The physical structures (pore structure and micro-crystallite structure) can be characterized by image method, X-ray CT imaging technique, mercury intrusion method, nitrogen gas adsorption method, X-ray diffraction method (XRD), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The optical textures are usually divided and counted by a polarizing microscope. In the end, this review provides an idea of the construction of a coke molecular structural model, based on the above characterization. With the coke model, the evolution principles of the coke can be calculated and simulated. Hence, the coke performance can be predicted and optimized.

scholarly journals X-ray-Based Spectroscopic Techniques for Characterization of Polymer Nanocomposite Materials at a Molecular Level

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1053 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongwan Son ◽  
Sangho Cho ◽  
Jieun Nam ◽  
Hoik Lee ◽  
Myungwoong Kim
Keyword(s):  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Polymer Nanocomposite ◽  
Nanocomposite Materials ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Spectroscopic Techniques ◽  
Characterization Methods ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Chemical Structures

This review provides detailed fundamental principles of X-ray-based characterization methods, i.e., X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure, and the development of different techniques based on the principles to gain deeper understandings of chemical structures in polymeric materials. Qualitative and quantitative analyses enable obtaining chemical compositions including the relative and absolute concentrations of specific elements and chemical bonds near the surface of or deep inside the material of interest. More importantly, these techniques help us to access the interface of a polymer and a solid material at a molecular level in a polymer nanocomposite. The collective interpretation of all this information leads us to a better understanding of why specific material properties can be modulated in composite geometry. Finally, we will highlight the impacts of the use of these spectroscopic methods in recent advances in polymer nanocomposite materials for various nano- and bio-applications.

scholarly journals Growth of sillenite Bi12FeO20 single crystals: structural, thermal, optical, photocatalytic features and first principle calculations

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Durga Sankar Vavilapalli ◽  
Ambrose A. Melvin ◽  
F. Bellarmine ◽  
Ramanjaneyulu Mannam ◽  
Srihari Velaga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Crystal ◽  
Single Crystals ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Diffraction Method ◽  
Lattice Parameter ◽  
First Principle ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
First Principle Calculations ◽  
Photodegradation Efficiency

AbstractIdeal sillenite type Bi12FeO20 (BFO) micron sized single crystals have been successfully grown via inexpensive hydrothermal method. The refined single crystal X-ray diffraction data reveals cubic Bi12FeO20 structure with single crystal parameters. Occurrence of rare Fe4+ state is identified via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The lattice parameter (a) and corresponding molar volume (Vm) of Bi12FeO20 have been measured in the temperature range of 30–700 °C by the X-ray diffraction method. The thermal expansion coefficient (α) 3.93 × 10–5 K−1 was calculated from the measured values of the parameters. Electronic structure and density of states are investigated by first principle calculations. Photoelectrochemical measurements on single crystals with bandgap of 2 eV reveal significant photo response. The photoactivity of as grown crystals were further investigated by degrading organic effluents such as Methylene blue (MB) and Congo red (CR) under natural sunlight. BFO showed photodegradation efficiency about 74.23% and 32.10% for degrading MB and CR respectively. Interesting morphology and microstructure of pointed spearhead like BFO crystals provide a new insight in designing and synthesizing multifunctional single crystals.

Chemical Structures of Native Oxides Formed During Wet Chemical Treatments on NH4F Treated Si(111) Surfaces

1992 ◽  
Vol 259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeo Hattori ◽  
Hiroki Ogawa
Keyword(s):  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Native Oxide ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Native Oxides ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Wet Chemical ◽  
Silicon Interface

ABSTRACTChemical structures of native oxides formed during wet chemical treatments on NH4F treated Si(111) surfaces were investigated using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier Transformed Infrared Attenuated Total Reflection(FT-IR-ATR). It was found that the amounts of Si-H bonds in native oxides and those at native oxide/silicon interface are negligibly small in the case of native oxides formed in H2SO4-H2O2-H2O solution. Based on this discovery, it was confirmed that native oxides can be characterized by the amount of Si-H bonds in native oxides. Furthermore, it was found that the combination of various wet chemical treatments with the treatment in NH4OH-H2O2-H2O solution results in the drastic decrease in the amount of Si-H bonds in native oxides.

Extraordinary Stability of Structural and Electronic Properties of Tin Oxide Nanoparticles Formed by Soft Chemistry

2010 ◽  
Vol 75 ◽  
pp. 36-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Rumyantseva ◽  
Irina Zhurbina ◽  
Elena Varechkina ◽  
Siranuysh Badalyan ◽  
Alexander Gaskov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Tin Dioxide ◽  
Hydrogen Reduction ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Ammonia Solution ◽  
Adsorption Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Wet Chemical Synthesis ◽  
Tin Chloride

Powders of tin dioxide (SnO2) have been prepared by two different modifications of wet chemical synthesis, i.e. (i) by conventional hydrolysis of tin chloride dissolved in aqueous ammonia solution and (ii) by precipitation from tin chloride dissolved in aqueous hydrazine monohydrate (N2H4*H2O) solution. The prepared gels were dried and then annealed at different temperatures varied from 300 to 700 oC in order to form nanocrystals. Structure and optical properties of the samples were investigated by using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, thermoprogrammable hydrogen reduction, low temperature nitrogen adsorption method, photoluminescence, infra-red absorption, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The samples prepared by hydrazine-based method are characterized by surface area about 127-188 m2/g with high sintering resistance. The optical spectroscopy data revealed pure crystallinity and high defect concentration for the samples prepared by hydrazine-based method. The experimental results are discussed in view of different states of chemisorbed oxygen on SnO2 nanocrystal surfaces, which determine electronic and optical properties of the prepared samples.

scholarly journals Croton lechleri Extracts as Green Corrosion Inhibitors of Admiralty Brass in Hydrochloric Acid

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (24) ◽  
pp. 7417
Author(s):  
Carlos Cevallos-Morillo ◽  
Pablo Cisneros-Pérez ◽  
Roxana Llive ◽  
Marvin Ricaurte ◽  
Carlos Reinoso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Corrosion Inhibitors ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Transfer Resistance ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Green Corrosion Inhibitors ◽  
Croton Lechleri

Croton lechleri, commonly known as Dragon’s blood, is a tree cultivated in the northwest Amazon rainforest of Ecuador and Peru. This tree produces a deep red latex which is composed of different natural products such as phenolic compounds, alkaloids, and others. The chemical structures of these natural products found in C. lechleri latex are promising corrosion inhibitors of admiralty brass (AB), due to the number of heteroatoms and π structures. In this work, three different extracts of C. lechleri latex were obtained, characterized phytochemically, and employed as novel green corrosion inhibitors of AB. The corrosion inhibition efficiency (IE%) was determined in an aqueous 0.5 M HCl solution by potentiodynamic polarization (Tafel plots) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, measuring current density and charge transfer resistance, respectively. In addition, surface characterization of AB was performed by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques. Chloroform alkaloid-rich extracts resulted in IE% of 57% at 50 ppm, attributed to the formation of a layer of organic compounds on the AB surface that hindered the dezincification process. The formulation of corrosion inhibitors from C. lechleri latex allows for the valorization of non-edible natural sources and the diversification of the offer of green corrosion inhibitors for the chemical treatment of heat exchangers.

Nanocomposite Synthesis from a Natural Clay-Rich Soils and Exhausted Coffee Grounds for Environmental Applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 47-63
Author(s):  
Vianey Urdapilleta-Inchaurregui ◽  
Fabián Fernández-Luqueño ◽  
Aidé Minerva Torres-Huerta ◽  
Daniela Roa-Velázquez ◽  
Francisco Javier Rodríguez-Varela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Environmental Remediation ◽  
Gas Adsorption ◽  
Energy Gap ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Thermal Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Coffee Grounds

Natural clays, engineered Ag-nanoparticles (NP), TiO2-NP, and exhausted coffee grounds were used to synthesize a nanocomposite 7NC using a Vertisol soil through a single-step by thermal method, to build a nanomaterial to degrade or filtrate pollutants from soils, water or air. The surface characteristics and the porosity of the composite were studied through nitrogen gas adsorption at liquid nitrogen temperature and application of the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) equation and the results indicated that the microporous composites ranged a surface area of 17.36 m2 g-1. X-ray diffraction showed crystalline structure and crystalline phase of the nanocomposites. HR-TEM-STEM results demonstrated that TiO2-NP surrounded Ag-NP, and both were impregnated on natural soil nanoparticles. Oxidation states of the Ag-NP and TiO2-NP were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) The energy gap of nanocomposite 7NC was determined using the Kubelka-Munck model from Ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance (UV–Visible DRS) spectra. The photocatalytic activity of these nanocomposites was evaluated, and the results indicated that nanocomposite with Vertisol-soil-NP (7NC) degraded the harmful organic compound methylene blue (MB) while the antimicrobial activity and resistance against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and the zone of inhibition (ZOI) also were analyzed. The nanocomposites Ag-NP/TiO2-NP/natural-soil-NP/exhausted coffee-ground showed its for the development of an efficient material for environmental remediation with photocatalytic and antimicrobial activity.

scholarly journals Synthesis and Characterization of a New Aluminum-Doped Bismuth Subcarbonate

Crystals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 466
Author(s):  
Loisangela Álvarez ◽  
Blanca Rojas de Gascue ◽  
Rolando J. Tremont ◽  
Edgar Márquez ◽  
Euclides J. Velazco
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
Synthesis And Characterization ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Characterization Methods ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Anionic Part

A new compound, Bi2O2CO3:Al, was synthesized by the coprecipitation method. The characterization was done by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electronic scanning microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The characterization methods allowed to identify the Bi2O2CO3:Al compound, such as the Al-doped Bi2O2CO3 by XRD, the anionic part (CO32−) by FTIR, and the presence of aluminum in the compound by XPS and EDX. It was confirmed to have a nanostructure like a nanosheet and a microstructure that resembles a type sponge by SEM.

scholarly journals Effect of the Fluorine Substitution for –OH Group on the Luminescence Property of Eu3+ Doped Hydroxyapatite

Crystals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaojun Zhang ◽  
Qingguo Xing ◽  
Lixuan Liao ◽  
Yingchao Han
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Phase Composition ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Fluorine Substitution ◽  
Luminescence Enhancement ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fluoridated Hydroxyapatite ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Substitution Ratio

In this study, different fluoridated hydroxyapatite doped with Eu3+ ion nanoparticles were prepared by the hydrothermal method. The relationship between luminescence enhancement of Eu3+ ions and a fluorine substitution ratio for hydroxyl group in hydroxyapatite was discussed. Moreover, the effect of fluorine substitution for a hydroxyl group on phase composition, crystallinity, and crystal size was studied. Phase composition and chemical structures were identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy analyses. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) patterns were performed to analyze the morphology and particle size. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) patterns were observed to analyze fluorine substitution for the hydroxyl group and chemical state of Eu3+ ions in fluoridated hydroxyapatite. The results of these experiments indicated that the samples with a different fluorine substitution ratio were prepared successfully by maintaining the apatite structure. With an increasing fluorine substitution ratio, the morphology maintained a rod-like structure but the aspect ratio tended to decrease. XPS patterns displayed that the fluorine replaced the hydroxyl group and brought environmental variation. The fluorine ions could affect the crystal field environment and promote luminescence conversion. There was a linear relationship between the fluorine substitution ratio and luminescence enhancement.

Synthesis of Brominated Alkanes via Heterogeneous Catalytic Distillation over Al2O3/SO42−/ZrO2

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1464
Author(s):  
Su Yang ◽  
Xiaoxuan Guo ◽  
Xiaomei Pan ◽  
Liuyu Gu ◽  
Xueping Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Reactive Distillation ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Acid Sites ◽  
Side Reactions ◽  
Catalytic Distillation ◽  
Characterization Methods ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalytic ◽  
Microscopic Morphology

Concentrated sulfuric acid is generally used as a catalyst for producing brominated alkanes in traditional methods, but is highly corrosive and difficult to separate. This work reports the preparation of bromopropane from n-propanol based on a reactive distillation strategy combined with alumina-modified sulfated zirconia (Al2O3/SO42−/ZrO2) as a heterogenous catalyst. As expected, under the optimum reaction conditions (110 °C), the yield of bromopropane was 96.18% without side reactions due to the reactive distillation strategy. Meanwhile, the microscopic morphology and performance of Al2O3/SO42−/ZrO2 were evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Brunner–Emmet–Teller (BET), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT–IR), and other characterization methods. The results confirmed that the morphology of zirconia sulfate is effectively regulated by the modification method of alumina, and more edges and angles provide more catalytic acid sites for the reaction. Furthermore, Al2O3/SO42−/ZrO2 exhibited high stability and remarkable reusability due to the strong chemical bond Zr–Al–Zr. This work provides a practical method for the preparation of bromopropane and can be further extended to the preparation of other bromoalkanes.

Mechanochemical Synthesis of Nanocrystalline CeO2: The Effect of Annealing Temperatures on the Particle Size

2006 ◽  
Vol 517 ◽  
pp. 252-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Hadi ◽  
Iskandar Idris Yaacob ◽  
Lee Seok Ling
Keyword(s):  
Annealing Temperature ◽  
Gas Adsorption ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Treatment Results ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Characterization Methods ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Annealing Temperatures ◽  
Adsorption Desorption

Cerium dioxide (CeO2) nanoparticles were synthesized by a novel mechanochemical process. The precursors of Ce2(CO3)3.xH2O and NaOH were mixed at a weight ratio of 4 to 1. The mixtures were milled using a planetary ball mill with ball to powder ratio of 10:1. The products were then characterized using a battery of characterization methods, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and gas adsorption-desorption measurement. The as-prepared particles were largely amorphous with an average specific surface area of about 119.94 m2/g. Nanocrystalline CeO2 with crystallite size of 4.5 nm was obtained when the sample was annealed in air at 350 oC. The heat treatment results showed that the crystallinity of nanocrystalline CeO2 increased with increasing annealing temperature.

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