scholarly journals Perna canaliculus as an Ecological Material in the Removal of o-Cresol Pollutants from Soil

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (21) ◽  
pp. 6685
Author(s):  
Magdalena Zaborowska ◽  
Jadwiga Wyszkowska ◽  
Agata Borowik ◽  
Jan Kucharski
Keyword(s):  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Soil Microbiome ◽  
Colony Development ◽  
Perna Canaliculus ◽  
Organotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Bacterial Genetic ◽  
Four Levels

Soil contamination with cresol is a problem of the 21st century and poses a threat to soil microorganisms, humans, animals, and plants. The lack of precise data on the potential toxicity of o-cresol in soil microbiome and biochemical activity, as well as the search for effective remediation methods, inspired the aim of this study. Soil is subjected to four levels of contamination with o-cresol: 0, 0.1, 1, 10, and 50 mg o-cresol kg−1 dry matter (DM) of soil and the following are determined: the count of eight groups of microorganisms, colony development index (CD) and ecophysiological diversity index (EP) for organotrophic bacteria, actinobacteria and fungi, and the bacterial genetic diversity. Moreover, the responses of seven soil enzymes are investigated. Perna canaliculus is a recognized biosorbent of organic pollutants. Therefore, microbial biostimulation with Perna canaliculus shells is used to eliminate the negative effect of the phenolic compound on the soil microbiome. Fungi appears to be the microorganisms most sensitive to o-cresol, while Pseudomonas sp. is the least sensitive. In o-cresol-contaminated soils, the microbiome is represented mainly by the bacteria of the Proteobacteria and Firmicutes phyla. Acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and urease can be regarded as sensitive indicators of soil disturbance. Perna canaliculus shells prove to be an effective biostimulator of soil under pressure with o-cresol.

scholarly journals Energetic Value of Elymus elongatus L. and Zea mays L. Grown on Soil Polluted with Ni2+, Co2+, Cd2+, and Sensitivity of Rhizospheric Bacteria to Heavy Metals

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 4903
Author(s):  
Edyta Boros-Lajszner ◽  
Jadwiga Wyszkowska ◽  
Agata Borowik ◽  
Jan Kucharski
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Colony Development ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Rhizospheric Bacteria ◽  
Organotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Next Generation Sequencing Ngs

Plants, and microorganisms associated with them, offer an effective tool for removing pollutants, such as heavy metals, from the soil environment. The aim of this study was to determine changes caused by Ni2+, Co2+, and Cd2+ in the genetic diversity of soil-populating bacteria and the effect these heavy metals on the heating value of elongated coach grass (Elymus elongatus L.) and maize (Zea mays L.). Microorganisms support plants in removing heavy metals from soil. These plants can then be used for energetic purposes. The study aim was accomplished by determining counts of microorganisms and their resistance (RS) to Ni2+, Co2+, Cd2+, their colony development index (CD), ecophysiological diversity index (EP), and diversity established with the next generation sequencing (NGS) method. Further analyses aimed to establish test plants resistance to pollution with heavy metals and their heating value. Organotrophic bacteria turned out to be the most resistant to Co2+, whereas actinobacteria—to Cd2+ effects. At all taxonomic levels, the genetic diversity of bacteria was most adversely influenced by Cd2+ in the soil sown with Zea mays L. Bacteria belonging to Arthrobacter, Rhodoplanes, Kaistobacter, Devosia, Phycicoccus, and Thermomonas genera showed high tolerance to soil pollution with Ni2+, Co2+, and Cd2+, hence they should be perceived as potential sources of microorganisms useful for bioaugmentation of soils polluted with these heavy metals. Ni2+, Co2+, and Cd2+ had no effect on the heating value of Elymus elongatus L. and Zea mays L. The heating value of 1 kg of air-dry biomass of the tested plants was relatively high and ranged from 14.6 to 15.1 MJ. Elymus elongatus L. proved more useful in phytoremediation than Zea mays L.

scholarly journals Microbiological Study in Petrol-Spiked Soil

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 2664
Author(s):  
Agata Borowik ◽  
Jadwiga Wyszkowska ◽  
Jan Kucharski
Keyword(s):  
Soil Pollution ◽  
Soil Microorganisms ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Polluted Soil ◽  
Hydrocarbon Degradation ◽  
Soil Microbiome ◽  
Colony Development ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Spiked Soil

The pollution of arable lands and water with petroleum-derived products is still a valid problem, mainly due the extensive works aimed to improve their production technology to reduce fuel consumption and protect engines. An example of the upgraded fuels is the BP 98 unleaded petrol with Active technology. A pot experiment was carried out in which Eutric Cambisol soil was polluted with petrol to determine its effect on the microbiological and biochemical properties of this soil. Analyses were carried out to determine soil microbiome composition—with the incubation and metagenomic methods, the activity of seven enzymes, and cocksfoot effect on hydrocarbon degradation. The following indices were determined: colony development index (CD); ecophysiological diversity index (EP); index of cocksfoot effect on soil microorganisms and enzymes (IFG); index of petrol effect on soil microorganisms and enzymes (IFP); index of the resistance of microorganisms, enzymes, and cocksfoot to soil pollution with petrol (RS); Shannon–Weaver’s index of bacterial taxa diversity (H); and Shannon–Weaver’s index of hydrocarbon degradation (IDH). The soil pollution with petrol was found to increase population numbers of bacteria and fungi, and Protebacteria phylum abundance as well as to decrease the abundance of Actinobacteria and Acidobacteria phyla. The cultivation of cocksfoot on the petrol-polluted soil had an especially beneficial effect mainly on the bacteria belonging to the Ramlibacter, Pseudoxanthomonas, Mycoplana, and Sphingobium genera. The least susceptible to the soil pollution with petrol and cocksfoot cultivation were the bacteria of the following genera: Kaistobacter, Rhodoplanes, Bacillus, Streptomyces, Paenibacillus, Phenylobacterium, and Terracoccus. Cocksfoot proved effective in the phytoremediation of petrol-polluted soil, as it accelerated hydrocarbon degradation and increased the genetic diversity of bacteria. It additionally enhanced the activities of soil enzymes.

scholarly journals Microbiological and Biochemical Activity in Soil Contaminated with Pyrene Subjected to Bioaugmentation

2021 ◽  
Vol 232 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aneta Lipińska ◽  
Jadwiga Wyszkowska ◽  
Jan Kucharski
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Soil Enzymes ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Colony Development ◽  
Test Time ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Microbial Counts ◽  
Bacterial Consortia

AbstractThe aim of the study was to determine the efficacy of bioaugmentation in pyrene-contaminated soil based on microbial counts, colony development index (CD), ecophysiological diversity index (EP), soil enzyme activity, and an assay of residual pyrene levels in the soil. The soil samples were contaminated with pyrene doses of 100 and 1000 mg kg−1 DM soil. Two bacterial consortia were used in the study: P1 (Bacillus frigoritolerans Z2B-19, Bacillus simplex 2–134, and Bacillus thuringiensis ex4) and P2 (Bacillus pumilus Bp-11, Bacillus safensis L22, and Bacillus aerophilus KUDC1741). The following parameters were determined: counts of organotrophic bacteria, actinobacteria, and fungi; CD; EP; and the activity of soil enzymes. The pyrene degradation efficacy of the bioaugmentation was also established. Microbiological activity was influenced by the level of soil contamination with pyrene, the test time, and the type of consortium. Pyrene had a stimulatory effect on the microbial counts and was a diversifier of CD values, EP values, and enzyme activity levels in the soil. Bioaugmentation initially promoted the growth of microorganisms, but ultimately diminished the ecophysiological diversity and the activity of soil enzymes. The microorganisms used for bioaugmentation accelerated pyrene removal from the soil, by 24.6% and 16.4% in the case of P1 and P2 consortium, respectively. The use of bioaugmentation provides favorable conditions for the effective elimination of pyrene from soil. As the microbiological and biochemical properties of the soil were improved in the initial phase of the study, this method can be recommended for the bioremediation of pyrene-contaminated soils.

scholarly journals Microbiological and Biochemical Properties in Eutric/Dystric Brunic Arenosols, Eutric/Endocalcaric Cambisols, and Haplic/Albic Luvisols Soils

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Baćmaga ◽  
Jadwiga Wyszkowska ◽  
Agata Borowik ◽  
Jan Kucharski ◽  
Łukasz Paprocki
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Activity ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Colony Development ◽  
Class Level ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Family ◽  
Organotrophic Bacteria

AbstractTo understand the role of microorganisms in the functioning of forest ecosystems, the structure of bacterial communities and the enzymatic activity were determined in forest soils representing the following soil subtypes: Eutric/Dystric Brunic Arenosols (A), Eutric/Endocalcaric Cambisols (C), and Haplic/Albic Luvisols (L). Their microbiological and biochemical properties were compared based on bacterial counts and diversity, and activities of seven soil enzymes: dehydrogenases, catalase, urease, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, arylsulfatase, and β-glucosidase. Organotrophic bacteria and actinobacteria were the most abundant and featured the highest values of the EP (ecophysiological diversity index) in the Haplic/Albic Luvisol soil. In turn, the CD (colony development index) values of these bacterial groups were the highest in the Eutric/Endocalcaric Cambisols. The OTU number of bacteria allowed concluding that, at the class level, the Eutric/Dystric Brunic Arenosols and Haplic/Albic Luvisols were predominated by Alphaproteobacteria belonging to Proteobacteria, whereas the Eutric/Endocalcaric Cambisols by Actinobacteria. At the family rank, the Eutric/Dystric Brunic Arenosols were colonized in the highest numbers by Mycobacteriaceae, Rhodospirillaceae, Koribacteriaceae, and Acidobacteriaceae; the Eutric/Endocalcaric Cambisols by Nocardiaceae, Bradyrhizobiaceae, and Mycobacteriaceae, whereas Haplic/Albic Luvisols by Sinobacteriaceae and Rhodospirillaceae. Four bacterial genera, i.e., Rhodoplanes, Burkholderia belonging to Proteobacteria, Mycobacterium belonging to Actinobacteria, and Candidatus Solibacter belonging to Acidobacteria, were identified in all soils tested. The genetic diversity of bacteria was proved the highest in Eutric/Endocalcaric Cambisols. In turn, the highest enzymatic activity was found for Haplic/Albic Luvisols, while the lowest one for Eutric/Endocalcaric Cambisols. The present study results point out to significant differences between the soil types analyzed in terms of the diversity and structure of their bacterial communities and their enzymatic properties.

scholarly journals Soil Bacterial Community and Soil Enzyme Activity Depending on the Cultivation of Triticum aestivum, Brassica napus, and Pisum sativum ssp. arvense

Diversity ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jadwiga Wyszkowska ◽  
Agata Borowik ◽  
Jacek Olszewski ◽  
Jan Kucharski
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Size Fraction ◽  
Soil Microbiome ◽  
Colony Development

This study aims to determine the effects of crops and their cultivation regimes on changes in the soil microbiome. Three plant species were selected for the study: Triticum aestivum, Brassica napus, and Pisum sativum ssp. arvense, that were cultivated in soils with a similar particle size fraction. Field experiments were performed on the area of the Iławski Lake District (north-eastern Poland) at the Production and Experimental Station ‘Bałcyny’ (53°35′49″ N, 19°51′20″ E). In soil samples counts, organotrophic bacteria and actinobacteria were quantified, and the colony development index (CD) and ecophysiological diversity index (EP) were computed. In addition, a 16S amplicon sequencing encoding gene was conducted based on the hypervariable region V3–V4. Further analyses included an evaluation of the basic physiochemical properties of the soil and the activities of dehydrogenases, catalase, urease, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, arylsulfatase, and β-glucosidase. Analyses carried out in the study demonstrated that the rhizosphere of Triticum aestivum had a more beneficial effect on bacteria development than those of Brassica napus and Pisum sativum ssp. arvense, as indicated by the values of the ecophysiological diversity index (EP) and OTU abundance calculated for individual taxa in the soils in which the studied crops were grown. More OTUs of the taxa Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Clostridia, Sphingomonadales, Rhodospirillales, Xanthomonadales, Streptomycetaceae, Pseudonocardiaceae, Acetobacteraceae, Solibacteraceae, Kaistobacter, Cohnella, Azospirillum, Cryptosporangium, Rhodoplanes, and Saccharopolyspora were determined in the bacteriome structure of the soil from Triticum aestivum cultivation than in the soils from the cultivation of Brassica napus and Pisum sativum ssp. arvense. Also, the activities of most of the analyzed enzymes, including urease, catalase, alkaline phosphatase, β-glucosidase, and arylsulfatase, were the higher in the soil sown with Triticum aestivum than in those with the other two plant species.

Linking fish and crustacean taxonomic composition with seasonal contrasts in the soft-bottom intertidal zone

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Gondal ◽  
S. Iqbal ◽  
U. Atique ◽  
N. U. Saher ◽  
N. A. Qureshi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Taxonomic Composition ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Fish Species Composition ◽  
One Year ◽  
Sw Monsoon

Abstract The primary objective of this study was to investigate the seasonal fish and crustacean variations concerning taxonomic composition, species richness, and diversity in sandy beach habitat. For this purpose, we investigated the Sonmiani Hor lagoon area during four distinct seasons, i.e., northeast (NE) monsoon, pre-monsoon, south-west (SW) monsoon, and post-monsoon for one year. During each haul, the net was pulled about 100m along the beach in 0.5m depth. The results showed a strong linear correlation between the diversity index and equitability in fishes (r = 0.978). The diversity index was strong negatively correlated with the abundance and biomass (r = -0.978, -0.972, respectively). The physical attributes like sea surface water temperature and salinity showed a strong negative effect on species assemblages (r = -0.981 and -0.943, respectively). The mean air and water temperature illustrated approximately 3°C difference during NE and pre-monsoon seasons. However, salinity, pH, and electrical conductivity did not show any significant seasonal variabilities. Under the ecological indices, the fish species displayed higher diversity (H’ = 3.19) during SW monsoon, whereas the lowest diversity was observed during pre-monsoon (H’ = 1.58). The equitability and species richness, however, remained more noticeable during SW monsoon (J’ = 0.81). The total number of individuals of fish and crustaceans reached 4799 with 3813 fish individuals and 986 individuals of crustaceans. A total of 27 families of fish while five crustacean families comprising of 30 genera and 38 fish species while ten genera and 17 species of crustaceans were recorded. Liza subviridis displayed the highest abundance among the sampled fish species. In conclusion, fish species constituted a significant part of the coastal fauna in the study area. The seasonal variations displayed distinct variations in fish species composition and diversity.

Effects of nitrogen deposition on litter decomposition and nutrient release mediated by litter types and seasonal change in a temperate forest

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guoyong Yan ◽  
Xiongde Dong ◽  
Binbin Huang ◽  
Honglin Wang ◽  
Ziming Hong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Litter Decomposition ◽  
Nutrient Release ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
Pinus Koraiensis ◽  
N Addition ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
Mixed Litter ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Four Levels

We conducted a field experiment with four levels of simulated nitrogen (N) deposition (0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 g N m−2 yr−1, respectively) to investigate the response of litter decomposition of Pinus koraiensis (PK), Tilia amurensis (TA), and their mixture to N deposition during winter and growing seasons. Results showed that N addition significantly increased the mass loss of PK litter and significantly decreased the mass loss of TA litter throughout the 2 yr decomposition processes, which indicated that the different responses in the decomposition of different litters to N addition can be species specific, potentially attributed to different litter chemistry. The faster decomposition of PK litter with N addition occurred mainly in the winter, whereas the slower decomposition of TA litter with N addition occurred during the growing season. Moreover, N addition had a positive effect on the release of phosphorus, magnesium, and manganese for PK litter and had a negative effect on the release of carbon, iron, and lignin for TA litter. Decomposition and nutrient release from mixed litter with N addition showed a non-additive effect. The mass loss from litter in the first winter and over the entire study correlated positively with the initial concentration of cellulose, lignin, and certain nutrients in the litter, demonstrating the potential influence of different tissue chemistries.

Comparison of oxidoreductive enzyme activities in three coal tar creosote-contaminated soils

Soil Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (8) ◽  
pp. 814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Telesiński ◽  
Teresa Krzyśko-Łupicka ◽  
Krystyna Cybulska ◽  
Barbara Pawłowska ◽  
Robert Biczak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Coal Tar ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Oxidoreductase Activity ◽  
Sandy Clay Loam ◽  
Sandy Clay ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Negative Effect

This study used laboratory experiments to compare the effects of coal tar creosote on the activity of oxidoreductive enzymes in sandy loam, loamy sand and sandy clay loam soils. Different amounts of coal tar creosote were added to soil samples as follows: 0 (control), 2, 10 or 50 g kg–1 dry matter. The activity of soil dehydrogenases (DHAs), o-diphenol oxidase (o-DPO), catalase (CAT), nitrate reductase (NR) and peroxidases (POX) was determined. Contamination of soil with coal tar creosote affected oxidoreductase activity. Oxidoreductive enzyme activity following soil contamination with coal tar creosote was in the following order: DHAs > CAT > NR > POX > o-DPO in loamy sand and in sandy loam; and DHAs > POX > CAT > NR > o-DPO in sandy clay loam. The index of soil oxidoreductive activity (IOx) introduced in this study confirms the negative effect of coal tar creosote on oxidoreductase activity in soil. DHAs were the most sensitive to the contamination of soil with coal tar creosote. Moreover, the greatest changes in oxidoreductase activities were observed in loamy sand. Knowledge of the mechanism underlying the effects of coal tar creosote on oxidoreductive processes may enable development of a method for the bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated soils.

Coordinated trials on the protein requirements of sows 1. A comparison of four levels of dietary protein in gestation and two in lactation

1977 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. D. Greenhalgh ◽  
F. W. H. Elsley ◽  
D. A. Grubb ◽  
A. L. Lightfoot ◽  
D. W. Saul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Intake ◽  
Treatment Combination ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Satisfactory Performance ◽  
Additional Group ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Size At Birth

SUMMARY1. Gestation diets formulated to contain A, 9; B, 11; C, 13 or D, 15% protein, and lactation diets with C, 13 or E, 17% protein provided eight treatment combinations. They were given at seven centres at 2 kg/day in gestation and approximately 5·7 kg/day in lactation to sows which remained on experiment for three to five parities and produced in total 468 litters. Mean results for parities one to four are given in this summary.2. For gestation diets A to D mean litter size at birth was 9·7, 10·1, 10·3 and 10·4 live pigs, and at weaning (at 6 weeks), 8·2, 8·7, 8·8 and 8·8. Sows which received lactation diets C and E subsequently produced 10·4 and 10·3 pigs at birth and 8·9 and 8·3 at weaning.3. Gestation diets had no consistent effects on piglet weights. During lactation, however, diet E gave heavier pigs than C, by 0·2 kg at 3 weeks and 0·5 kg at weaning.4. Extra protein for either gestation or lactation had a positive effect on sow weight at that stage, but a negative effect in the following stage. There were no direct treatment effects on the time required for re-conception.5. Twenty experimental sows at the Rowett Institute, together with an additional group given diet A for both gestation and lactation, showed strong positive relationships between lactation protein intake and milk yield or composition.6. The treatment combination AC (i.e. 9% protein in gestation and 13% in lactation) gave the lowest weight of weaned pigs per litter, and CC gave the highest. The remaining treatments gave similar weights; of these BC (nominally 11 with 13, but actually 11·5 with 13·5% protein) was concluded to provide the lowest protein intake consistent with satisfactory performance.

scholarly journals Landscape structure and climate seasonality affect the amount, richness and diversity of pollen collected by honeybees in a Neotropical region of Colombia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula María Montoya-Pfeiffer ◽  
Guiomar Nates-Parra
Keyword(s):  
Landscape Structure ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Forest Area ◽  
Colony Development ◽  
Monthly Precipitation ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Pollen Species

AbstractPollen is the main food for honeybee broods and young workers and so colony development and reproduction rely heavily on pollen availability, both spatially and temporally, in the environment. Intensification of agriculture and climate seasonality are known to alter honeybee foraging patterns and pollen intake through changes in resource availability in temperate regions; however, little is known about how honeybees respond to such environmental factors in tropical regions.Pollen species collected by honeybees in a Neotropical agricultural region of Colombia were identified. The effects of landscape structure (landscape Shannon Diversity Index, forest area in 1000 m around the apiary) and climate seasonality (mean monthly precipitation) on the amount, richness and diversity of pollen collected by the honeybees were evaluated for all pollen species together and pollen species segregated according to forest and anthropic areas (croplands, grasslands, woodlands, urban areas).Honeybees were found to be much more associated with anthropic than forest pollen species regardless of landscape structure or precipitation. However, the amount, richness and diversity of pollen from all species and forest species responded positively to landscape diversity and forest area, suggesting an advantage for honeybees in obtaining small quantities of pollen from forest species, in spite of being well-adapted to forage in anthropic areas. Precipitation was found not to be related to the overall amount and overall richness of pollen collected by honeybees, suggesting that climate seasonality was not an important factor for pollen foraging. Nonetheless, overall pollen diversity was negatively affected by precipitation in less diverse landscapes, while anthropic pollen diversity was negatively affected in more forested landscapes. These findings are compared with those from temperate regions, and the implications for honeybee productivity and survival, and their interactions with Neotropical native species, are discussed.

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