scholarly journals Soil Bacterial Community and Soil Enzyme Activity Depending on the Cultivation of Triticum aestivum, Brassica napus, and Pisum sativum ssp. arvense

Diversity ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jadwiga Wyszkowska ◽  
Agata Borowik ◽  
Jacek Olszewski ◽  
Jan Kucharski
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Size Fraction ◽  
Soil Microbiome ◽  
Colony Development

This study aims to determine the effects of crops and their cultivation regimes on changes in the soil microbiome. Three plant species were selected for the study: Triticum aestivum, Brassica napus, and Pisum sativum ssp. arvense, that were cultivated in soils with a similar particle size fraction. Field experiments were performed on the area of the Iławski Lake District (north-eastern Poland) at the Production and Experimental Station ‘Bałcyny’ (53°35′49″ N, 19°51′20″ E). In soil samples counts, organotrophic bacteria and actinobacteria were quantified, and the colony development index (CD) and ecophysiological diversity index (EP) were computed. In addition, a 16S amplicon sequencing encoding gene was conducted based on the hypervariable region V3–V4. Further analyses included an evaluation of the basic physiochemical properties of the soil and the activities of dehydrogenases, catalase, urease, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, arylsulfatase, and β-glucosidase. Analyses carried out in the study demonstrated that the rhizosphere of Triticum aestivum had a more beneficial effect on bacteria development than those of Brassica napus and Pisum sativum ssp. arvense, as indicated by the values of the ecophysiological diversity index (EP) and OTU abundance calculated for individual taxa in the soils in which the studied crops were grown. More OTUs of the taxa Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Clostridia, Sphingomonadales, Rhodospirillales, Xanthomonadales, Streptomycetaceae, Pseudonocardiaceae, Acetobacteraceae, Solibacteraceae, Kaistobacter, Cohnella, Azospirillum, Cryptosporangium, Rhodoplanes, and Saccharopolyspora were determined in the bacteriome structure of the soil from Triticum aestivum cultivation than in the soils from the cultivation of Brassica napus and Pisum sativum ssp. arvense. Also, the activities of most of the analyzed enzymes, including urease, catalase, alkaline phosphatase, β-glucosidase, and arylsulfatase, were the higher in the soil sown with Triticum aestivum than in those with the other two plant species.

scholarly journals Soil Microbiome Response to Contamination with Bisphenol A, Bisphenol F and Bisphenol S

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 3529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Zaborowska ◽  
Jadwiga Wyszkowska ◽  
Agata Borowik
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Soil Microbiome ◽  
Colony Development ◽  
Biochemical Activity ◽  
Bisphenol S ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Bisphenol F

The choice of the study objective was affected by numerous controversies and concerns around bisphenol F (BPF) and bisphenol S (BPS)—analogues of bisphenol A (BPA). The study focused on the determination and comparison of the scale of the BPA, BPF, and BPS impact on the soil microbiome and its enzymatic activity. The following parameters were determined in soil uncontaminated and contaminated with BPA, BPF, and BPS: the count of eleven groups of microorganisms, colony development (CD) index, microorganism ecophysiological diversity (EP) index, genetic diversity of bacteria and activity of dehydrogenases (Deh), urease (Ure), catalase (Cat), acid phosphatase (Pac), alkaline phosphatase (Pal), arylsulphatase (Aryl) and β-glucosidase (Glu). Bisphenols A, S and F significantly disrupted the soil homeostasis. BPF is regarded as the most toxic, followed by BPS and BPA. BPF and BPS reduced the abundance of Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria and increased that of Actinobacteria. Unique types of bacteria were identified as well as the characteristics of each bisphenol: Lysobacter, Steroidobacter, Variovorax, Mycoplana, for BPA, Caldilinea, Arthrobacter, Cellulosimicrobium and Promicromonospora for BPF and Dactylosporangium Geodermatophilus, Sphingopyxis for BPS. Considering the strength of a negative impact of bisphenols on the soil biochemical activity, they can be arranged as follows: BPS > BPF > BPA. Urease and arylsulphatase proved to be the most susceptible and dehydrogenases the least susceptible to bisphenols pressure, regardless of the study duration.

Comparing responses to phosphorus of field pea (Pisum sativum), canola (rape, Brassica napus) and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum)

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 645 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. A. Bolland ◽  
R. F. Brennan ◽  
P. F White
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Single Superphosphate

The phosphorus (P) requirements of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) are well known for all soils in south-western Australia; but the P requirements of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) and canola (Brassica napus L.), which are grown in rotation with wheat on marginally acidic to alkaline soils in the region, are not known. In a glasshouse study, the P requirements of field pea and wheat were compared for 16 soils collected throughout the agricultural region. Ten of the 16 soils were also used to compare the P requirements of canola and wheat. The P was applied as powdered single superphosphate, and yield of dried shoots of 42-day-old plants was measured. The amount of P required to produce 90% of the maximum yield of dried shoots (PR90 values) was used to compare the P requirements of the species. To produce 90% of the maximum yield, field pea required less P than wheat in 5 soils, similar P in 2 soils, and more P in 9 soils. Canola required less P than wheat in all 10 soils. We conclude the P requirements of field pea or canola relative to wheat depend on a complex interaction between plant and soil, particularly for field pea relative to wheat. Per unit of applied P, the P concentration in dried shoots decreased in the order canola > wheat > field pea, indicating the order in which plant roots of the 3 species were able to access P from soil.

scholarly journals Microbiological Study in Petrol-Spiked Soil

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 2664
Author(s):  
Agata Borowik ◽  
Jadwiga Wyszkowska ◽  
Jan Kucharski
Keyword(s):  
Soil Pollution ◽  
Soil Microorganisms ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Polluted Soil ◽  
Hydrocarbon Degradation ◽  
Soil Microbiome ◽  
Colony Development ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Spiked Soil

The pollution of arable lands and water with petroleum-derived products is still a valid problem, mainly due the extensive works aimed to improve their production technology to reduce fuel consumption and protect engines. An example of the upgraded fuels is the BP 98 unleaded petrol with Active technology. A pot experiment was carried out in which Eutric Cambisol soil was polluted with petrol to determine its effect on the microbiological and biochemical properties of this soil. Analyses were carried out to determine soil microbiome composition—with the incubation and metagenomic methods, the activity of seven enzymes, and cocksfoot effect on hydrocarbon degradation. The following indices were determined: colony development index (CD); ecophysiological diversity index (EP); index of cocksfoot effect on soil microorganisms and enzymes (IFG); index of petrol effect on soil microorganisms and enzymes (IFP); index of the resistance of microorganisms, enzymes, and cocksfoot to soil pollution with petrol (RS); Shannon–Weaver’s index of bacterial taxa diversity (H); and Shannon–Weaver’s index of hydrocarbon degradation (IDH). The soil pollution with petrol was found to increase population numbers of bacteria and fungi, and Protebacteria phylum abundance as well as to decrease the abundance of Actinobacteria and Acidobacteria phyla. The cultivation of cocksfoot on the petrol-polluted soil had an especially beneficial effect mainly on the bacteria belonging to the Ramlibacter, Pseudoxanthomonas, Mycoplana, and Sphingobium genera. The least susceptible to the soil pollution with petrol and cocksfoot cultivation were the bacteria of the following genera: Kaistobacter, Rhodoplanes, Bacillus, Streptomyces, Paenibacillus, Phenylobacterium, and Terracoccus. Cocksfoot proved effective in the phytoremediation of petrol-polluted soil, as it accelerated hydrocarbon degradation and increased the genetic diversity of bacteria. It additionally enhanced the activities of soil enzymes.

scholarly journals Perna canaliculus as an Ecological Material in the Removal of o-Cresol Pollutants from Soil

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (21) ◽  
pp. 6685
Author(s):  
Magdalena Zaborowska ◽  
Jadwiga Wyszkowska ◽  
Agata Borowik ◽  
Jan Kucharski
Keyword(s):  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Soil Microbiome ◽  
Colony Development ◽  
Perna Canaliculus ◽  
Organotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Bacterial Genetic ◽  
Four Levels

Soil contamination with cresol is a problem of the 21st century and poses a threat to soil microorganisms, humans, animals, and plants. The lack of precise data on the potential toxicity of o-cresol in soil microbiome and biochemical activity, as well as the search for effective remediation methods, inspired the aim of this study. Soil is subjected to four levels of contamination with o-cresol: 0, 0.1, 1, 10, and 50 mg o-cresol kg−1 dry matter (DM) of soil and the following are determined: the count of eight groups of microorganisms, colony development index (CD) and ecophysiological diversity index (EP) for organotrophic bacteria, actinobacteria and fungi, and the bacterial genetic diversity. Moreover, the responses of seven soil enzymes are investigated. Perna canaliculus is a recognized biosorbent of organic pollutants. Therefore, microbial biostimulation with Perna canaliculus shells is used to eliminate the negative effect of the phenolic compound on the soil microbiome. Fungi appears to be the microorganisms most sensitive to o-cresol, while Pseudomonas sp. is the least sensitive. In o-cresol-contaminated soils, the microbiome is represented mainly by the bacteria of the Proteobacteria and Firmicutes phyla. Acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and urease can be regarded as sensitive indicators of soil disturbance. Perna canaliculus shells prove to be an effective biostimulator of soil under pressure with o-cresol.

Can surface residue alleviate water and heat stress?

2015 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Wang ◽  
Y. Gan ◽  
K. Brandt ◽  
Y. He ◽  
X. Qin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Surface Residue ◽  
Surface Moisture

Wang, H., Gan, Y., Brandt, K., He, Y., Qin, X. and Li, Z. 2015. Can surface residue alleviate water and heat stress? Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 197–200. Surface-placed residue increased the near soil surface moisture and reduced root heat stress. The improved micro environment resulted in greater root length for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and canola (Brassica napus) and 34, 8 and 8% higher yield, 7, 52 and 20% more straw and 7, 5, and 7.5 cm taller than the non-residue check for wheat, canola and dry pea (Pisum sativum), respectively.

scholarly journals The Response of the Soil Microbiome to Contamination with Cadmium, Cobalt and Nickel in Soil Sown with Brassica napus

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 498
Author(s):  
Edyta Boros-Lajszner ◽  
Jadwiga Wyszkowska ◽  
Agata Borowik ◽  
Jan Kucharski
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Soil Contamination ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Soil Microbiome ◽  
Colony Development ◽  
Microbial Counts ◽  
Cobalt And Nickel

Soil fertility is determined by biological diversity at all levels of life, from genes to entire biocenoses. The aim of this study was to evaluate bacterial diversity in soil contaminated with Cd2+, Co2+ and Ni2+ and sown with Brassica napus. This is an important consideration because soil-dwelling microorganisms support phytoremediation and minimize the adverse effects of heavy metals on the environment. Microbial counts, the influence (IFHM) of Cd2+, Co2+ and Ni2+ on microorganisms, the colony development (CD) index, the ecophysiological diversity (EP) index and genetic diversity of bacteria were determined under controlled conditions. Soil contamination with Cd2+, Co2+ and Ni2+ significantly influenced microbial diversity and increased the values of CD and EP indices. The tested heavy metals decreased the genetic diversity of bacteria, in particular in the phyla Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria. Bacteria of the genera Arthrobacter, Devosia, Kaistobacter, Paenibacillus, Phycicoccus, Rhodoplanes and Thermomonas were identified in both contaminated and non-contaminated soil. These bacteria are highly resistant to soil contamination with Cd2+, Co2+ and Ni2+.

scholarly journals Assigning confidence scores to homoeologs using fuzzy logic

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e6231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha M. Glover ◽  
Adrian Altenhoff ◽  
Christophe Dessimoz
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Upland Cotton ◽  
Previous Method ◽  
Improved Method ◽  
Polyploid Plant

In polyploid genomes, homoeologs are a specific subtype of homologs, and can be thought of as orthologs between subgenomes. In Orthologous MAtrix, we infer homoeologs in three polyploid plant species: upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), rapeseed (Brassica napus), and bread wheat (Triticum aestivum). While we can typically recognize the features of a “good” homoeolog prediction (a consistent evolutionary distance, high synteny, and a one-to-one relationship), none of them is a hard-fast criterion. We devised a novel fuzzy logic-based method to assign confidence scores to each pair of predicted homoeologs. We inferred homoeolog pairs and used the new and improved method to assign confidence scores, which ranged from 0 to 100. Most confidence scores were between 70 and 100, but the distribution varied between genomes. The new confidence scores show an improvement over our previous method and were manually evaluated using a subset from various confidence ranges.

High phosphorus concentrations in seed of wheat and annual medic are related to higher rates of dry matter production of seedlings and plants

1988 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 765 ◽  
Author(s):  
MDA Bolland ◽  
MJ Baker
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Medicago Polymorpha ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Pot Experiments ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Burr Medic

Seed of 2 cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and 1 burr medic (Medicago polymorpha) with increasing phosphorus (P) concentrations (wheat 1.4-3.7 g P/kg dry matter, medic 3.3-7.9 g P/kg dry matter) were collected from field experiments with variable levels of applied superphosphate (wheat 0- 577 kg P/ha, medic 0-364 kg P/ha) in south-western Australia. These seeds were used in further experiments to examine the effect of seed P concentration on the subsequent dry matter (DM) production of seedlings and plants in 3 glasshouse pot experiments and 1 field experiment. Seed of the same size (wheat, 35 mg/seed; medic, 3.6 mg/seed) but with increasing P concentration produced substantially higher DM yields in the absence or presence of freshly applied superphosphate P up to 28-35 days after sowing in the pot experiments and 67 days after sowing in the field experiment.

The long-term persistence of seeds of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) in arable fields

2003 ◽  
Vol 141 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. W. LUTMAN ◽  
S. E. FREEMAN ◽  
C. PEKRUN
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Initial Field ◽  
Seed Loss ◽  
Exponential Decline ◽  
Arable Fields ◽  
Decline Curves

The present paper reports on three sets of experiments exploring the persistence of seeds of oilseed rape (Brassica napus). The first, where known numbers of seeds were buried in September 1991 in two field experiments, demonstrated substantial initial losses of seeds, such that only 0·2 and 3·8% of seeds were still present after 4 months. In these experiments, which were not disturbed by mechanical cultivation, there was little evidence of further decline over the following 13 months. In the second of the two experiments, seeds were then left undisturbed for a further 136 months. A mean of 1·8% of seeds were still present after this period, providing further confirmation of the lack of decline in seed numbers in these undisturbed conditions. In the second pair of experiments, known numbers of seeds of three rape cultivars were broadcast onto plots and then either ploughed into the soil immediately after the start of the experiments, or were exposed to weekly shallow tine cultivation followed by ploughing after 4 weeks. The former created a larger seedbank than the latter. The experiments were then ploughed, annually (Expt 1) or at less frequent intervals (Expt 2); appreciable numbers of seeds survived for 65 months in both. Calculations based on exponential decline curves indicated that 95% seed loss would take 15–39 months, depending on the site, cultivar and initial post-harvest stubble treatment. The third part of the paper is based on more detailed studies of persistence of seeds of six cultivars in Petri dishes and buried in 25 cm pots. This work confirmed that cultivars differed in their persistence, as Apex was confirmed as highly persistent, whereas Rebel was short-lived. There were inconsistencies in the response of cultivar Synergy between the Petri-dish and pot experiment, which need further study. This experiment also reinforced the conclusion of the initial field experiments that little seed loss occurs in the absence of cultivations. Appreciable numbers of rape seeds will persist up to 4 years, in normal cropping conditions and in the absence of cultivation one experiment has confirmed persistence for over 11 years.

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