scholarly journals Integrated Process Simulation of Non-Oriented Electrical Steel

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (21) ◽  
pp. 6659
Author(s):  
Anett Stöcker ◽  
Max Weiner ◽  
Grzegorz Korpała ◽  
Ulrich Prahl ◽  
Xuefei Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Cold Rolling ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Hot Rolling ◽  
Electrical Steel ◽  
Sheet Thickness ◽  
Electrical Steels ◽  
Heterogeneous Microstructures ◽  
The Impact

[d=A]A tailor-made microstructure, especially regarding grain size and texture, improves the magnetic properties of non-oriented electrical steels. One way to adjust the microstructure is to control the production and processing in great detail. Simulation and modeling approaches can help to evaluate the impact of different process parameters and finally select them appropriately. We present individual model approaches for hot rolling, cold rolling, annealing and shear cutting and aim to connect the models to account for the complex interrelationships between the process steps. A layer model combined with a microstructure model describes the grain size evolution during hot rolling. The crystal plasticity finite-element method (CPFEM) predicts the cold-rolling texture. Grain size and texture evolution during annealing is captured by the level-set method and the heat treatment model GraGLeS2D+. The impact of different grain sizes across the sheet thickness on residual stress state is evaluated by the surface model. All models take heterogeneous microstructures across the sheet thickness into account. Furthermore, a relationship is established between process and material parameters and magnetic properties. The basic mathematical principles of the models are explained and demonstrated using laboratory experiments on a non-oriented electrical steel with 3.16 wt.% Si as an example. Improving the magnetic properties of non-oriented electrical steels are of high interest. In this context, improvement by a tailor-made microstructure, especially regarding grain size and texture, is one focus. One way to adjust the microstructure is to control the production and processing in great detail. Simulation and modeling approaches, emphasizing grain size and texture development, can help to evaluate and finally set process parameters. Here, we present individual model approaches for hot rolling, cold rolling, annealing and shear cutting and aim to connect the models to account for the complex interrelationships between the process steps. Furthermore, a connection between the process parameters and the magnetic properties is drawn. Grain size, grain size distribution, texture and dislocation density are the main transfer parameters in between the models. All models take heterogeneous microstructures across the sheet thickness into account. The basic mathematical principles of the models are explained, and a case study is presented in each case using FeSi3.2wt%Si as an example material.

scholarly journals Influence of Process Parameters on Grain Size and Texture Evolution of Fe-3.2 wt.-% Si Non-Oriented Electrical Steels

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (22) ◽  
pp. 6822
Author(s):  
Xuefei Wei ◽  
Alexander Krämer ◽  
Gerhard Hirt ◽  
Anett Stöcker ◽  
Rudolf Kawalla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Cold Rolling ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Hot Rolling ◽  
Electrical Steel ◽  
Texture Evolution ◽  
Laboratory Scale ◽  
Process Chain ◽  
Final Annealing

The magnetic properties of non-oriented electrical steel, widely used in electric machines, are closely related to the grain size and texture of the material. How to control the evolution of grain size and texture through processing in order to improve the magnetic properties is the research focus of this article. Therefore, the complete process chain of a non-oriented electrical steel with 3.2 wt.-% Si was studied with regard to hot rolling, cold rolling, and final annealing on laboratory scale. Through a comprehensive analysis of the process chain, the influence of important process parameters on the grain size and texture evolution as well as the magnetic properties was determined. It was found that furnace cooling after the last hot rolling pass led to a fully recrystallized grain structure with the favorable ND-rotated-cube component, and a large portion of this component was retained in the thin strip after cold rolling, resulting in a texture with a low γ-fiber and a high ND-cube component after final annealing at moderate to high temperatures. These promising results on a laboratory scale can be regarded as an effective way to control the processing on an industrial scale, to finally tailor the magnetic properties of non-oriented electrical steel according to their final application.

Texture and Microstructure Evolution during Box Annealing of a Non-Oriented-Grain Electrical Steel

2011 ◽  
Vol 702-703 ◽  
pp. 595-598
Author(s):  
Francisco N.C. Freitas ◽  
Manoel Ribeiro da Silva ◽  
Sergio S.M. Tavares ◽  
Hamilton F.G. Abreu
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Cold Rolling ◽  
Crystallographic Texture ◽  
Electrical Steel ◽  
Electron Backscatter Diffraction ◽  
Magnetization Direction ◽  
Electrical Steels ◽  
Cold Rolling And Annealing ◽  
Work Samples

Non-oriented grain type electrical steels are used mainly in electrical rotating machines such as motors and compressors, in which the magnetization direction rotates 360 ° every cycle while remaining in the plane of the plate. The performance of these devices is affected by crystallographic texture of electrical steels due to strong anisotropy of magnetic properties. The electrical steel is supplied in the form of plates which are processed by cold rolling and subsequent annealing. Both, cold rolling and annealing directly influence the formation of crystallographic texture components. During annealing, recrystallization occurs, and this phenomenon gives rise to changes in texture that influences the quality of the final product and its application. Several works have been published in the study of the evolution of crystallographic texture and grain size in this type of electrical steel. In this work, samples have been taken in industrial conditions at various temperatures during the annealing in a coil box. Electrical steel samples cold rolled with reductions of 50% and 70% in thickness were removed during the process of annealing, and the evolution of texture with increasing temperature was studied. Aspects related to recrystallization, grain size and the evolution of texture and magnetic properties were discussed. Texture and recrystallization were studied by X-ray diffraction and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The magnetic properties were measured in a vibrating sample magnetometer.

scholarly journals Material Design for Low-Loss Non-Oriented Electrical Steel for Energy Efficient Drives

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (21) ◽  
pp. 6588
Author(s):  
Nora Leuning ◽  
Markus Jaeger ◽  
Benedikt Schauerte ◽  
Anett Stöcker ◽  
Rudolf Kawalla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Electrical Steel ◽  
Sheet Thickness ◽  
Material Design ◽  
Material Behavior ◽  
Nonlinear Material ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Electrical Machine ◽  
Electrical Steels

Due to the nonlinear material behavior and contradicting application requirements, the selection of a specific electrical steel grade for a highly efficient electrical machine during its design stage is challenging. With sufficient knowledge of the correlations between material and magnetic properties and capable material models, a material design for specific requirements can be enabled. In this work, the correlations between magnetization behavior, iron loss and the most relevant material parameters for non-oriented electrical steels, i.e., alloying, sheet thickness and grain size, are studied on laboratory-produced iron-based electrical steels of 2.4 and 3.2 wt % silicon. Different final thicknesses and grain sizes for both alloys are obtained by different production parameters to produce a total of 21 final material states, which are characterized by state-of-the-art material characterization methods. The magnetic properties are measured on a single sheet tester, quantified up to 5 kHz and used to parametrize the semi-physical IEM loss model. From the loss parameters, a tailor-made material, marked by its thickness and grain size is deduced. The influence of different steel grades and the chance of tailor-made material design is discussed in the context of an exemplary e-mobility application by performing finite-element electrical machine simulations and post-processing on four of the twenty-one materials and the tailor-made material. It is shown that thicker materials can lead to fewer iron losses if the alloying and grain size are adapted and that the three studied parameters are in fact levers for material design where resources can be saved by a targeted optimization.

Effects of Different Alloy Composition on Magnetic Properties of Non-Oriented Electrical Steel

2013 ◽  
Vol 423-426 ◽  
pp. 286-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Gui Pei ◽  
Pei Kang Bai ◽  
Zhang Xia Guo
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Hot Rolling ◽  
Magnetic Induction ◽  
Electrical Steel ◽  
Alloy Composition ◽  
Iron Loss ◽  
Steel Alloy ◽  
Effect Of Hot Rolling

Different alloy composition has a significant effect on the magnetic properties of non-oriented electrical steel . Alloy composition effected recrystallization of product through the effect of hot rolling plate grain size, then effected magnetic properties. Supposing everything other component and process remain equal, the iron loss significantly decreased and magnetic induction deterioration was not obvious with the increase of Manganese element and the grain size increases.

Improving magnetic properties of non-oriented electrical steels by controlling grain size prior to cold rolling

2019 ◽  
Vol 491 ◽  
pp. 165636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling-Zi An ◽  
Yin-ping Wang ◽  
Hong-Yu Song ◽  
Guo-Dong Wang ◽  
Hai-Tao Liu
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Cold Rolling ◽  
Electrical Steels

scholarly journals Correlation between the Magnetic Properties and the Crystallographic Texture during the Processing of Non Oriented Electrical Steel

2010 ◽  
Vol 160 ◽  
pp. 189-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Verbeken ◽  
Edgar Gomes ◽  
Juergen Schneider ◽  
Yvan Houbaert
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Crystallographic Texture ◽  
Electron Backscatter Diffraction ◽  
Magnetic Anisotropy Energy ◽  
Electrical Steels ◽  
History Of ◽  
Microstructure Morphology ◽  
Backscatter Diffraction ◽  
The Impact

The magnetic properties in electrical steels are strongly dependent on the crystallographic texture as well as other microstructural features such as grain size. Both, texture and grain size, are determined by the thermo-mechanical history of the material. This work regards a set of different thermo-mechanical paths applied on two types of non-oriented electrical steels containing 2.4% and 3.0%Si, respectively. The evolution of grain size, microstructure morphology and texture throughout processing were studied in detail by optical microscopy, X-Ray diffraction and Electron BackScatter Diffraction (EBSD). The impact of the texture on the magnetic properties was evaluated. This was done by the calculation of the magnetic anisotropy energy and the A parameter, i.e. a parameter defined in scientific literature that describes the magnetic "quality" of the texture, which can be correlated with the magnetic properties of the materials. Finally, the influence of further laser cutting on the crystallographic texture will be examined as well.

Magnetic Barkhausen Noise Characterization of the Recrystallization of a Non-Oriented Electrical Steel after Cold Rolling at Different Angles to the Hot Rolling Direction

2018 ◽  
Vol 941 ◽  
pp. 274-279
Author(s):  
You Liang He ◽  
Mehdi Mehdi ◽  
Erik J. Hilinski ◽  
Afsaneh Edrisy
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Cold Rolling ◽  
Hot Rolling ◽  
Electrical Steel ◽  
Electron Backscatter Diffraction ◽  
Rolling Direction ◽  
Barkhausen Noise ◽  
Magnetic Barkhausen Noise ◽  
Final Annealing ◽  
Steel Sheets

Non-oriented electrical steel sheets are the most commonly used material for the manufacturing of magnetic cores for electric motors and generators. The microstructure and texture of the steel after final annealing have a significant effect on the magnetic properties of the lamination core. To investigate the effect of cold rolling and annealing on the magnetic properties of the steel sheets, a 0.9 wt% Si non-oriented electrical steel was cold rolled at different angles to the hot rolling direction (HRD) and annealed at various temperatures (600°C to 750°C) to produce dissimilar microstructures. The progress of recrystallization was characterized by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and the magnetic response of the steel at various stages of recrystallization was evaluated by magnetic Barkhausen noise (MBN). A number of MBN parameters, e.g. the root mean square, the smoothed envelope, the peak, the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the envelope, the time integral of the MBN signals and the MBN energy, were analyzed with respect to the fraction of recrystallization during annealing. The results show that cold rolling at different angles to the hot rolling direction induces various deformation microstructures and stored energies, which, in turn, lead to considerably different recrystallization behaviours during annealing. The difference in recrystallization of these materials is also reflected in the MBN parameters.

Texture Change during Grain Growth in Non-Oriented Electrical Steel

2012 ◽  
Vol 715-716 ◽  
pp. 33-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Arita ◽  
L. Chan ◽  
S.D. Sintay ◽  
Anthony D. Rollett
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Grain Size ◽  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Cold Rolling ◽  
Grain Growth ◽  
Electrical Steel ◽  
Experimental Result ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Texture Change ◽  
Texture Sample

Grain size and texture are very important for controlling the magnetic properties in non-oriented electrical steel. Grain size and texture are closely related because the texture usually changes during grain growth. In this study, texture changes with grain growth in non-oriented electrical steel are investigated. Two kinds of materials, Sample A and Sample B, were prepared in order to study the differences of the texture. Sample A, Fe-0.5wt%Si, is not annealed before cold rolling. Sample B, the same chemical composition as Sample A, is annealed before cold rolling. In Sample A, the {111} texture component increases markedly during grain growth. By contrast, in Sample B, the increase in {111} is less pronounced. The recrystallized orientations in both Samples are analyzed, and computer simulation is used to attempt to explain the texture changes during grain growth. In the case of Sample A, the simulations reproduce the experimental result well; for Sample B, however, the simulations do not agree as well. The microstructures before annealing exhibit strong alignment of the orientations, which will require a new approach to building the digital microstructures for instantiation of the simulations.

Comprised of the Organization and Performance of Non-Oriented Electrical Steel with Cold and Heat Slab

2016 ◽  
Vol 852 ◽  
pp. 181-186
Author(s):  
Tie Ye ◽  
Zhen Yu Gao ◽  
Zhi Wen Lu ◽  
Zhi Guo Zhong
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Cold Rolling ◽  
Electrical Steel ◽  
Annealing Process ◽  
Rolled Plate ◽  
Continuous Annealing ◽  
Production Test ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Hot Rolled

The structure, texture, second phase and magnetic properties of non-oriented electrical steel with cold and heat slab were comprised through the production test. The research result shows that the grain size of hot rolled plate by cold slab is less than that of hot rolled plate by hot slab. But after cold rolling and annealing process, the grain size is consistent. Microstructure of hot rolled coil is recrystallized microstructure and the dispersion degree of texture orientation is high. Deformation makes the texture enhancement in cold rolling which become the strong texture based on {001} {111} and <110> texture. The Ti element has aggregation which can form hard impurities as TiN and TiSN to obstruct the recrystallization. Micro fine TiC formed in the annealing process which would block magnetic domain movement and reduce the magnetic properties of the product. MnS is precipitated impurities and the coarsening of MnS phase can reduce the domain block by improving the continuous annealing temperature and the magnetic field would be optimization.

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