scholarly journals Material Design for Low-Loss Non-Oriented Electrical Steel for Energy Efficient Drives

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (21) ◽  
pp. 6588
Author(s):  
Nora Leuning ◽  
Markus Jaeger ◽  
Benedikt Schauerte ◽  
Anett Stöcker ◽  
Rudolf Kawalla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Electrical Steel ◽  
Sheet Thickness ◽  
Material Design ◽  
Material Behavior ◽  
Nonlinear Material ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Electrical Machine ◽  
Electrical Steels

Due to the nonlinear material behavior and contradicting application requirements, the selection of a specific electrical steel grade for a highly efficient electrical machine during its design stage is challenging. With sufficient knowledge of the correlations between material and magnetic properties and capable material models, a material design for specific requirements can be enabled. In this work, the correlations between magnetization behavior, iron loss and the most relevant material parameters for non-oriented electrical steels, i.e., alloying, sheet thickness and grain size, are studied on laboratory-produced iron-based electrical steels of 2.4 and 3.2 wt % silicon. Different final thicknesses and grain sizes for both alloys are obtained by different production parameters to produce a total of 21 final material states, which are characterized by state-of-the-art material characterization methods. The magnetic properties are measured on a single sheet tester, quantified up to 5 kHz and used to parametrize the semi-physical IEM loss model. From the loss parameters, a tailor-made material, marked by its thickness and grain size is deduced. The influence of different steel grades and the chance of tailor-made material design is discussed in the context of an exemplary e-mobility application by performing finite-element electrical machine simulations and post-processing on four of the twenty-one materials and the tailor-made material. It is shown that thicker materials can lead to fewer iron losses if the alloying and grain size are adapted and that the three studied parameters are in fact levers for material design where resources can be saved by a targeted optimization.

scholarly journals Integrated Process Simulation of Non-Oriented Electrical Steel

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (21) ◽  
pp. 6659
Author(s):  
Anett Stöcker ◽  
Max Weiner ◽  
Grzegorz Korpała ◽  
Ulrich Prahl ◽  
Xuefei Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Cold Rolling ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Hot Rolling ◽  
Electrical Steel ◽  
Sheet Thickness ◽  
Electrical Steels ◽  
Heterogeneous Microstructures ◽  
The Impact

[d=A]A tailor-made microstructure, especially regarding grain size and texture, improves the magnetic properties of non-oriented electrical steels. One way to adjust the microstructure is to control the production and processing in great detail. Simulation and modeling approaches can help to evaluate the impact of different process parameters and finally select them appropriately. We present individual model approaches for hot rolling, cold rolling, annealing and shear cutting and aim to connect the models to account for the complex interrelationships between the process steps. A layer model combined with a microstructure model describes the grain size evolution during hot rolling. The crystal plasticity finite-element method (CPFEM) predicts the cold-rolling texture. Grain size and texture evolution during annealing is captured by the level-set method and the heat treatment model GraGLeS2D+. The impact of different grain sizes across the sheet thickness on residual stress state is evaluated by the surface model. All models take heterogeneous microstructures across the sheet thickness into account. Furthermore, a relationship is established between process and material parameters and magnetic properties. The basic mathematical principles of the models are explained and demonstrated using laboratory experiments on a non-oriented electrical steel with 3.16 wt.% Si as an example. Improving the magnetic properties of non-oriented electrical steels are of high interest. In this context, improvement by a tailor-made microstructure, especially regarding grain size and texture, is one focus. One way to adjust the microstructure is to control the production and processing in great detail. Simulation and modeling approaches, emphasizing grain size and texture development, can help to evaluate and finally set process parameters. Here, we present individual model approaches for hot rolling, cold rolling, annealing and shear cutting and aim to connect the models to account for the complex interrelationships between the process steps. Furthermore, a connection between the process parameters and the magnetic properties is drawn. Grain size, grain size distribution, texture and dislocation density are the main transfer parameters in between the models. All models take heterogeneous microstructures across the sheet thickness into account. The basic mathematical principles of the models are explained, and a case study is presented in each case using FeSi3.2wt%Si as an example material.

Texture and Microstructure Evolution during Box Annealing of a Non-Oriented-Grain Electrical Steel

2011 ◽  
Vol 702-703 ◽  
pp. 595-598
Author(s):  
Francisco N.C. Freitas ◽  
Manoel Ribeiro da Silva ◽  
Sergio S.M. Tavares ◽  
Hamilton F.G. Abreu
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Cold Rolling ◽  
Crystallographic Texture ◽  
Electrical Steel ◽  
Electron Backscatter Diffraction ◽  
Magnetization Direction ◽  
Electrical Steels ◽  
Cold Rolling And Annealing ◽  
Work Samples

Non-oriented grain type electrical steels are used mainly in electrical rotating machines such as motors and compressors, in which the magnetization direction rotates 360 ° every cycle while remaining in the plane of the plate. The performance of these devices is affected by crystallographic texture of electrical steels due to strong anisotropy of magnetic properties. The electrical steel is supplied in the form of plates which are processed by cold rolling and subsequent annealing. Both, cold rolling and annealing directly influence the formation of crystallographic texture components. During annealing, recrystallization occurs, and this phenomenon gives rise to changes in texture that influences the quality of the final product and its application. Several works have been published in the study of the evolution of crystallographic texture and grain size in this type of electrical steel. In this work, samples have been taken in industrial conditions at various temperatures during the annealing in a coil box. Electrical steel samples cold rolled with reductions of 50% and 70% in thickness were removed during the process of annealing, and the evolution of texture with increasing temperature was studied. Aspects related to recrystallization, grain size and the evolution of texture and magnetic properties were discussed. Texture and recrystallization were studied by X-ray diffraction and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The magnetic properties were measured in a vibrating sample magnetometer.

Effect of Hot Band Annealing on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Low Carbon Electrical Steels

2010 ◽  
Vol 1276 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Gutiérrez-Castañeda ◽  
A. Salinas-Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Grain Size ◽  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Electrical Steel ◽  
Processing Route ◽  
Rolled Strip ◽  
Final Annealing ◽  
Electrical Steels ◽  
Hot Rolled

AbstractMagnetic properties of grain non-oriented low-C electrical steels are improved when the hot rolled strip is annealed (HBA) prior to cold rolling and final annealing treatments. This improvement results from development of a {100}<uvw> texture in the large grained ferrite microstructure produced during final annealing. HBA at 800–850 °C results in rapid decarburization and elimination of carbide particles which have caused concerns about the suitability of the mechanical properties in the final product. In this work, samples taken from a hot rolled electrical steel coil are subjected to HBA during 150 minutes at 850 °C, cold rolled and finally annealed three minutes at temperatures between 700 and 1000 °C. The resulting tensile properties are compared with those of samples subjected to a similar processing route but without the HBA treatment and samples of industrially semi-processed grain non-oriented electrical steel decarburized 16 hours at 750 °C. It is shown that the yield strength of samples with and without HBA depends on the final grain size according to the Hall-Petch relationship; the final grain size depends strongly on annealing temperature. However, the HBA treatment causes the strength to decrease by a factor of about 2.5 and the ductility to increase by a factor of about 1.5. It is observed that the microstructure and tensile properties of the semi-processed electrical steel subjected to a final decarburization annealing are identical to those observed in material subjected to HBA in the present work. These results indicate that the HBA treatment not only improves the magnetic properties but also leads to a significant reduction of production time for grain non-oriented electrical steels.

scholarly journals Impact of residual stress evoked by pyramidal embossing on the magnetic material properties of non-oriented electrical steel

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ines Gilch ◽  
Tobias Neuwirth ◽  
Benedikt Schauerte ◽  
Nora Leuning ◽  
Simon Sebold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Material ◽  
Residual Stress ◽  
Magnetic Flux ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Electrical Steel ◽  
Maximum Energy ◽  
Material Behavior ◽  
Electrical Machine ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Steel Sheets

AbstractTargeted magnetic flux guidance in the rotor cross section of rotational electrical machines is crucial for the machine’s efficiency. Cutouts in the electrical steel sheets are integrated in the rotor sheets for magnetic flux guidance. These cutouts create thin structures in the rotor sheets which limit the maximum achievable rotational speed under centrifugal forces and the maximum energy density of the rotating electrical machine. In this paper, embossing-induced residual stress, employing the magneto-mechanical Villari effect, is studied as an innovative and alternative flux barrier design with negligible mechanical material deterioration. The overall objective is to replace cutouts by embossings, increasing the mechanical strength of the rotor. The identification of suitable embossing geometries, distributions and methodologies for the local introduction of residual stress is a major challenge. This paper examines finely distributed pyramidal embossings and their effect on the magnetic material behavior. The study is based on simulation and measurements of specimen with a single line of twenty embossing points performed with different punch forces. The magnetic material behavior is analyzed using neutron grating interferometry and a single sheet tester. Numerical examinations using finite element analysis and microhardness measurements provide a more detailed understanding of the interaction of residual stress distribution and magnetic material properties. The results reveal that residual stress induced by embossing affects magnetic material properties. Process parameters can be applied to adjust the magnetic material deterioration and the effect of magnetic flux guidance.

Comparison between Magnetic Anisotropy Energy and a Parameter to the Assessment of Magnetic Property of Electrical Steel

2018 ◽  
Vol 930 ◽  
pp. 449-453
Author(s):  
R.A.C. Felix ◽  
R.L.O. da Rosa ◽  
Luiz P. Brandão
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Magnetic Property ◽  
Magnetic Anisotropy ◽  
Electrical Steel ◽  
Anisotropy Energy ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Magnetic Polarization ◽  
Magnetic Anisotropy Energy ◽  
Electrical Steels ◽  
Global Parameters

Alternative methods of quantitative texture analysis are applied to characterize the non-oriented grain electrical steels (NOG) in relation to their magnetic properties. Magnetic anisotropy energy (Ea) and A parameter are two models based on crystallographic texture that generates global parameters that can be used to predict the magnetic properties of NOG steels. In this work, these two models were used to evaluate the magnetic polarization and compared between themselves to realize which one best correlates to this property.

Effects of Different Alloy Composition on Magnetic Properties of Non-Oriented Electrical Steel

2013 ◽  
Vol 423-426 ◽  
pp. 286-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Gui Pei ◽  
Pei Kang Bai ◽  
Zhang Xia Guo
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Hot Rolling ◽  
Magnetic Induction ◽  
Electrical Steel ◽  
Alloy Composition ◽  
Iron Loss ◽  
Steel Alloy ◽  
Effect Of Hot Rolling

Different alloy composition has a significant effect on the magnetic properties of non-oriented electrical steel . Alloy composition effected recrystallization of product through the effect of hot rolling plate grain size, then effected magnetic properties. Supposing everything other component and process remain equal, the iron loss significantly decreased and magnetic induction deterioration was not obvious with the increase of Manganese element and the grain size increases.

Improving magnetic properties of non-oriented electrical steels by controlling grain size prior to cold rolling

2019 ◽  
Vol 491 ◽  
pp. 165636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling-Zi An ◽  
Yin-ping Wang ◽  
Hong-Yu Song ◽  
Guo-Dong Wang ◽  
Hai-Tao Liu
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Cold Rolling ◽  
Electrical Steels

Relative effect(s) of texture and grain size on magnetic properties in a low silicon non-grain oriented electrical steel

2003 ◽  
Vol 264 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. PremKumar ◽  
I. Samajdar ◽  
N.N. Viswanathan ◽  
V. Singal ◽  
V. Seshadri
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Electrical Steel ◽  
Relative Effect
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