scholarly journals Novel Cast Polyurethanes Obtained by Using Reactive Phosphorus-Containing Polyol: Synthesis, Thermal Analysis and Combustion Behaviors

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 2699
Author(s):  
Izabela Zagożdżon ◽  
Paulina Parcheta ◽  
Janusz Datta
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Inert Atmosphere ◽  
Polyol Synthesis ◽  
Flame Resistance ◽  
Step Method ◽  
Heat And Mass Exchange ◽  
Phosphorus Containing ◽  
Flame Retarded ◽  
Combustion Tests

Phosphorus-containing polyol applications in polyurethane synthesis can prevent volatilization of flame retardants and their migration on the surface of a material. In this work, novel cast polyurethanes were prepared by a one-step method with the use of different amounts of phosphorus-containing polyol, 4,4′–diphenylmethane diisocyanate and 1,4-butanediol. The chemical structure, thermal, physicochemical and mechanical properties and flame resistance of the prepared materials were investigated. The results obtained for cast flame-retarded polyurethanes were compared with cast polyurethane synthesized with commonly known polyether polyol. It has been shown that with an increasing amount of phosphorus content to polyurethane’s chemical structure, an increased flame resistance and char yield were found during combustion tests. Phosphorus polyol worked in both the condensed (reduced heat and mass exchange) and gas phase (inhibition of flame propagation during burning). The obtained materials contained phosphorus polyol, indicating higher thermal stability in an oxidative environment than an inert atmosphere.

Thermogravimetric Evaluation of Magnesium Hydroxide and Red Phosphorous Flame Retarded Methyl Vinyl Silicone Rubber

2011 ◽  
Vol 396-398 ◽  
pp. 162-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Jian Niu ◽  
Ling Yang
Keyword(s):  
Magnesium Hydroxide ◽  
Silicone Rubber ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Red Phosphorus ◽  
Flame Retarded ◽  
Combustion Tests ◽  
Halogen Free

Halogen free fire-retardant silicon rubber compounds were prepared, using red phosphorus combined with magnesium hydroxide as flame retardants. The flame retardant mechanisms of red phosphorus, magnesium hydroxide were studied by means of comprehensive decomposition studies and combustion tests. The study is intended to illuminate prerequisites and the potential of red phosphorus as a fire retardant for silicone rubber in the condensed phase. The flammability was determined by limited oxygen indices （LOI） and UL 94 test. Thermo-oxidative decomposition kinetics were characterized by thermo-gravimetric analysis (TG). The activation energies were determined using the Friedman method, which do not require knowledge of the reaction mechanism (RM). The results show that the MVMQ/MH/RP composite has a higher thermal stability and lower flammability.

A Review of Phosphorus- Containing Flame Retardants

1996 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 353-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Green
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Organophosphorus Compounds ◽  
Red Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus Containing ◽  
Trade Names ◽  
Inorganic Phosphates

Phosphorus-containing flame retardants include red phosphorus, inorganic phosphates, organophosphorus compounds and chlorophosphorus compounds. These are reviewed showing chemical structure and major applica tions. U.S., Western Europe and Japanese producers are given along with their trade names. Intumescent phosphorus systems and compounds are discussed.

scholarly journals Polymer Composites Filled with Metal Derivatives: A Review of Flame Retardants

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1701
Author(s):  
R. A. Ilyas ◽  
S. M. Sapuan ◽  
M. R. M. Asyraf ◽  
D. A. Z. N. Dayana ◽  
J. J. N. Amelia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymer Composites ◽  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Safety Concern ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Metal Particles ◽  
Thermoplastic Composites ◽  
Flame Resistance ◽  
Metal Derivatives ◽  
Resistance Performance

Polymer composites filled with metal derivatives have been widely used in recent years, particularly as flame retardants, due to their superior characteristics, including high thermal behavior, low environmental degradation, and good fire resistance. The hybridization of metal and polymer composites produces various favorable properties, making them ideal materials for various advanced applications. The fire resistance performance of polymer composites can be enhanced by increasing the combustion capability of composite materials through the inclusion of metallic fireproof materials to protect the composites. The final properties of the metal-filled thermoplastic composites depend on several factors, including pore shape and distribution and morphology of metal particles. For example, fire safety equipment uses polyester thermoplastic and antimony sources with halogenated additives. The use of metals as additives in composites has captured the attention of researchers worldwide due to safety concern in consideration of people’s life and public properties. This review establishes the state-of-art flame resistance properties of metals/polymer composites for numerous industrial applications.

scholarly journals Green TPUs from Prepolymer Mixtures Designed by Controlling the Chemical Structure of Flexible Segments

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 7438
Author(s):  
Paulina Kasprzyk ◽  
Ewa Głowińska ◽  
Paulina Parcheta-Szwindowska ◽  
Kamila Rohde ◽  
Janusz Datta
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Melt Flow Index ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Flow Index ◽  
Step Method ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Trimethylene Glycol ◽  
Hard Segments ◽  
A Chain

This study concerns green thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU) obtained by controlling the chemical structure of flexible segments. Two types of bio-based polyether polyols—poly(trimethylene glycol)s—with average molecular weights ca. 1000 and 2700 Da were used (PO3G1000 and PO3G2700, respectively). TPUs were prepared via a two-step method. Hard segments consisted of 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanates and the bio-based 1,4-butanodiol (used as a chain extender and used to control the [NCO]/[OH] molar ratio). The impacts of the structure of flexible segments, the amount of each type of prepolymer, and the [NCO]/[OH] molar ratio on the chemical structure and selected properties of the TPUs were verified. By regulating the number of flexible segments of a given type, different selected properties of TPU materials were obtained. Thermal analysis confirmed the high thermal stability of the prepared materials and revealed that TPUs based on a higher amount of prepolymer synthesized from PO3G2700 have a tendency for cold crystallization. An increase in the amount of PO3G1000 at the flexible segments caused an increase in the tensile strength and decrease in the elongation at break. Melt flow index results demonstrated that the increase in the amount of prepolymer based on PO3G1000 resulted in TPUs favorable in terms of machining.

Effects of heterionic montmorillonites on flame resistances of polystyrene nanocomposites and the flame retardant mechanism

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (10) ◽  
pp. 1295-1303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yijiao Xue ◽  
Mingxia Shen ◽  
Fengling Lu ◽  
Yongqin Han ◽  
Shaohua Zeng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Infrared Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Flame Resistance ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardants ◽  
Thermal Stability Of ◽  
Better Than

To improve the flame resistance of polystyrene, three kinds of organophilic heterionic montmorillonites (Na-montmorillonite, Ca-montmorillonite, and Fe-montmorillonite) reinforced polystyrene nanocomposites were prepared by melt dispersion method. The structure and composition of the organo montmorillonites were characterized by using X-ray diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared analysis. The adhesion between organo montmorillonites and polystyrene was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The flame resistance and thermal stability of the polystyrene/organo montmorillonites were evaluated by cone calorimeter test and thermogravimetric analysis. The interlayer space of organo montmorillonites increased with the increase of the oxidation state of the cations. With the addition of organo montmorillonites, the peak values of all the flame resistance indexes of the polystyrene/organo montmorillonites nanocomposites decreased, among which the PHRR values have decreased the most, compared with those of polystyrene. Their corresponding test times have all been delayed following almost precisely the same trend. Therefore, their flame retardant ability come from their lamellated structures, their charring forming abilities, and the reducing power of Fe3+ in polystyrene/Fe-montmorillonite. Organo montmorillonites mainly act as a kind of intumescent flame retardants. The flame resistance of polystyrene/Na-montmorillonite nanocomposite was the best, and the polystyrene/Ca-montmorillonite came second, which is slightly better than that of polystyrene/Fe-montmorillonite.

scholarly journals A bio-based phosphaphenanthrene-containing derivative modified epoxy thermosets with good flame retardancy, high mechanical properties and transparency

RSC Advances ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (49) ◽  
pp. 30943-30954
Author(s):  
Wei Peng ◽  
Yu-xuan Xu ◽  
Shi-bin Nie ◽  
Wei Yang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
The Past ◽  
Phosphorus Containing ◽  
Modified Epoxy

Phosphorus-containing flame retardants have received huge interest for improving the flame retardant behavior of epoxy resins (EP) over the past few decades.

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