scholarly journals Metallographic Testing of 19th Century Steel in an Operating Water Tower

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2204
Author(s):  
Eugeniusz Hotała ◽  
Rajmund Ignatowicz ◽  
Maciej B. Lachowicz
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Steel Structures ◽  
Technical Condition ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Historical Structures ◽  
Steel Tank ◽  
History Of Use ◽  
The 19Th Century

The world’s first steel structures were built towards the end of the 19th century. Some of them are still in use today, whereas others are maintained as precious technical heritage. In both cases, there may be a need to assess their technical condition and carry out repairs and reinforcements, which requires an understanding of the properties of the steel used. The few studies that have been undertaken of such steel structures indicate that the properties depend on the history of use. This paper presents the results of metallographic tests of a steel tank in a water tower built in 1884 in Lower Silesia. The chemical composition was consistent with that of the puddled steel used in the 19th century. The carbon content showed significant segregation and ranged from 0.011% to 0.072% mass. As a consequence, a typical microstructure for low-carbon steels (ferritic) was observed, changing locally to ferritic-pearlitic. The tested steel contained a very high content of phosphorus and silicon. The microstructure with numerous slags favoured the formation of surface delamination caused by the corrosion processes. The degree of corrosion of the steel of the tank was also assessed, as well as the type of corrosion inside the tank. Corrosion was favoured by the oxygen concentration cell. The results of the research will be used to assess the potential for continuing tank use and the reinforcements that have been planned. The results presented will add to the somewhat limited research results available for steel dating back to the 19th century, which is still present in many building structures. Such a database is especially needed by those designing technical measures aimed at maintaining these historical structures in good technical condition.

scholarly journals Most Frequent Problems of Building Structures of Urban Apartment Buildings from 2nd Half of 19th Century and the Start of 20th Century

Buildings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Klara Kroftova
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Structural Safety ◽  
Horizontal Load ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Basic Prerequisite

An urban residential building from the second half of the 19th century and the start of the 20th century, the so-called tenement house, is a significant representative of the architecture of the developing urban fabric in Central Europe. The vertical and horizontal load-bearing structures of these houses currently tend to show characteristic, repeated defects and failures. Their knowledge may, in many cases, facilitate and speed up the design of the historic building’s restoration without compromising its heritage value in this process. The article presents the summary of the most frequently occurring defects and failures of these buildings. The summary, however, is not an absolute one, and, in the case of major damage to the building, it still applies that, first of all, a detailed analysis of the causes and consequences of defects and failures must be made as a basic prerequisite for the reliability and long-term durability of the building’s restoration and rehabilitation. An integral part of the rehabilitation of buildings must be the elimination of the causes of the appearance of their failures and remediation of all defects impairing their structural safety, health safety and energy efficiency.

scholarly journals First building engineers in architectural practice of St. Petersburg at the beginning of the 19th century

2020 ◽  
Vol 164 ◽  
pp. 05011
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Vozniak ◽  
Svetlana Golovina ◽  
Maria Kolesova
Keyword(s):  
Civil Engineer ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Engineering Education ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Bridge Construction ◽  
Architectural Practice ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time

The emergence of the specialty of civil engineer in the first half of the 19th century had a significant impact on architectural practice in St. Petersburg. The differentiation of the professions of engineer and architect took place for the first time; both specialists began to participate in the design. The appearance of such engineers as Augustine Betancourt, Matvey Clark, Pierre-Dominique Bazin and Wilhelm von Tretter brought about changes in all areas of architecture and construction. New building structures and materials appeared, as well as methods for checking and calculating. Designing has become comprehensive, the activities of the Committee for Structures and Hydraulic Works led by Betancourt covered urban development, individual buildings and all types of utilities. The formation of engineering education took place, which brought up the next generation of Russian engineers.The article considers the most important aspects of the activities of Augustine Betancourt, who laid the foundations for engineering education in Russia; Matvey Clark, who created the first metal beams and trusses; Pierre Dominique Bazin, who continued the development of engineering education, as well as Wilhelm von Tretter, one of the founders of iron bridge construction in Russia.

scholarly journals PRESERVATION OF AUTHENTICITY AND ADAPTATION OF AN OBJECT OF CULTURAL HERITAGE - COMPROMISE OR CONFLICT

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-17
Author(s):  
Vassily N. ALEKSEENKO ◽  
Oksana B. ZHILENKO
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Technical Condition ◽  
Safe Operation ◽  
Load Bearing ◽  
Heritage Site ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Functional Purpose

The issue of carrying out repair and restoration works of the cultural heritage object of the XIX century “Building of the Noble Assembly” in Simferopol and its adaptation to a new functional purpose with the preservation of authenticity is considered. As a rule, the original purpose of the building loses its relevance, the adaptation of the object to new functions is sometimes the only way to preserve the object of cultural heritage. Such objects need an integrated approach not only in assessing the technical condition, ensuring a suffi cient level of safe operation, but also in complex microclimatic studies to ensure a comfortable future use. Adaptation of a cultural heritage site with underestimation of microclimatic parameters leads to a confl ict of authenticity and comfort. The article presents the results of a survey of the 19th century cultural heritage site “The Building of the Noble Assembly” in Simferopol with an assessment of its technical condition. Recommendations have been developed for strengthening the load-bearing structures of the building, allowing for further safe operation, while maintaining its authenticity.

scholarly journals About historic stonework in Kraków

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 7-13
Author(s):  
Anna Kulig
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Structures ◽  
Historical Objects ◽  
The 19Th Century

Massive fragments of portals, mouldings, and columns which are stored in stone collections and museum storage rooms are today of no particular interest. They spur the visitors’ imagination only slightly; there, just a piece of stone, carved, yet incomplete, broken. Can this legacy, difficult in perception, be shown in a different way and made memorable? Can it be made close to the audience? The concepts of the pioneers of conservation of historical objects are worth referencing. Realized concepts testify for an attitude of respect towards the legacy and traditions. Gothic architectural details that were abandoned during demolitions of historical structures in the 19th century, have survived elsewhere, “incrusted” in other structures. It happened in the walls of Collegium Maius, The Bishop Erazm Ciołek Palace, Pusłowscy Palace, Lubomirscy Palace, Tadeusz Stryjeński Palace. They were often treated as native relics. Saved from destruction and from being forgotten they adorn facades, interiors and gardens. Perhaps the idea and the examples of stone collections will spur a reflection and inspiration in designers today.

High-Performance Steels in Europe

2005 ◽  
pp. 99-146
Author(s):  
Anders Samuelsson ◽  
Falko Schröter ◽  
Gerhard Sedlacek ◽  
Christian Müller ◽  
Alain Nussbaumer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Material Properties ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Steel Structures ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
New Production ◽  
Production Methods ◽  
Construction Market ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Quenching And Tempering

<p>Since the first application of steel in steel structures in the 19th century the develop­ment of steel construction has been closely linked to the development in material properties and production methods. Significant achievements concerning strength, economy, design versatility, fabrication and erection techniques and service perform­ance would not have been possible without the substantial improvements of steel. Es­pecially with the application of "new" production processes for carbon steels such as the thermo-mechanical rolling and the quenching and tempering process, steel with a high construction strength but guaranteeing also good fabrication properties such as weldability was introduced into the construction market.</p>

scholarly journals CULTURAL-HISTORICAL OBJECTS OF RIEBIŅI MUNICIPALITY IN THE 19th CENTURY – RIEBIŅI MANOR, PASTARI WINDMILLS AND BUFALIŠKI (GEĻENOVA)

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (10) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Inese Brīvere
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Technical Condition ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Source Analysis ◽  
Family Research ◽  
Historical Archives ◽  
Historical Objects ◽  
Historical Heritage ◽  
The 19Th Century

The present research is based on the method of source analysis, and its objective is to study a cultural and historical heritage of the manor of the end of the 19th century. In the documents of the Latvian State Historical Archives (the Russian Imperial Census of 1897) contain information about the manor and the buildings that had ben purchased by S. Kierbedz and M. Reut. The research does not confirm the widespread assertion that Eugenia Kerbedz has substantially renovated Riebiņi castle at the end of the 19th century for the work and recreation of the artists. The cultural-historical objects mentioned in the paper are not properly maintained today, and their potential regarding the tourism industry is not deployed. The potential of use depends on the type of use and location, as well as their technical condition. The census records are useful for family research.

scholarly journals High-Cycle, Low-Cycle, Extremely Low-Cycle Fatigue and Monotonic Fracture Behaviors of Low-Carbon Steel and Its Welded Joint

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 4111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Younghune Kim ◽  
Woonbong Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Mode ◽  
Fatigue Testing ◽  
Low Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Steel Structures ◽  
Cyclic Hardening ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Micro Dimples

Low-carbon steels are commonly used in welded steel structures and are exposed to various fatigue conditions, depending on the application. We demonstrate that the various transitions in the fracture mode during fatigue testing can be distinguished by their different cyclic response curves and microstructural features after fracture. Fractography, surface damage micrographs, and microstructural evolution clearly indicated the transition of the fracture modes from high-cycle to low-cycle, extremely low-cycle fatigue, and monotonic behavior. The high-cycle fatigue mode showed initial cyclic softening, followed by cyclic stabilization, and showed inclusion-induced crack initiation at fish-eyes, while the low-cycle fatigue mode showed initial cyclic hardening followed by cyclic stabilization, where fractography images showed obvious striations. In addition, the extremely low-cycle fatigue mode showed no cyclic stabilization after initial cyclic hardening, which was characterized by quasi-cleavage fractures with a few micro-dimples and transgranular cracking, while the monotonic fracture mode predominantly showed micro-dimples.

Lattice Imaging of Twin, Lath and α/Martensite Boundaries in Duplex Low Carbon Steels

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 118-119
Author(s):  
J. Y. Koo ◽  
G. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution Electron Microscopy ◽  
Ferrite Matrix ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Bright Field Image ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Lattice Imaging ◽  
Bright Field ◽  
Lattice Image ◽  
New Information ◽  
Resolution Electron

High resolution electron microscopy has been shown to give new information on defects(1) and phase transformations in solids (2,3). In a continuing program of lattice fringe imaging of alloys, we have applied this technique to the martensitic transformation in steels in order to characterize the atomic environments near twin, lath and αmartensite boundaries. This paper describes current progress in this program.Figures A and B show lattice image and conventional bright field image of the same area of a duplex Fe/2Si/0.1C steel described elsewhere(4). The microstructure consists of internally twinned martensite (M) embedded in a ferrite matrix (F). Use of the 2-beam tilted illumination technique incorporating a twin reflection produced {110} fringes across the microtwins.

Precipitation at the transformation interface of pearlite in steel

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 912-913
Author(s):  
F. A. Khalid ◽  
D. V. Edmonds
Keyword(s):  
Thin Foil ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Model Alloy ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Growth Interface ◽  
Medium Carbon ◽  
Interphase Precipitation ◽  
Solution Treated ◽  
Wide Range

The austenite/pearlite growth interface in a model alloy steel (Fe-1lMn-0.8C-0.5V nominal wt%) is being studied in an attempt to characterise the morphology and mechanism of VC precipitation at the growth interface. In this alloy pearlite nodules can be grown isothermally in austenite that remains stable at room temperature thus facilitating examination of the transformation interfaces. This study presents preliminary results of thin foil TEM of the precipitation of VC at the austenite/ferrite interface, which reaction, termed interphase precipitation, occurs in a number of low- carbon HSLA and microalloyed medium- and high- carbon steels. Some observations of interphase precipitation in microalloyed low- and medium- carbon commercial steels are also reported for comparison as this reaction can be responsible for a significant increase in strength in a wide range of commercial steels.The experimental alloy was made as 50 g argon arc melts using high purity materials and homogenised. Samples were solution treated at 1300 °C for 1 hr and WQ. Specimens were then solutionised at 1300 °C for 15 min. and isothermally transformed at 620 °C for 10-18hrs. and WQ. Specimens of microalloyed commercial steels were studied in either as-rolled or as- forged conditions. Detailed procedures of thin foil preparation for TEM are given elsewhere.

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