scholarly journals Investigation of the Quasi-Static Penetration Resistance Behaviour of Carbon/Aramid Fibre-Reinforced PP Laminate

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 709
Author(s):  
Joanna Pach ◽  
Ewa Kuterek
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Load ◽  
Damage Mechanism ◽  
Carbon Fibres ◽  
Penetration Test ◽  
Static Penetration ◽  
Intermediate Layers ◽  
Hybrid Laminates ◽  
Polypropylene Matrix ◽  
Outer Lining ◽  
The Impact

This work presents the experimental results of a quasi-static attempt at the penetration of hybrid and non-hybrid laminates reinforced with aramid and carbon fibres on a thermoplastic polypropylene matrix. The hybrid laminates were prepared in two fibre combinations: carbon–aramid–carbon (CAC), in which the carbon fibres comprised the outer (lining) layers, and aramid–carbon–aramid (ACA) with carbon fibres in their intermediate layers. A quasistatic penetration attempt was performed for two coefficients: SPR—support span to punch diameter ratio, (SPR = 2 and 5). The SPR = Ds/Dp was calculated as the ratio of the support (Ds) to the punch diameter (Dp). A punch with a rounded 9-mm diameter tip was used to penetrate the material. Percentage changes of penetration energy (%E) and of maximum load (%P) compared to a non-hybrid laminate with carbon fibres were calculated in order to estimate the impact of hybridisation on the properties of laminates. The maximum load recorded during a quasi-static penetration test was used to calculate the PSS (punch shear strength) of the laminates. The damage was observed after the penetration test. It was observed that both the order of layers of laminate reinforcement as well as the SPR coefficient used in the test influenced the obtained results and the laminate damage mechanism.

scholarly journals The Effects of Hybridisation of Composites Consisting of Aramid, Carbon, and Hemp Fibres in a Quasi-Static Penetration Test

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 4686
Author(s):  
Joanna Pach ◽  
Natalia Frączek ◽  
Jacek Kaczmar
Keyword(s):  
Composite Laminates ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Damage Mechanism ◽  
Tensile Testing Machine ◽  
Static Penetration ◽  
Hemp Fibres ◽  
Hybrid Laminates ◽  
Aramid Fabrics ◽  
Penetration Tests ◽  
Carbon Fabrics

The quasi-static penetration properties of hybrid laminates were experimentally investigated. Aramid fabrics, carbon fabrics, and short hemp fibres were applied as the reinforcements of hybrid and non-hybrid composite laminates with polyurethane–polyurea (PUR/PUA) matrix. The laminates were made by hand, in a mould. They were cured at room temperature for 24 h. Hybrid laminates consisted of aramid and carbon layers in two different configurations, i.e., aramid at the innermost layers and outermost layers. Aramid/PUR/PUA and carbon/PUR/PUA composites were fabricated for comparison purposes. Laminates were also prepared via an analogue sequence of laying the reinforcement layers with the addition of 5% by weight of hemp fibres in the PUR/PUA matrix. Quasi-static penetration tests (QSPT) were conducted using a tensile testing machine with a surface-hardened, hemispherical, steel punch (9 mm diameter tip), reflecting the geometry of the Parabellum projectile. A quasi-static puncture test was carried out until the laminate was perforated. The ratio between the support span (Ds) and the punch diameter (Dp) was SPR = Ds/Dp = 5.0. The results showed the influences of laminate hybridisation on the values of absorbed energy, punch shear strength, and damage mechanism in the QSPT test. The addition of hemp fibres to aramid laminates resulted in a positive hybridisation effect. The order of layers of aramid and carbon fabrics in hybrid laminates influenced the results obtained in the QSPT test.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF THE STACKING SEQUENCE ON THE IMPACT RESPONSE OF CARBON-GLASS/EPOXY HYBRID COMPOSITES

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 069
Author(s):  
Hafiz Tauqeer Ali ◽  
Roya Akrami ◽  
Sakineh Fotouhi ◽  
Farzad Pashmforoush ◽  
Cristiano Fragassa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid Composites ◽  
Glass Fibers ◽  
Maximum Load ◽  
Impact Response ◽  
Low Velocity Impact ◽  
Stacking Sequence ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Impact Performance ◽  
Hybrid Laminates ◽  
The Impact

This paper investigates low-velocity impact response of Quasi Isotropic (QI) hybrid carbon/glass fiber reinforced polymer composites with alternate stacking sequences. Cross-ply woven carbon and glass fibers were used as reinforcing materials to fabricate sandwiched and interlayer hybrid composites. For comparison, the laminates containing only-carbon and only-glass fibers were also studied. Drop weight test was used to impact the samples. The images captured by a normal camera demonstrated that localized damages (delamination) existed within plies. The hybrid laminates had smaller load drops, smaller maximum deflection, and higher maximum load compared to the single fiber laminates. In addition, carbon outside interlayer hybrid laminate showed the highest maximum load and energy absorption, showing the significant dependence of the impact performance on hybridization and stacking sequence. It was concluded that a hybrid composite would help improve impact performance of laminated composites compared to non-hybrid composites if they are properly designed.

Dependency of Machine Efficiency on the Thermal Behavior of Induction Machines

Machines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Svenja Kalt ◽  
Karl Ludwig Stolle ◽  
Philipp Neuhaus ◽  
Thomas Herrmann ◽  
Alexander Koch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Behavior ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Thermal Load ◽  
Load Capacity ◽  
Maximum Load ◽  
Induction Machines ◽  
Electric Machines ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Dynamic Operating ◽  
The Impact

The consideration of the thermal behavior of electric machines is becoming increasingly important in the machine design for electric vehicles due to the adaptation to more dynamic operating points compared to stationary applications. Whereas, the dependency of machine efficiency on thermal behavior is caused due to the impact of temperature on the resulting loss types. This leads to a shift of efficiency areas in the efficiency diagram of electric machines and has a significant impact on the maximum load capability and an impact on the cycle efficiency during operation, resulting in a reduction in the overall range of the electric vehicle. Therefore, this article aims at analyzing the thermal load limits of induction machines in regard to actual operation using measured driving data of battery electric vehicles. For this, a thermal model is implemented using MATLAB® and investigations to the sensitivity of model parameters as well as analysis of the continuous load capacity, thermal load and efficiency in driving cycles under changing boundary conditions are conducted.

Features of Semiconductors during Nanoindentation

2003 ◽  
Vol 779 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asta Richter ◽  
Bodo Wolf ◽  
Roger Smith ◽  
Margita Günther
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transformation ◽  
Hysteresis Loops ◽  
Maximum Load ◽  
Depth Sensing ◽  
Ion Energy ◽  
Loop Area ◽  
Area Reduction ◽  
Boron Implantation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Constant Maximum

AbstractSi and InSb were subject to depth sensing multi-cycling nanoindentation. The load-depthcurves exhibited hysteresis loops which are explained in terms of pressure induced phase transformations. In order to study the impact of crystal distortions on phase transformation, the specimens were subject to boron implantation (ion energy 180 keV) of different implantation doses (1014 to 1017 ions/cm2) and indented without annealing. In InSb, the hysteresis loops disappeared after implantation of 1016 ions/cm2, and for Si with its stronger bonds, a dose of 3*1016/cm2 is required for the same effect. Indentation cycling with constant maximum load results in a sudden disappearance of the hysteresis loop after a small gradual loop area reduction during the first initial cycles.

scholarly journals Karakterisasi Mekanik Komposit Matriks Polipropilena High Impact Dengan Serat Alam Acak Dengan Metode Hand Lay Up Untuk Komponen Automotive

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfan Ekajati Latief ◽  
Nuha Desi Anggraeni ◽  
Dedy Hernady
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Natural Fiber ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Natural Fibers ◽  
Mesh Size ◽  
High Impact ◽  
Hemp Fiber ◽  
Polypropylene Matrix ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pineapple Leaves

ABSTRAK Serat alam yang berfungsi sebagai penguat memiliki sifat yang lebih ringan, mudah dibentuk, tahan korosi, harga murah dan memiliki kekuatan yang sama dengan material logam. Serat bahan alami yang memiliki kekuatan tarik, tekan dan impak yang baik diantaranya serat rami dan daun nanas. Untuk matriks Polipropilena high impact (PPHI) yang banyak digunakan dalam industri otomotif.. Pada penelitian ini dipelajari pengaruh fraksi volume serat alami terhadap sifat mekanik komposit PPHI berpenguat serat alami. Komposit PPHI dibuat dengan menggunakan metode Hand Lay Up pada temperatur 2500C dengan fraksi volume serat alami sebesar 10%, dimana serat dibuat digunting halus hingga memiliki ukuran mesh 120/170, 170/200 dan dibawah 200 mesh, Kekuatan tarik komposit diukur dengan mengacu pada standar ASTM 3039, kekuatan tekan diukur mengacu pada ASTM D 695. Harga Impak dari komposit diukur dengan mengacu pada ASTM D 6110-04. Pada penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan, fraksi volume 10 % serat alami yang baik ketika dicampur dengan matriks polipropilena high impact adalah serat nanas dengan meshing 170/200 dapat meningkatkan kekuatan tarik PPHI sebesar 40 % dan meningkatkan harga impak PPHI sebesar 50,8 % jika dilihat penelitan sebelumnya yakni menggunakan serat rami dibawah mesh 1200 dengan matriks PPHI. Kata Kunci: Rami, Daun Nanas, Polipropilena High Impact, Hand Lay Up. ABSTRACT Natural fibers that function as reinforcement have lighter properties, are easily formed, are corrosion resistant, are cheap and have the same strength as metal materials. Natural fiber which has good tensile, compressive and impact strength including Ramie and pineapple leaves. For high impact polypropylene matrix (PPHI) which is widely used in the automotive industry. In this study the effect of volume fraction of natural fibers on the mechanical properties of PPHI composites with natural fiber reinforced properties was studied. PPHI composites are made using the Hand Lay Up method at a temperature of 2500C with a volume fraction of natural fibers of 10%, where fibers are made finely shaved to have a mesh size of 120/170, 170/200 and below 200 mesh, the tensile strength of the composite is measured by reference to the standard ASTM 3039, compressive strength measured refers to ASTM D 695. The impact price of the composite is measured with reference to ASTM D 6110-04. In this study it can be concluded, a good volume fraction of 10% natural fiber when mixed with high impact polypropylene matrix is pineapple fiber with meshing 170/200 can increase the tensile strength of PPHI by 40% and increase the impact price of PPHI by 50.8% if seen by research previously that used hemp fiber under mesh 1200 with PPHI matrix. Keywords: Ramie Pineapple, High Impact Polypropylene, Hand Lay Up.

scholarly journals Preliminary Design Framework for the Power Gearbox in a Contra-Rotating Open Rotor

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana G. San Benito Pastor ◽  
Devaiah Nalianda ◽  
Vishal Sethi ◽  
Ron Midgley ◽  
Andrew Rolt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
System Design ◽  
Load Capacity ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Maximum Load ◽  
Transmission System ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Planetary Gearbox ◽  
Open Rotor ◽  
Parametric Analyses ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This study introduces an innovative approach to sizing a differential planetary gearbox for a counter-rotating open rotor application. An updated methodology is proposed for the design of maximum load capacity gears based on the power transmitted, durability and space-envelope requirements of the application. The reported methodology has been validated by comparing the results to published data, demonstrating a maximum difference of 0.6% in geometry. Parametric analyses have also been performed to assess the impact of the design assumptions on gearbox dimensional trends. The proposed methodology enables the assessment of the impact of the preliminary transmission system design on engine performance and general arrangement. The characteristics of the gearset lead to an unequal torque split between output shafts (i.e. the propeller shafts). Given the design assumptions made, the study indicates that valid torque ratios would lie between 1.1 and 1.33. The impact of the torque ratio on the size of the gearbox has been analysed for equal rotational speeds and for different speeds between the output shafts. The study established that the transmission system design needs to be considered prior to selection of the torque ratio at engine design level.

scholarly journals The multiaxial behavior of filled polypropylene parts by drop-weight impact test

2018 ◽  
Vol 210 ◽  
pp. 05013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ales Mizera ◽  
Martin Mizera ◽  
Milan Navratil ◽  
Stepan Sanda ◽  
Michal Opocensky
Keyword(s):  
Polymeric Material ◽  
Glass Fibre ◽  
Impact Loading ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Impact Test ◽  
Impact Behavior ◽  
Suitable Choice ◽  
Penetration Test ◽  
Weight Impact ◽  
The Impact

This study deals with the multiaxial behaviour of reinforced polypropylene with 30 % of glass fibre (PP30GF) and virgin polypropylene (PP). The impact behavior of these two materials is very needed to know for the possible modification of these two materials to obtain the better material properties. The injection moulded PP, and PP30GF samples were subjected to the penetration test at different set potential energies, and the results were subsequently evaluated and discussed. It was found out that PP has better behaviour at the multiaxial stress than PP30GF. It is possible to claim that for the application more demanding to the impact loading, pure PP is more suitable choice of the polymeric material.

Effect of cadmium on the viability on monolayer cultures of synoviocytes, chondrocytes, and Hoffa: A preliminary study

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (12) ◽  
pp. 940-945
Author(s):  
J Fernández-Torres ◽  
R Plata-Rodríguez ◽  
Y Zamudio-Cuevas ◽  
GA Martínez-Nava ◽  
C Landa-Solís ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cadmium Chloride ◽  
Damage Mechanism ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Fat Pad ◽  
Joint Tissue ◽  
Monolayer Cultures ◽  
Gradual Loss ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the gradual loss of articular cartilage and involves several tissues, such as the synovial membrane, meniscus, ligaments, and adipose tissue known as Hoffa fat pad. There are largely unexplored factors that lead to OA development, such as the impact of exposure to heavy metals like cadmium (Cd) on the viability of cells in the knee joint tissue. The objective of this report was to identify the cell type with the highest susceptibility to Cd toxicity with respect to cell viability and death. Our findings showed that a concentration as low as 3 μM cadmium chloride for 12 h affects the viability of synovial cells, and a concentration of 10 μM affects Hoffa cells. Our results suggest that Cd can affect the viability of synovial and chondral cells primarily. In contrast, Hoffa cells were less susceptible, likely because Cd favors the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines before triggering their death as part of its damage mechanism at the articular level.

Influence of Hybridisation and Test Geometry on the Impact Response of Glass-Fibre-Reinforced Laminated Composites

2002 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 259-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Schrauwen ◽  
Pascal Bertens ◽  
Ton Peijs
Keyword(s):  
Glass Fibre ◽  
Test Set ◽  
Impact Behaviour ◽  
Impact Tests ◽  
Hybrid Laminates ◽  
Glass Fibre Reinforced ◽  
Weight Impact ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Falling Weight ◽  
The Impact

This paper describes the results of falling weight impact tests (FWITs) on glass-fibre-reinforced (GRP) laminates and E-glass/Dyneema® hybrid laminates. The test programme consisted of (i) falling weight impact tests to determine the penetration energy and (ii) experiments to determine the influence of hybrid construction on damage development and impact fatigue lifetime under repeated impact conditions at sub-penetration energy levels. The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of hybridisation on the impact behaviour of GRP laminates as well as to find optimal conditions for hybridisation. It was shown that in the case of a rigid test set-up - and hence small deflections - the influence of the Dyneema® on the impact behaviour of hybrid laminates is rather small because damage processes are the result of local contact stresses in the vicinity of the impact body, whereas in the case of a compliant test set-up and large deflections the high energy storage capacity of the ductile Dyneema® fibres is used far more effectively for the protection of hybrid composite laminates. Therefore, it was concluded that in order to fully utilise the potential of high-performance polyethylene fibres it is essential that these fibres are located on the (non-impacted) tensile side of an impacted laminate and that the geometrical test conditions are such that large (bending) deformations are allowed.

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