scholarly journals Influence of Fraction Particle Size of Pure Straw and Blends of Straw with Calcium Carbonate or Cassava Starch on Pelletising Process and Pellet

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 4623
Author(s):  
Aleksander Lisowski ◽  
Patryk Matkowski ◽  
Leszek Mieszkalski ◽  
Remigiusz Mruk ◽  
Mateusz Stasiak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Moisture Absorption ◽  
High Water ◽  
Agglomeration Process ◽  
Single Pellet ◽  
Compressive Loads ◽  
The Given

The aim of this study was to investigate the pressure agglomeration process of wheat straw (WS) and the blends of WS with calcium carbonate (CC) or cassava straw (CS) with a ratio of 6% wt./wt. from seven separate fractions with sizes in the range of 0.21–2.81 mm. The agglomeration was performed at a moisture of 30% wb and a material temperature of 78 °C, with a dose of 0.1 g, in a die of diameter 8 mm and height 80 mm. The effects of the process were evaluated based on the compaction parameters and the pellets’ density, tensile strength, and water absorption. The incorporation of additives into the WS improved the pellet process and quality. Refined results were achieved after adding CC, as compared to those achieved after adding CS, and the preferred particle size was in the range of 1.00–1.94 mm. This was because, under the given conditions, the back pressure in the die chamber significantly increased, allowing the achievement of a single pellet density of 800 kg·m−3. The pellets were resistant to compressive loads and cracked only at tensile strength of 6 MPa and a specific compression work of 6.5 mJ·mm−2. The addition of CC to the WS improved the strength of the adhesive and the cohesive bonds between the particles. The water absorption for the uncrushed pellets was considerably less than that for crushed pellets, which results in the safer storage of uncrushed pellets and excellent moisture absorption of crushed pellets. The addition of CC to the WS offers benefits in the form of pellet strength with a high water absorption capability. Notably, a study of crushed pellet litter under broiler rearing conditions and an analysis of the operational costs of using WS additives are required for implementing this study.

scholarly journals Starch-Jute fiber hybrid biocomposite modified with Epoxy resin layer: Fabrication and Experimental Characterization

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akarsh Verma ◽  
Kamal Joshi ◽  
Amit Gaur ◽  
V. K. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
High Water ◽  
Epoxy Coating ◽  
Jute Fiber ◽  
Compression Moulding ◽  
Resin Layer ◽  
Major Disadvantage ◽  
Water Absorption Property

In this article, bio-composites derived from starch-glycerol biodegradable matrix reinforced with jute fibers have been fabricated using the wet hand lay-up and compression moulding techniques. Samples having different weight percentages of jute fiber in the starch matrix have been analysed. The fibers surface was chemically treated by alkaline sodium hydroxide for improving the interphase bonding between fiber and matrix. Tensile test for the composites were done and the sample with highest tensile strength was selected for further tests that included water absorption, scanning electron microscopy and thermal analysis. It has been concluded that the ultimate tensile strength was found to be maximum for the composition of 15% fiber by weight composite as 7.547 MPa without epoxy coating and 10.43 MPa with epoxy coating. The major disadvantage of bio-composite is its high water absorption property, which in this study has been inhibited by the epoxy resin layer. Herein, the results of various tests done disclose a noteworthy improvement in the overall properties of bio-composite, in comparison to the neat biodegradable starch matrix.

Water Absorption and Thickness Swelling of Laminated Composite after Cured at Different Angle

2013 ◽  
Vol 465-466 ◽  
pp. 86-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Yuhazri bin Yaakob ◽  
T.T.T. Jennise ◽  
H. Sihombing ◽  
N. Mohamad ◽  
S.H. Yahaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Composite Structures ◽  
Moisture Absorption ◽  
Glass Fibers ◽  
Laminated Composite ◽  
High Water ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Thickness Swelling ◽  
Gravity Effects ◽  
Materials Used

Moisture absorption is a very important factor in polymers and composite materials used for hull manufacture and stability in marine environment. High water absorption of the material will affects the mechanical properties and stability in composite. This research is carried out to study the feasibility of the gravity effects on curing position of the laminated composite structures to enhance the curing space needed. Vertical cured laminate having almost similar properties with common horizontal cured laminate able to save much space in composite industry. Horizontal cured laminates filled up spaces in which SMI lack of. Polyesters and E-glass fibers were used as the raw material in this research. Vacuum bagging technique was used to suck out the excess resin during lay-up to avoid any voids and air inside laminate and cured at different angle position in room temperature for 24 hours. Seven samples of laminated composite were fabricated and cut into specific dimension in accordance to ASTM standard. This paper will discuss about the investigation on the water absorption and thickness swelling of the thermosetting laminated composite by curing the laminate at different angle using vacuum bagging technique. From the testing, SN6 and SN7 shows to have good water resistant in physical properties.

Effects of Alkaline Treatments on the Tensile Strength of Napier Grass Fibres

2014 ◽  
Vol 695 ◽  
pp. 340-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. M. Haameem ◽  
M.S. Abdul Majid ◽  
M. Haslan ◽  
Mohd Afendi ◽  
E.A. Helmi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Tensile Test ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Chemical Treatment ◽  
Moisture Absorption ◽  
Single Fibre ◽  
Napier Grass ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
The Poor

This paper presents the experiment test of the Napier grass fibres to determine the tensile strength of the Napier grass fibre. . Napier grass fibre is a natural source of fibre which is extracted from the internodes of Napier grass stems. Napier grass fibres were extracted trough conventional water retting process. However, the main disadvantages of natural fibres in composites are the poor compatibility between fibre and matrix and the relative high moisture absorption. These Napier grass fibre then undergoes alkaline chemical treatment using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to improve the surface roughness and to minimize the water absorption into the cellulose. The treatment is conducted with different concentration of NaOH at 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% respectively. The single fibre tensile test was conducted using Instron micro tester. Based on the tests conducted, the results show that the fibre treated 10% concentrations yield the strongest tensile test compared to untreated Napier grass fibre.

scholarly journals Effect of Heating on Tensile Strength and Elongation at Break of Bioplastic from Taro Starch Filled Chitosan (Colocasia esculenta) with Glycerol Plasticizer

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (10) ◽  
pp. 2347-2352
Author(s):  
M.H.S. Ginting ◽  
R. Hasibuan ◽  
M. Lubis ◽  
T.P. Sirait ◽  
T. Sidabudar
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Ftir Analysis ◽  
Gelatinization Temperature ◽  
Casting Method ◽  
Starch Solution ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Pasting Temperature

Taro starch is a potential raw material for bioplastics by adding glycerol and chitosan. The casting method is used for making bioplastics with 30%w/v starch solution. Moreover, the variation added volume of glycerol (1%, 2% and 3% v/v), addition of chitosan (1% w/v, 2%w/v and 3%w/v) and pasting temperature was 75 ºC. Taro starch with particle size 100 mesh has 93.55% starch, 17.9% amylose, 75.66% amylopectin. Analysis of plastice properties showed that taro starch has a gelatinization temperature of 74.52 ºC with high peak viscosity 5953.5 cP. FTIR analysis show bands due to presence of O-H, C-H, C=H, C-O-H and C-O. The best of bioplastic in this study was 30% w/v on starch, 1% v/v glycerol and 2% w/v chitosan at 75 ºC produces 42.86% water absorption, 8.297 MPa tensile strength and elongation at break was 45.846%.

scholarly journals Insulation Systems of Frame Cottages

2019 ◽  
pp. 122-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexey D. Zhukov ◽  
Karapet A. Ter-Zakaryan ◽  
Igor V. Bessonov ◽  
Vyacheslav S. Semenov ◽  
Alexey V. Starostin
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Moisture Absorption ◽  
Adhesive Layer ◽  
Longitudinal Direction ◽  
Mineral Wool ◽  
Partial Immersion ◽  
Insulation Systems ◽  
Metallized Coating ◽  
Mandatory Placement

The article presents studies of the exploitation characteristics of the material, the results of a full-scale survey of a residential private house insulated with expanded polyethylene, as well as the main design solutions for the insulation of a frame cottage. The features of insulation systems of low-rise buildings, including those with a frame-bearing carrier system, are considered. It has been substantiated that the use as thermal insulation of mineral-wool plates used on non-loaded structures assumes the mandatory placement of vapor barrier (usually plastic film) from the inside of the insulated surface and the windproof membrane outside. The use of a rolled foamed polyethylene as an insulating material makes it possible to realize an insulating sheath without additional layers. Experimental determinations of diffusion moisture absorption, water absorption upon partial immersion in water, water absorption upon full immersion in water, tensile strength in the longitudinal direction, and adhesion strength of the adhesive layer to metal were performed. It was established that the diffusion moisture absorption of samples of expanded polyethylene is 0.51-0.75%, and taking into account the weld it is 0.70-0.75%. Water absorption of samples when fully immersed in water does not exceed 0.96% by volume. The tensile strength in the longitudinal direction for products with a metallized coating is 80-92 kPa, without a metallized coating - 80-87 kPa, and for a weld - 29-32 kPa. A field survey showed that the humidity of the pine timber is within the normative. The expediency of warming only the outer coating of expanded polyethylene of the calculated thickness without filling the frame is justified, which, with standard air exchange and observance of the conditioning conditions, will be sufficient to maintain the microclimate in the room.

scholarly journals Characterisation of Wheat Straw Pellets Individually and in Combination with Cassava Starch or Calcium Carbonate under Various Compaction Conditions: Determination of Pellet Strength and Water Absorption Capacity

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 4375
Author(s):  
Patryk Matkowski ◽  
Aleksander Lisowski ◽  
Adam Świętochowski
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Elasticity Modulus ◽  
Cassava Starch ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Strength Parameters ◽  
Pellet Strength ◽  
Material Temperature

This study aimed to optimise the production conditions of wheat straw (WS) pellets and pellets with the additives of cassava starch (CS) or calcium carbonate (CC) based on the criteria of pellet strength and water absorption by crushed pellets. The pellets produced using a 2–10%-wt/wt additive ratio, material moisture of 10–30% w.b., die height of 66–86 mm, and material temperature of 78–108 °C were tested. The influence these factors on the strength parameters of pellets was different than on the water absorption by the crushed pellets. The pellets made of WS blended with CC additive were characterised by better strength parameters and the compressed pellets were characterised by better water absorption than those with CS. High and positive correlation among specific pellet compression work, elasticity modulus for pellet compression, and tensile strength values were observed. As the strength parameters of pellets showed high correlation with single pellet density, for the consistency of conclusions, the optimal conditions for pellet production were assumed based on the density. For optimal conditions at 4% wt/wt additive ratio, 23% w.b. material moisture, 78 mm die height, and 80 °C material temperature, the specific pellet compression work was 3.22 mJ·mm−2, elasticity modulus was 5.78 MPa, and maximum tensile strength of the pellets was 2.68 MPa; moreover, the water absorption by crushed pellets amounted to 2.60 g H2O·g−1 of dry matter.

scholarly journals Mechanical Characteristic and Water Absorption Property of Bio Composite from Sago Starch and Jute Fiber (Boehmeria Nivea) as the filler

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-99
Author(s):  
Rozanna Dewi ◽  
Oktaviani Oktaviani ◽  
Zainuddin Ginting ◽  
Novi Sylvia
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
High Water ◽  
Thermoplastic Starch ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Sago Starch ◽  
Hemp Fiber ◽  
Water Absorption Property

Environmentally friendly plastics can be degraded biologically in an anaerobic environment. This plastic is synthesized from starch such as sago starch which is available in abundance. In the form of bioplastics, its mechanical properties are still not compared to conventional plastics derived from crude oil, so its application is limited. The incorporation of filler material increases its mechanical properties, one of the selected fillers is hemp fiber as used in this study. Thermoplastic starch from sago with flax fiber as a filler and the addition of Polypropylene to improve mechanical properties with a certain composition to maintain its natural biodegradability. The mechanical properties analyzed were tensile strength, elongation and modulus of elasticity. Water absorption tests were also carried out to observe the water resistance properties. The results of the tensile strength test showed that the best tensile strength value of 9.32 Mpa was obtained at the addition of 35% fiber with a TPS: PP ratio of 1:1.5. The same conditions were obtained for the percent elongation with the results of 10.16% and the modulus of elasticity was 91.73 Mpa. Water absorption showed that 55% filler gave the lowest water     absorption, namely 4.41% at a ratio of TPS: PP 1:0.5. The addition of fiber filler into the bio-composite affects the tensile strength,    elongation and modulus of elasticity, the higher the volume of filler entering the bio-composite, the lower the value of tensile strength, elongation and modulus of elasticity, or vice versa. The ratio of addition of polypropylene matrix is also influential, the higher the ratio contributes to the tensile strength, elongation and higher modulus of elasticity. High water absorption capacity will reduce the performance of biocomposite, so the lower the water absorption ability, the better the quality of the biocomposite product and the wider its application

A method for measuring the in-plane compressive strength and the compression behavior of coating layers

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 29-34
Author(s):  
TEEMU PUHAKKA ◽  
ISKO KAJANTO ◽  
NINA PYKÄLÄINEN
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Coating Layer ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Coating Films ◽  
Precipitated Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Coating Color ◽  
Mineral Coatings ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

Cracking at the fold is a quality defect sometimes observed in coated paper and board. Although tensile and compressive stresses occur during folding, test methods to measure the compressive strength of a coating have not been available. Our objective was to develop a method to measure the compressive strength of a coating layer and to investigate how different mineral coatings behave under compression. We used the short-span compressive strength test (SCT) to measure the in-plane compressive strength of a free coating layer. Unsupported free coating films were prepared for the measurements. Results indicate that the SCT method was suitable for measuring the in-plane compressive strength of a coating layer. Coating color formulations containing different kaolin and calcium carbonate minerals were used to study the effect of pigment particles’ shape on the compressive and tensile strengths of coatings. Latices having two different glass transition temperatures were used. Results showed that pigment particle shape influenced the strength of a coating layer. Platy clay gave better strength than spherical or needle-shaped carbonate pigments. Compressive and tensile strength decreased as a function of the amount of calcium carbonate in the coating color, particularly with precipitated calcium carbonate. We also assessed the influence of styrene-butadiene binder on the compressive strength of the coating layer, which increased with the binder level. The compressive strength of the coating layer was about three times the tensile strength.

scholarly journals Kaolin-Enhanced Superabsorbent Composites: Synthesis, Characterization and Swelling Behaviors

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1204
Author(s):  
Mengna Chen ◽  
Xuelong Chen ◽  
Caiyan Zhang ◽  
Baozheng Cui ◽  
Zewen Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Water ◽  
Kinetic Mechanism ◽  
Swelling Kinetics ◽  
Synthesis Conditions ◽  
Ph Tolerance ◽  
Monovalent Salt ◽  
Infrared Spectrometer ◽  
Pseudo Second Order

One type of low-cost and eco-friendly organic‒inorganic superabsorbent composite (SAPC) was synthesized by free radical polymerization of acrylic acid (AA), starch (ST), sodium alginate (SA) and kaolin (KL) in aqueous solution. The structure and morphology of the SAPC were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The influence of different reaction conditions on water absorption of SAPC, i.e., SA and KL contents, AA neutralization degree (ND), potassium persulfate (KPS) and N, N′-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) loading were systematically studied. Under the optimal synthesis conditions, very high water absorption of 1200 g/g was achieved. The swelling kinetic mechanism of SAPC was studied by pseudo-second order swelling kinetics model and Ritger‒Peppas model. The performances of SAPC under different environments were tested and results revealed that this new SAPC had excellent swelling capacity, high water retention, good salt tolerance in monovalent salt solution (NaCl solution) and good pH tolerance between 4 and 10.

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