scholarly journals Development of Bath Chemical Composition for Batch Hot-Dip Galvanizing—A Review

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 4168
Author(s):  
Henryk Kania ◽  
Jacek Mendala ◽  
Jarosław Kozuba ◽  
Mariola Saternus
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Liquid Zinc ◽  
Current Development ◽  
Zinc Bath ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Alloying Additives ◽  
Product Surface ◽  
Zinc Coatings ◽  
Selection Of

Obtaining zinc coatings by the batch hot-dip galvanizing process currently represents one of the most effective and economical methods of protecting steel products and structures against corrosion. The batch hot-dip galvanizing process has been used for over 150 years, but for several decades, there has been a dynamic development of this technology, the purpose of which is to improve the efficiency of zinc use and reduce its consumption and improve the quality of the coating. The appropriate selection of the chemical composition of the galvanizing bath enables us to control the reactivity of steel, improve the drainage of liquid zinc from the product surface, and reduce the amount of waste, which directly affects the quality of the coating and the technology of the galvanizing process. For this purpose, the effect of many alloying additives to the zinc bath on the structure and thickness of the coating was tested. The article reviews the influence of various elements introduced into the bath individually and in different configurations, discusses the positive and negative effects of their influence on the galvanizing process. The current development in the field of the chemical composition of galvanizing baths is also presented and the best-used solutions for the selection and management of the chemical composition of the bath are indicated.

Synergistic Influence of the Addition of Al, Ni and Pb to a Zinc Bath upon Growth Kinetics and Structure of Coatings

2013 ◽  
Vol 212 ◽  
pp. 115-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henryk Kania ◽  
Piotr Liberski
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Growth Kinetics ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Silicon Steel ◽  
Optimum Concentration ◽  
Zinc Bath ◽  
Structure Of Coatings ◽  
Product Surface ◽  
Kinetics Of

In this paper the current knowledge about the influence of alloy additions used in galvanizing baths has been analysed. The optimum concentration of Al, Ni and Pb addition has been established. Tests have been conducted to determine the synergistic influence of the addition of AlNiPb in a zinc bath upon the structure and growth kinetics of coatings. The structure and the chemical composition of coatings obtained on steel with low silicon contents and on Sandelin steel have been developed. It has been determined that the synergistic influence of the AlNiPb addition effectively lowers the reactivity of Sandelin steel and it improves zincs flowing off the product surface which results in decreased zinc consumption and better appearance of the coating. The structure of coatings obtained in a Zn-AlNiPb bath on Sandelin steel is similar to the structure of coatings obtained on low-silicon steel.

scholarly journals Influence of Hot-Dip Galvanised Coating Morphology on the Adhesion of Organic Coatings Depending on the Zinc Bath Pb Content and the Postgalvanising Cooling Method

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marzena Nowicka-Nowak ◽  
Małgorzata Zubielewicz ◽  
Henryk Kania ◽  
Piotr Liberski ◽  
Maria Sozańska
Keyword(s):  
Surface Morphology ◽  
Organic Coating ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Organic Coatings ◽  
Grain Structure ◽  
Zinc Bath ◽  
Duplex System ◽  
Fine Grain ◽  
Alloying Additives ◽  
Zinc Coatings

Hot-dip galvanised coatings used either alone or with an organic coating (duplex system) constitute an effective anticorrosion protection. Adhesion between the coating and the zinc substrate plays a vital role in the durability of the duplex system. Conditions of the galvanising process and alloying additives incorporated into the zinc bath influence mechanical and protective properties as well as thickness, structure, and surface morphology of the zinc coatings. The influence of the surface morphology of zinc coatings on the adhesion of organic coatings was studied. The tests were carried out on zinc coatings produced in baths with varying Pb content and by employing various cooling methods after the galvanising process. It was noted that a rapid cooling in water produces zinc coatings with a fine-grain structure, more suitable for paint application compared to the air-cooled ones, with a spangle.

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF WATERWATER IN THE SLAVSKY DISTRICT OF THE KALININGRAD REGION BY HYDROLOGICAL SEASONS

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-436
Author(s):  
Yu.A. Spirin ◽  
S.I. Zotov ◽  
V.S. Taran ◽  
Yu.V. Koroleva
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Anthropogenic Activity ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Hydrochemical Data ◽  
Maximum Permissible Concentrations ◽  
Kaliningrad Region ◽  
Selection Of

The aim of the work is to research the chemical composition of surface watercourses in the Slavsky district of the Kaliningrad region in the winter hydrological season, and to compare the results with the data previously obtained by the authors for the autumn hydrological season and partly for the summer hydrological season. Watercourses and monitoring points for research have been identified: r. Zlaya, r. Shluzovaya, r. Nemoninka and r. Osa. In the winter season, water samples were taken, hydrometric characteristics were measured, and primary hydrochemical indicators were determined. On the basis of the obtained hydrochemical data, integral indicators were calculated to assess the quality of water, using combined lists of maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants. When monitoring hydrochemical indicators, it was revealed that the studied watercourses are, to one degree or another, subject to pollution. The water quality class in them varies from "moderately polluted" to "extremely dirty". When comparing the seasons, a tendency was revealed to improve the quality of water, which is associated with the water content of rivers, as well as with the cycles of natural and anthropogenic activity. The work has theoretical and practical significance. The data can participate in the planning of rational use of natural resources and the selection of measures to improve the geoecological state of the river network of the Slavsky region. The research can serve as a supplement to the formation of the general geoecological picture of the Kaliningrad region.

scholarly journals Selection of the optimal version of the rolling rings of stand no. 7 of mill 150 of OJSC “BSW Management Company of Holding “BMC” from various types of high-speed steel, providing the best indicator of operational durability

2020 ◽  
pp. 43-47
Author(s):  
I. A. Guzova ◽  
I. A. Kovaleva ◽  
P. A. Babkov
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
High Speed ◽  
High Speed Steel ◽  
Significant Development ◽  
Management Company ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Operational Characteristics ◽  
Rolling Ring ◽  
Selection Of

Rolling rings as an important element of the rolling mill belong to the category of replaceable equipment, the quality of performance of which affects a number of operational characteristics, as well as the quality of rolled products. The material from which the rolling ring of the stand No. 7 is made must have the appropriate properties capable of perceiving high thermal loads for a long period of time without destruction, chipping and significant development of calibers. In this regard, there is a need to select the optimal option for the manufacture of rolling rings that can withstand such loads for a sufficiently long period of time. The study of the causes of destruction of the rolling ring 450×242×100 mm of high-speed steel, used at OJSC «BSW – Management Company of the Holding «BMC» in the cage number 7 mill 150 rolling shop. The results of metallographic studies of the microstructure and chemical composition of fragments of the destroyed rolling ring are presented. A detailed study and comparative analysis of the chemical composition and microstructure of samples of similar rings made of high-speed steel from two different suppliers, which showed high results in durability during operation, was carried out.

The Influence of the Thickness of a Rebar on the Growth Kinetics and Structure of Hot Dip Zinc Coatings

2016 ◽  
Vol 246 ◽  
pp. 91-94
Author(s):  
Piotr Liberski ◽  
Konrad Migacz ◽  
Bartosz Chmiela
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Growth Kinetics ◽  
Coating Thickness ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Zinc Bath ◽  
Structure Of Coatings ◽  
Zinc Coatings ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Coating Growth

In the paper the results of tests on obtaining zinc coatings on reinforcing steel are presented. The coatings were obtained in a zinc bath on B500SP rebars of various diameters. The structure of coatings obtained on rebars with the diameter of 12, 16, 20 and 32 mm has been developed. The chemical composition of structural components of the coating has been established. The growth kinetics of coatings obtained in the traditional galvanizing process at the temperature of 450°C has been established and the impact of the rebar diameter upon the coating growth curve has been defined. The obtained coatings are continuous and they are quite thick. Moreover, it has been determined that an increase in the rebar thickness induces an increase in the coating thickness.

scholarly journals Algorithmic Meta-analysis of the Effects of Social Services on the Vulnerable Population

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
J. Carreón-Guillén ◽  
C. Y. Quiroz-Campas ◽  
E. Bolivar-Mojica ◽  
O. Coronado-Rincón ◽  
J. Hernández-Valdés ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Public Health Services ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Selection Of

Meta-analytic studies are distinguished by comparing literature that reports positive effects with respect to literature that warns of spurious or negative effects. The aim of the present work was to establish the proportion of probabilities between categories and subcategories extracted from the consulted, updated and specialized literature. A documentary study was carried out with a selection of sources indexed to international repositories such as Copernicus, Dialnet, Ebsco, Latindex, Redalyc, Scielo. An indistinct scenario was found, even though the literature that reports positive effects on the quality of life and the subjective well-being of public health services prevails; suggesting the extension of the work to repositories like WoS and Scopus.

scholarly journals The Impact of Oxygen at Various Stages of Vinification on the Chemical Composition and the Antioxidant and Sensory Properties of White and Red Wines

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Tomasz Tarko ◽  
Aleksandra Duda-Chodak ◽  
Paweł Sroka ◽  
Małgorzata Siuta
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Production Process ◽  
Red Wines ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Wine Production ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Activity Of Enzymes ◽  
Effect Of Oxygen ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this review was to collect and systematize information on the role and importance of oxygen in winemaking. Both the positive and negative effects of oxygen are presented and discussed throughout the text. The review characterizes the subsequent stages of the wine production process, during which oxygen comes into contact with fruits, must, and finally wine. The impact of oxygen on the growth and metabolism of yeast, on the activity of enzymes, and on the final quality of wine was presented. The discussion of the effect of oxygen presence on the taste, aroma, colour, and stability contains a detailed description of changes of volatile compounds, polyphenols, and other important components of wine that take place in the presence of oxygen in both white and red wines. New techniques based on the use of oxygen to obtain the desired sensory characteristics of wine were also presented.

scholarly journals Quality of Wood and Charcoal fromEucalyptusClones for Ironmaster Use

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bárbara Luísa Corradi Pereira ◽  
Aylson Costa Oliveira ◽  
Ana Márcia Macedo Ladeira Carvalho ◽  
Angélica de Cássia Oliveira Carneiro ◽  
Larissa Carvalho Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Charcoal Production ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
New Information ◽  
The City ◽  
Selection Of

Considering the wide variety of species and clones ofEucalyptuscultivated in Brazil, it is necessary to search for new information on wood properties, so that the selection of genetically superior material may be successful. The present study aimed to determine the properties of wood and charcoal from different clones ofEucalyptusspp. Six clones at the age of 7.5 years were evaluated and the samples were from a clonal, located in the city of Lassance, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Basic density, chemical composition, and higher heating value were determined. Carbonizations in a laboratory kiln were done and the levels of volatile matter, ash, and fixed carbon, higher heating value, and bulk density of the charcoal produced were determined. Evaluated genetic materials showed differences in their properties. According to research results, several properties of wood should be considered together for the selection of clones for charcoal production. However, basic density and chemical composition of wood, especially high contents of lignin and low contents of extractives, are the properties that had more influence on charcoal yield and its quality. Concerning charcoal production for steelmaking, clone 6 stood out and, conversely, clone 4 showed inferior properties to those of others.

scholarly journals Review of social services on the vulnerable population in the Covid-19 era

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 172-178
Author(s):  
Cruz García Lirios ◽  
◽  
Jorge Hernández Valdés ◽  
Margarita Juárez Nájera ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Public Health Services ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Selection Of

Meta-analytic studies are distinguished by comparing literature that reports positive effects with respect to literature that warns of spurious or negative effects. The aim of the present work was to establish the proportion of probabilities between categories and subcategories extracted from the consulted, updated and specialized literature. A documentary study was carried out with a selection of sources indexed to international repositories such as Copernicus, Dialnet, Ebsco, Latindex, Redalyc, Scielo. An indistinct scenario was found, even though the literature that reports positive effects on the quality of life and the subjective well-being of public health services prevails; suggesting the extension of the work to repositories like WOS and Scopus.

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