scholarly journals Graphene Hybrid Materials for Controlling Cellular Microenvironments

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 4008
Author(s):  
Cheol-Hwi Kim ◽  
Tae-Hyung Kim
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Hybrid Materials ◽  
Hybrid Composites ◽  
Stem Cell Differentiation ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Graphene Derivatives ◽  
Cytoskeletal Dynamics ◽  
Cellular Microenvironments

Cellular microenvironments are known as key factors controlling various cell functions, including adhesion, growth, migration, differentiation, and apoptosis. Many materials, including proteins, polymers, and metal hybrid composites, are reportedly effective in regulating cellular microenvironments, mostly via reshaping and manipulating cell morphologies, which ultimately affect cytoskeletal dynamics and related genetic behaviors. Recently, graphene and its derivatives have emerged as promising materials in biomedical research owing to their biocompatible properties as well as unique physicochemical characteristics. In this review, we will highlight and discuss recent studies reporting the regulation of the cellular microenvironment, with particular focus on the use of graphene derivatives or graphene hybrid materials to effectively control stem cell differentiation and cancer cell functions and behaviors. We hope that this review will accelerate research on the use of graphene derivatives to regulate various cellular microenvironments, which will ultimately be useful for both cancer therapy and stem cell-based regenerative medicine.

scholarly journals Human Long Noncoding RNA Regulation of Stem Cell Potency and Differentiation

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seahyoung Lee ◽  
Hyang-Hee Seo ◽  
Chang Youn Lee ◽  
Jiyun Lee ◽  
Sunhye Shin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Stem Cell Differentiation ◽  
Therapeutic Modality ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Rna Regulation ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Pluripotency Maintenance

Because of their capability of differentiation into lineage-specific cells, stem cells are an attractive therapeutic modality in regenerative medicine. To develop an effective stem cell-based therapeutic strategy with predictable results, deeper understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of stem cell differentiation and/or pluripotency maintenance is required. Thus, reviewing the key factors involved in the transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of stem cell differentiation and maintenance is important. Accumulating data indicate that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) mediate numerous biological processes, including stem cell differentiation and maintenance. Here, we review recent findings on the human lncRNA regulation of stem cell potency and differentiation. Although the clinical implication of these lncRNAs is only beginning to be elucidated, it is anticipated that lncRNAs will become important therapeutic targets in the near future.

scholarly journals The Impact of Metallic Nanoparticles on Stem Cell Proliferation and Differentiation

Nanomaterials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Abdal Dayem ◽  
Soo Lee ◽  
Ssang-Goo Cho
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Metallic Nanoparticles ◽  
Stem Cell Differentiation ◽  
Stem Cell Proliferation ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Cell Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
The Impact

Nanotechnology has a wide range of medical and industrial applications. The impact of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) on the proliferation and differentiation of normal, cancer, and stem cells is well-studied. The preparation of NPs, along with their physicochemical properties, is related to their biological function. Interestingly, various mechanisms are implicated in metallic NP-induced cellular proliferation and differentiation, such as modulation of signaling pathways, generation of reactive oxygen species, and regulation of various transcription factors. In this review, we will shed light on the biomedical application of metallic NPs and the interaction between NPs and the cellular components. The in vitro and in vivo influence of metallic NPs on stem cell differentiation and proliferation, as well as the mechanisms behind potential toxicity, will be explored. A better understanding of the limitations related to the application of metallic NPs on stem cell proliferation and differentiation will afford clues for optimal design and preparation of metallic NPs for the modulation of stem cell functions and for clinical application in regenerative medicine.

scholarly journals Ultra-multiplexed analysis of single-cell dynamics reveals logic rules in differentiation

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. eaav7959 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ce Zhang ◽  
Hsiung-Lin Tu ◽  
Gengjie Jia ◽  
Tanzila Mukhtar ◽  
Verdon Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Single Cell Analysis ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Stem Cell Differentiation ◽  
Cell Fate Decisions ◽  
Cellular Microenvironments

Dynamical control of cellular microenvironments is highly desirable to study complex processes such as stem cell differentiation and immune signaling. We present an ultra-multiplexed microfluidic system for high-throughput single-cell analysis in precisely defined dynamic signaling environments. Our system delivers combinatorial and time-varying signals to 1500 independently programmable culture chambers in week-long live-cell experiments by performing nearly 106 pipetting steps, where single cells, two-dimensional (2D) populations, or 3D neurospheres are chemically stimulated and tracked. Using our system and statistical analysis, we investigated the signaling landscape of neural stem cell differentiation and discovered “cellular logic rules” that revealed the critical role of signal timing and sequence in cell fate decisions. We find synergistic and antagonistic signal interactions and show that differentiation pathways are highly redundant. Our system allows dissection of hidden aspects of cellular dynamics and enables accelerated biological discovery.

scholarly journals PASsing on Signals: PAS Kinase (PASK)-mTOR Signaling Conveys Nutrient Sufficiency Signals to Epigenetic (COMPASS) Complexes to Activate Stem Cell Differentiation Program (P15-009-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chintan Kikani ◽  
Michael Xiao ◽  
Xiaoying Wu ◽  
Jared Rutter
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Stem Cell Differentiation ◽  
Mtor Signaling ◽  
Kinase Assay ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Nutrient Signaling

Abstract Objectives To determine how nutrient signaling impacts stem cell functions Methods PASK phosphorylation: We measured in situ phosphorylation of PASK by metabolic 32P labeling of stem cells expressing WT or mutant versions of PASK. PASK Activation: PASK activation was measured using in vitro kinase assay using radio-labeled ATP. Myogenesis: Myogenesis was measured by immunohistological, and immunofluorescent analysis of differentiating muscle stem cells. Antibodies used were: Myogenin (F5D-Developmental Hybridoma), MF20 (Myosin heavy chain), Pax7 and MyoD. Results Stem cell fate in the tissue niche is intimately connected with intracellular metabolic state and the extracellular hormonal stimulations. We have identified PAS domain containing Kinase (PASK) as a stem cell enriched protein kinase that is required for establishment of the differentiation program in many stem cell paradigms. For this function, PASK phosphorylates Wdr5, a member of the COMPASS family of histone methyltransferases, to activate the epigenetic processes required for the stem cell differentiation (eLife, 2016). Here we show that a master nutrient sensor, mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) activates PASK via multi-site phosphorylation during stem cell differentiation. This phosphorylation of PASK by mTORC1 is required for epigenetic activation of the Myogenin transcription, exit from the self-renewal and induction of the myogenesis program. Our data suggest that mTORC1-PASK signaling generates MyoG + committed myoblasts (epigenetically - an early stage of myogenesis), whereas mTORC1-S6K1 signaling is required for myoblast fusion (translationally - later stage of myogenesis). Conclusions Our discoveries show that nutrient signaling can partition stem cell fates during different stages of the myogenesis program downstream of mTOR signaling via activation of two distinct protein kinases. Funding Sources NIH R01 (Chintan Kikani), HHMI (Jared Rutter) Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

scholarly journals mTORC1 activates PASK-Wdr5 signaling to epigenetically connect the nutrient status with myogenesis

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chintan K. Kikani ◽  
Xiaoying Wu ◽  
Sarah Fogarty ◽  
Seong Anthony Woo Kang ◽  
Noah Dephoure ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Stem Cell Differentiation ◽  
Self Renewal ◽  
Muscle Stem Cell ◽  
Downstream Target ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Dietary Nutrients

SummaryIn the tissue microenvironment, stem cell functions are modulated by extrinsic signaling cues such as peptide hormones and dietary nutrients. These signaling cues maintain the balance between self-renewal and differentiation of its resident stem cells. The mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (mTORC1) is implicated to play an important role in regulating this balance, although its downstream effectors in stem cells have been elusive. We have recently shown that the PASK protein kinase phosphorylates Wdr5 to stimulate muscle stem cell differentiation by epigenetically activating the Myogenin promoter. Here, we show that the PASK-Wdr5 signaling pathway is a nutrient-sensitive downstream target of mTORC1 in muscle stem cells. We show that phosphorylation of PASK, and in turn of Wdr5, by mTORC1 is required for the activation of Myogenin transcription, exit from the self-renewal and induction of the myogenesis program. Thus, mTOR connects the diverse extrinsic signaling cues to a central epigenetic process to regulate the muscle stem cell fate between self-renewal and differentiation.

Chitin based hybrid composites reinforced with graphene derivatives: a nanoscale study

RSC Advances ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (78) ◽  
pp. 63813-63820 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joaquín Antonio González ◽  
María Emilia Villanueva ◽  
María Luz Peralta Ramos ◽  
Claudio Javier Pérez ◽  
Lidia Leonor Piehl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid Materials ◽  
Hybrid Composites ◽  
Graphene Derivatives ◽  
Hydrogen Bondings ◽  
Two Hybrid

Two hybrid materials composed by chitin and nGO/rGO were obtained. nGO acts as a more efficient reinforcer than rGO due to the higher amount of hydrogen bondings established with chitin.

The Role of MicroRNAs in the Induction of Pancreatic Differentiation

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elham Sabouri ◽  
Alireza Rajabzaseh ◽  
Seyedeh Elnaz Enderami ◽  
Ehsan Saburi ◽  
Fatemeh Soleimanifar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Stem Cell Differentiation ◽  
Pancreatic Development ◽  
Pancreatic Differentiation ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Mrna Targets ◽  
Cell Based Therapy

: Stem cell-based therapy is one of the therapeutic options with promising results in the treatment of diabetes. Stem cells from various sources are expanded and induced to generate the cells capable of secreting insulin. These insulinproducing cells [IPCs] could be used as an alternative to islets in the treatment of patients with diabetes. Soluble growth factors, small molecules, gene-encoding transcription factors, and microRNAs [miRNAs] are commonly used for the induction of stem cell differentiation. MiRNAs are small non-coding RNAs with 21-23 nucleotides that are involved in the regulation of gene expression by targeting multiple mRNA targets. Studies have shown the dynamic expression of miRNAs during pancreatic development and stem cell differentiation. MiR-7 and miR-375 are the most abundant miRNAs in pancreatic islet cells and play key roles in pancreatic development and islet cell functions. Some studies have tried to use these small RNAs for the induction of pancreatic differentiation. This review focuses on the miRNAs used in the induction of stem cells into IPCs and discusses their functions in pancreatic β-cells.

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