scholarly journals Textile-Integrated Thermocouples for Temperature Measurement

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waleri Root ◽  
Thomas Bechtold ◽  
Tung Pham
Keyword(s):  
Output Signal ◽  
Temperature Sensors ◽  
Temperature Sensing ◽  
Temperature Gradients ◽  
Thermoelectric Effects ◽  
Support Materials ◽  
Conductive Materials ◽  
Voltage Output ◽  
Cold Junction ◽  
Polymeric Carbon

The integration of conductive materials in textiles is key for detecting temperature in the wearer´s environment. When integrating sensors into textiles, properties such as their flexibility, handle, and stretch must stay unaffected by the functionalization. Conductive materials are difficult to integrate into textiles, since wires are stiff, and coatings show low adhesion. This work shows that various substrates such as cotton, cellulose, polymeric, carbon, and optical fiber-based textiles are used as support materials for temperature sensors. Suitable measurement principles for use in textiles are based on resistance changes, optical interferences (fiber Bragg grating), or thermoelectric effects. This review deals with developments in the construction of temperature sensors and the production of thermocouples for use in textiles. The operating principle of thermocouples is based on temperature gradients building up between a heated and a cold junction of two conductors, which is converted to a voltage output signal. This work also summarizes integration methods for thermocouples and other temperature-sensing techniques as well as the manufacture of conductive materials in textiles. In addition, textile thermocouples are emphasized as suitable and indispensable elements in sensor concepts for smart textiles.

A flexible organic inverter made from printable materials for synergistic ammonia sensing

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (26) ◽  
pp. 6506-6511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalpana Besar ◽  
Jennifer Dailey ◽  
Xingang Zhao ◽  
Howard E. Katz
Keyword(s):  
Output Signal ◽  
Ammonia Sensing ◽  
Voltage Output ◽  
Inverter Circuit ◽  
Organic Inverter

An inverter circuit made from solution deposited dielectrics and semiconductors gives a clear voltage output signal in response to ppm levels of ammonia.

scholarly journals Flexible Temperature Sensor Integrated with Soft Pneumatic Microactuators for Functional Microfingers

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Konishi ◽  
Akiya Hirata
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Temperature Sensor ◽  
Output Voltage ◽  
Temperature Sensors ◽  
Seebeck Effect ◽  
Temperature Sensing ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Contact Detection ◽  
Dissimilar Metals

Abstract The integration of a flexible temperature sensor with a soft microactuator (a pneumatic balloon actuator) for a functional microfinger is presented herein. A sensor integrated with a microactuator can actively approach a target for contact detection when a distance exists from the target or when the target moves. This paper presents a microfinger with temperature sensing functionality. Moreover, thermocouples, which detect temperature based on the Seebeck effect, are designed for use as flexible temperature sensors. Thermocouples are formed by a pair of dissimilar metals or alloys, such as copper and constantan. Thin-film metals or alloys are patterned and integrated in the microfinger. Two typical thermocouples (K-type and T-type) are designed in this study. A 2.0 mm × 2.0 mm sensing area is designed on the microfinger (3.0 mm × 12 mm × 400 μm). Characterization indicates that the output voltage of the sensor is proportional to temperature, as designed. It is important to guarantee the performance of the sensor against actuation effects. Therefore, in addition to the fundamental characterization of the temperature sensors, the effect of bending deformation on the characteristics of the temperature sensors is examined with a repeated bending test consisting of 1000 cycles.

CHALLENGES AND METHODS IN ANALYZES OF THE HEAT TRANSFER IN POLYMER DRY BEARINGS

Tribologia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 282 (6) ◽  
pp. 71-78
Author(s):  
Krzysztof KASZA ◽  
Łukasz MATYSIAK ◽  
Artur KRÓL
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Model ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Temperature Sensors ◽  
Temperature Gradients ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Large Temperature ◽  
Internal Temperature ◽  
Require Temperature ◽  
Polymer Bearing ◽  
Load Conditions

Heat generation and dissipation in dry polymer bearings are important aspects in their design and operation, because the overheating may lead to fast wear or product damage. The estimation of the maximum temperature under defined load conditions is crucial, but it is also a challenging task. Firstly, it is difficult to measure temperature directly at the contact surface between the bearing and the shaft. Secondly, thermocouples that are commonly used as the temperature sensors might create measurement errors. The work presented in this paper utilizes the numerical model of a polymer bearing for the analysis of the internal temperature field. The model is validated with use of experimental data; and, in order to mitigate the measurement errors of the thermocouple sensor, their geometry and properties are included in the simulation model. The achieved agreement between simulation and experimental temperatures is 10% on average, and it is judged that the numerical model may be applied for thermal analysis of the polymer bearing. The obtained results confirm the influence of the thermocouples with metallic sheaths on the temperature distribution inside the tested polymer bearing. It is shown that the value of the measurement errors depends on the layout of thermocouples and might be significantly reduced by their proper arrangement. It is believed that the presented approach for the analysis of thermal performance of dry polymer bearings might be applied to similar cases, which are characterized by large temperature gradients and require temperature sensors, that are made of the materials of high thermal conductivity.

Using a Phototransduction System to Monitor the Isolated Frog Heart

2015 ◽  
Vol 77 (6) ◽  
pp. 441-444
Author(s):  
Philip J. Stephens
Keyword(s):  
Output Signal ◽  
Bridge Circuit ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Wheatstone Bridge ◽  
Force Transducer ◽  
Frog Heart ◽  
Recording Device ◽  
Inexpensive Method ◽  
Voltage Output ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

A simple and inexpensive method of monitoring the movement of an isolated frog heart provides comparable results to those obtained with a force transducer. A commercially available photoresistor is integrated into a Wheatstone bridge circuit, and the output signal is interfaced directly with a recording device. An excised, beating frog heart is placed in a Petri dish and over the photoresistor so that movements produced during the heartbeat cycle change the amount of light entering the photoresistor and, therefore, the voltage output from the circuit. Experiments that can be done with this system include the effects of temperature and dose–response relationships with Ringer's solutions containing acetylcholine and norepinephrine.

Fluidic Thermistors or Fluidic Temperature Sensing With Capillaries

1977 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 406-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. Drzewiecki ◽  
R. M. Phillippi
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Analytical Model ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Temperature Sensors ◽  
Temperature Sensing ◽  
Capillary Temperature ◽  
Sensor Gain

Described in this report is an analytical and experimental investigation of fluidic capillary temperature sensors and subsequent matching to a fluidic laminar gain block. Experimental sensor/gain-block sensitivities of 1.5 kPa/°C were obtained, which compared favorably with the analytical model. Assuming a dynamic range of 104, resolutions of 0.001°C are estimated.

scholarly journals PEDOT:PSS-Based Temperature-Detection Thread for Wearable Devices

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-Woo Lee ◽  
Dong-Cheul Han ◽  
Han-Jae Shin ◽  
Se-Hyeok Yeom ◽  
Byeong-Kwon Ju ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Temperature Coefficient ◽  
Negative Temperature ◽  
Wearable Devices ◽  
Temperature Sensors ◽  
Temperature Sensing ◽  
Polystyrene Sulfonate ◽  
Sensing Element ◽  
Temperature Detection ◽  
Military Applications ◽  
P Type

In this research, we developed a wearable temperature-sensing element by dip dyeing threads in poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) (p-type conducting polymer) solution. The PEDOT:PSS was used to  dye the textile and it exhibited negative temperature coefficient characteristics in which the resistance decreases as the temperature increases. The fabricated temperature-detection thread achieved a sensitivity of 167.1 W/°C with 99.8% linearity in the temperature range of -50 to 80 °C. We anticipate that temperature sensors that apply our technology will be made as stitch- or textile-type for wearable devices, and they will be widely adopted for different applications such as in fitness, leisure, healthcare, medical treatment, infotainment, industry, and military applications, among others.

scholarly journals Fabrication and Thermoelectric Characterization of Transition Metal Silicide-Based Composite Thermocouples

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 3759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunes Yakaboylu ◽  
Rajalekshmi Pillai ◽  
Katarzyna Sabolsky ◽  
Edward Sabolsky
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Temperature Gradients ◽  
Metal Silicide ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Seebeck Coefficients ◽  
Thermoelectric Voltage ◽  
Sensing Applications ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cold Junction

Metal silicide-based thermocouples were fabricated by screen printing thick films of the powder compositions onto alumina tapes followed by lamination and sintering processes. The legs of the embedded thermocouples were composed of composite compositions consisting of MoSi2, WSi2, ZrSi2, or TaSi2 with an additional 10 vol % Al2O3 to form a silicide–oxide composite. The structural and high-temperature thermoelectric properties of the composite thermocouples were examined using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and a typical hot–cold junction measurement technique. MoSi2-Al2O3 and WSi2-Al2O3 composites exhibited higher intrinsic Seebeck coefficients (22.2–30.0 µV/K) at high-temperature gradients, which were calculated from the thermoelectric data of composite//Pt thermocouples. The composite thermocouples generated a thermoelectric voltage up to 16.0 mV at high-temperature gradients. The MoSi2-Al2O3//TaSi2-Al2O3 thermocouple displayed a better performance at high temperatures. The Seebeck coefficients of composite thermocouples were found to range between 20.9 and 73.0 µV/K at a temperature gradient of 1000 °C. There was a significant difference between the calculated and measured Seebeck coefficients of these thermocouples, which indicated the significant influence of secondary silicide phases (e.g., Mo5Si3, Ta5Si3) and possible local compositional changes on the overall thermoelectric response. The thermoelectric performance, high sensitivity, and cost efficiency of metal silicide–alumina ceramic composite thermocouples showed promise for high-temperature and harsh-environment sensing applications.

scholarly journals PEDOT:PSS-Based Temperature-Detection Thread for Wearable Devices

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 2996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-Woo Lee ◽  
Dong-Cheul Han ◽  
Han-Jae Shin ◽  
Se-Hyeok Yeom ◽  
Byeong-Kwon Ju ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Temperature Coefficient ◽  
Negative Temperature ◽  
Wearable Devices ◽  
Temperature Sensors ◽  
Temperature Sensing ◽  
Polystyrene Sulfonate ◽  
Sensing Element ◽  
Temperature Detection ◽  
Military Applications ◽  
P Type

In this research, we developed a wearable temperature-sensing element by dip dyeing threads in poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) (p-type conducting polymer) solution. The PEDOT:PSS was used to dye the textile and it exhibited negative temperature coefficient characteristics in which the resistance decreases as the temperature increases. The fabricated temperature-detection thread achieved a sensitivity of 167.1 Ω/°C with 99.8% linearity in the temperature range of −50 °C to 80 °C. We anticipate that temperature sensors that apply our technology will be made as stitch- or textile-type for wearable devices, and they will be widely adopted for different applications such as in fitness, leisure, healthcare, medical treatment, infotainment, industry, and military applications, among others.

794 nm excited core–shell upconversion nanoparticles for optical temperature sensing

RSC Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (14) ◽  
pp. 11795-11801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guicheng Jiang ◽  
Shaoshuai Zhou ◽  
Xiantao Wei ◽  
Yonghu Chen ◽  
Changkui Duan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Sensors ◽  
Temperature Sensing ◽  
Excitation Wavelength ◽  
Upconversion Nanoparticles ◽  
Core Shell

Nd3+ sensitized core–shell upconversion nanoparticles (UNCPs) are promising candidates for application in optical temperature sensors at a biocompatible excitation wavelength (794 nm).

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