scholarly journals Alkali Activation of Waste Clay Bricks: Influence of The Silica Modulus, SiO2/Na2O, H2O/Na2O Molar Ratio, and Liquid/Solid Ratio

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 383 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Gado ◽  
Marek Hebda ◽  
Michal Łach ◽  
Janusz Mikuła
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Alkali Activation ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Solid Ratio ◽  
Clay Bricks

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of various reaction conditions, namely the silica modulus SiO2/Na2O, H2O/Na2O molar ratio, and liquid/solid ratio on the geopolymerization reaction of the waste fired clay bricks (Grog). The starting raw material and the generated geopolymer specimens produced by different geopolymerization reaction conditions have been characterized using different techniques: X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and thermal analysis. Furthermore, physico–mechanical characterization has been carried out through the determination of bulk density, porosity, water absorption, and compressive strength for each sample at interval curing times of up to 28 days. The results indicated that the geopolymerization system of the waste fired clay bricks is influenced by the investigated reaction conditions at room temperature. The compressive strength of the geopolymer sample produced at optimum conditions increased significantly by up to 37.5 MPa, in comparison with 4.5 MPa for other conditions. Finally, an optimum recommendation and useful conclusions concerning the recycling and utilization of this waste material through the geopolymerization process are made for compatibility with construction applications.

The Formation and Properties of Zeolite-A and Zeolite-X through Geopolymerisation of Metakaolin

2018 ◽  
Vol 273 ◽  
pp. 167-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subaer ◽  
Hamzah Fansuri
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Vickers Microhardness ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Alkali Activation ◽  
Zeolite A ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Zeolite X ◽  
X Ray ◽  
O 10

This study was aimed at experimentally investigate the formation of zeolite-A and zeolite-X through geopolymerization routes. The samples were prepared by alkali-activation of metakaolinite at 70 °C with Si:Al = 1.04 and 1.25 and Na:A l= 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 while keeping the molar ratio of H2O:Na2O = 10. The physical and mechanical properties of the resulting materials were characterized by means of bulk density and porosity measurement, compressive strength and Vickers microhardness tests. Crystallinity level and the phase of the samples was examined by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) while morphology and elemental composition of the samples were examined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). It was found that zeolite-A and zeolite-X were able to produce through geopolymerisation of metakaolin. XRD and SEM-EDX analysis results showed that these materials were composed of zeolite-A or zeolite-X together with amorphous geopolymer. The zeolite X was only formed when ratio of Si:Al is 1.25 while zeolite A was formed at all ratio except ata Si:Al=1.25 and Na:Al=1.0. These materials have relatively low hardness and compressive strength, low density and high apparent porosity.

scholarly journals Mechanical Properties of Alkali Activated Material Based on Red Clay and Silica Gel Precursor

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 931-943
Author(s):  
Girts Bumanis ◽  
Danute Vaiciukyniene
Keyword(s):  
Silica Gel ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Alkali Activation ◽  
Production Plant ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Red Clay ◽  
Significant Strength ◽  
Naoh Solution ◽  
Alkali Activated

Abstract The search for alternative alumosilicates source for production of alkali activated materials (AAM) is intensively researched. Wide spread of natural materials such as clays and waste materials are one of potential alternatives. In this research AAM was made from local waste brick made of red clay and calcined low-carbonate illite clay precursor and its properties evaluated. Waste silica gel containing amorphous silica from fertilizer production plant was proposed as additional raw material. 6 M and 7 M NaOH alkali activation solutions were used to obtain AAM. Raw materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, laser particle size analyser, DTA/TG. Raw illite clay was calcined at a temperature of 700 to 800 °C. Waste brick was ground similar as raw clay and powder was obtained. Replacement of red clay with silica gel from 2–50 wt.% in mixture composition was evaluated. Results indicate that the most effective activator was 6 M NaOH solution and AAM with strength up to 13 MPa was obtained. Ground brick had the highest strength results and compressive strength of AAM reached 25 MPa. Silica gel in small quantities had little effect of AAM strength while significant strength reduction was observed with the increase silica gel content. The efflorescence was observed for samples with silica gel.

scholarly journals Study on High Energy Propellant Waste in the Processing of Fired Clay Bricks

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 596-602
Author(s):  
P.K. Mehta ◽  
A. Kumaraswamy ◽  
V. K. Saraswat ◽  
Praveen Kumar B.
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Pore Formation ◽  
High Energy ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Clay Bricks ◽  
Baking Process ◽  
Fired Bricks ◽  
Xrd Studies

Utilisation of propellant waste in fabrication of bricks is not only used as efficient waste disposal method but also to get better functional properties. In the present study, high energy propellant (HEP) waste additive mixed with soil and fly ash in different proportions during manufacturing of bricks has been investigated experimentally. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies were carried out to confirm the brick formation and the effect of HEP waste. Ceramic bricks were fabricated with HEP waste additive in proper proportions i.e. 0.5 wt %, 1.0 wt %, 1.5 wt %, 2.0 wt %, 2.5 wt %, 3 wt %, 3.5 wt %, and 4 wt % and then evaluated for water absorption capability and compressive strength. Compressive strength of 6.7 N/mm2, and Water absorption of 22 % have been observed from modified fired bricks impregnated with HEM waste additive. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies were carried out to analyze the effect of HEP waste additive on pore formation and distribution in the bricks. Further, the heat resulting from decomposition of propellants can cause a decrease in the energy required of baking process. The process of manufacturing of bricks with HEP waste additive is first of its kind till date.

Effects of Activating Solution and Liquid/Solid Ratio on Engineering Properties of Metakaolin-Based Geopolymer

2012 ◽  
Vol 204-208 ◽  
pp. 4101-4104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tzong Ruey Yang ◽  
Ta Peng Chang ◽  
Chun Tao Chen ◽  
Yuan Kai Lee ◽  
Bo Tsun Chen
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Degree Of Polymerization ◽  
Controlling Factors ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Solid Ratio ◽  
Activating Solution

In this paper, the metakaolin is used as the raw material with aluminosilicate compounds to produce the geopolymer. The effects of three levels of two major controlling factors, the degree of polymerization of the activating solution (weight ratio of SiO2 to Na2O) of 0.4, 0.7 and 1.0 and the weight ratio of liquid to solid (L/S) of 0.7, 0.85 and 1.00 on the engineering properties of geopolymer are investigated. The experimental results show that, at age of 28 days, the compressive strength increases from the lowest 37.33 MPa (SiO2/Na2O = 0.4 and L/S = 0.7) to the highest 71.21 MPa (SiO2/Na2O = 0.7 and L/S = 0.7). While, the thermal conductivity increases from the lowest 0.39 w/mk (SiO2/Na2O = 0.4 and L/S = 1.0) to the highest 0.761 w/mk (SiO2/Na2O = 1.0 and L/S = 0.7).

Performance of B-Doped SrTiO3/ Ni Sheet for Supercapacitor Material Application

2020 ◽  
Vol 851 ◽  
pp. 25-31
Author(s):  
Markus Diantoro ◽  
Ahmad Al Ittikhad ◽  
Thathit Suprayogi ◽  
Nasikhudin ◽  
Joko Utomo
Keyword(s):  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Solid State Reaction Method ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Sintering Process ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Energy Storage Devices ◽  
Xrd Pattern ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Storage Devices

The development of energy storage devices encourages the sustainability of research on basic materials of supercapacitor technology. SrTiO3 is one of metal oxide called as titanate alkali metal ATiO3 (A = Ba, Sr, Ca). This material shows an excellent dielectric constant, thus expected to be potential as raw material of supercapacitor. In this work, boron was used as a dopant on the SrTiO3 system to modify its local structure and enhance the electrical properties. Synthesis SrTi1-xBxO3 was carried out using a solid-state reaction method followed by the sintering process in various molar ratio. The microstructure of SrTi1-xBxO3 compound was identified by X-ray Diffraction with Cu-Kα. XRD pattern identified the presence of SrTi1-xBxO3 phase with a slight change in the lattice parameters. I-V measurement confirmed that the electrical conductivity increased gradually up to 16.04 Ω-1cm-1. For investigating their application for electrode materials, CV was employed and it presents that the specific capacitance and energy density of x = 0.08 were 5.488 Fg-1 and 0.110 Jg-1.

scholarly journals Metakaolinite Phosphate Cementitious Matrix: Inorganic Polymer Obtained by Acidic Activation

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antigoni Katsiki ◽  
Tobias Hertel ◽  
Tine Tysmans ◽  
Yiannis Pontikes ◽  
Hubert Rahier
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Optimum Composition ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
High Porosity ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Promising Candidate ◽  
Cementitious Matrix ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Optimal Behavior ◽  
Amorphous Network

This work aims to study an aluminosilicate phosphate cementitious matrix. The cementitious matrix was studied on paste samples. The synthesis of metakaolinite phosphate cement (MKPC) was investigated using calorimetric techniques. A systematic study was performed by emphasizing a broad range of Al/P molar ratios, covering the different behavior of the material to the extremes, as well as the optimum composition. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy revealed that the final structure was mainly an amorphous network, albeit with some non-reacted phases. The compressive strength was studied on mortars using a cement/sand ratio of 1:3. MKPC specimens with Al/P ratios close to 1/1 showed optimal behavior. MKPCs with Al/P ratios above 1/1 were characterized by high porosity and low strength, whereas MKPCs with Al/P < 1 contained an excess of phosphates. The influence of the Al/P molar ratio on compressive strength was also studied, reaching a maximum of 68 MPa for the optimum composition. Based on the results, MKPC may be a promising candidate for construction purposes.

scholarly journals Mechanism of Alkali-Activated Copper-Nickel Slag Material

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tingting Zhang ◽  
Haoliang Jin ◽  
Lijie Guo ◽  
Wenchen Li ◽  
Junan Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Hydration Reaction ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Copper Nickel ◽  
Activating Agent ◽  
Cementing Material ◽  
Alkali Activated

A copper-nickel slag-based alkali-activated cementing material (CNSCM) for backfilling was prepared using copper-nickel slag as a raw material and sodium silicate (SS) as an activating agent. The effects of SS content (6%, 8%, and 10%) and curing humidity on the compressive strength of CNSCM were investigated using an electronic universal testing machine. Types of hydration products and microstructures were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicated that by increasing the SS content, the compressive strength of the CNSCM exhibited an increasing trend, followed by a decreasing trend. The optimal content was 8%. Humidity was identified as another factor affecting compressive strength, which reached 17 MPa after curing for 28 d under standard conditions. A decrease in humidity could improve the compressive strength of the material. The main hydration reaction products of the CNSCM were C-S-H gel, Fe (OH)2 or Fe (OH)3 gel, and CaCO3.

scholarly journals One-Part Alkali-Activated Pastes and Mortars Prepared with Metakaolin and Biomass Ash

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (16) ◽  
pp. 5610
Author(s):  
Alessandra Mobili ◽  
Francesca Tittarelli ◽  
Hubert Rahier
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Reaction Kinetics ◽  
Isothermal Calorimetry ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Alkaline Solutions ◽  
Strength Increase ◽  
Biomass Ash ◽  
Solid Ratio ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Alkali Activated

Common alkali-activated materials (AAMs) are usually manufactured with highly alkaline solutions. However, alkaline solutions are dangerous for workers who must wear gloves, masks, and glasses when handling them. This issue makes common (or two-part) AAMs not user-friendly and problematic for bulk production if no safety procedures are followed. In this paper, the possibility of manufacturing alkali-activated pastes and mortars without alkaline solution is investigated. These innovative one-part AAMs have been prepared with metakaolin as the aluminosilicate precursor, potassium-rich biomass ash as the alkaline activator, and water. AAMs have been prepared by varying the K/Al molar ratio: pastes have been studied in terms of reaction kinetics, through isothermal calorimetry, and mortars have been tested in terms of mechanical compressive strength. Results show that the K/Al molar ratio governs both the reaction kinetics and the mechanical strength of these innovative materials. The highest compressive strength is obtained when the K/Al ratio is equal to 2.5 and the water/solid ratio is equal to 0.49. If biomass ash is heated at 700 °C to decompose the calcium carbonate, its reactivity and the final compressive strength increase.

On the spectrophotometric determination of with 2-(5-bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 401-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lumír Sommer ◽  
Eva Šamlotová
Keyword(s):  
Spectrophotometric Determination ◽  
Natural Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Masking Agents ◽  
Triton X ◽  
Sulphosalicylic Acid

2-(5-Bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol (5-Br-PADAP) is a suitable reagent for the spectrophotometric determination of uranium but results are easily influenced by the reaction conditions as well as various common ions and masking agents. Optimum conditions, which must be carefully maintained, are 30% (v/v) dimethylformamide, 0.1% triton X-100, ≥ 8 × 10−5 M 5-Br-PADAP, 8 × 10−2 M triethanolamine, 7 × 10−3 M sodium fluoride, 10−2 M 5-sulphosalicylic acid, and 579 nm. Sodium sulphate (10−2 M) and CDTA (5.7 × 10−3 M) may serve as additional masking agents. A previous separation of uranium by extraction with 0.1 M tri-n-octylamine in benzene from 4 M HCl and re-extraction of 0.3 M HCl is recommended for analysis of natural water samples.

A New Technological Study on Synthesis of Bis(2-chloroethoxy)Methane

2014 ◽  
Vol 1033-1034 ◽  
pp. 7-11
Author(s):  
Yan Bai ◽  
Xuan Tang ◽  
Kui Zhou ◽  
Cun She Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Acid Catalysis ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Ethylene Chlorohydrin ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
Chromatographic Detection ◽  
Catalyst Dosage ◽  
Technological Study

bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane was synthesized by the reaction of ethylene chlorohydrin and Oligopolyformaldehyde under sulfuric acid catalysis. optimum reaction conditions obtained were as follows: the molar ratio of Oligopolyformaldehyde and ethylene chlorohydrin of 1.2:2, catalyst dosage was 5‰mass fraction of ethylene chlorohydrin, toluene were chose as water-carrying agent, All reactant were refluxed on temperature of 110°C until no water generated. Under the optimum conditions the yield of bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane was 97.7%. The structure of bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane were conformed by ATR IR. The purity of bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane were 99% by gas chromatographic detection.

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