scholarly journals Erosion–Corrosion of 30°, 60°, and 90° Carbon Steel Elbows in a Multiphase Flow Containing Sand Particles

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 3898 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rehan Khan ◽  
Hamdan H. Ya ◽  
William Pao ◽  
Armaghan Khan
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Slug Flow ◽  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Corrosion Mechanism ◽  
Surface Imaging ◽  
Flow Loop ◽  
Erosion Corrosion ◽  
Inner Diameter ◽  
Corrosion Pits ◽  
Microscopic Surface

Erosion–corrosion in flow changing devices as a result of sand transportation is a serious concern in the hydrocarbon and mineral processing industry. In this work, the flow accelerated erosion–corrosion mechanism of 90°, 60°, and 30° long radius horizontal–horizontal (H–H) carbon steel elbows with an inner diameter of 50.8 mm were investigated in an experimental closed-flow loop. For these geometrical configurations, erosion–corrosion was elucidated for erosive slug flow regimes and the extent of material degradation is reported in detail. Qualitative techniques such as multilayer paint modeling and microscopic surface imaging were used to scrutinize the flow accelerated erosion–corrosion mechanism. The 3D roughness characterization of the surface indicates that maximum roughness appears in downstream adjacent to the outlet of the 90° elbow. Microscopic surface imaging of eroded elbow surfaces disseminates the presence of corrosion pits on the exit regions of the 90° and 60° elbows, but erosion scars were formed on the entry regions of the 30° elbow. Surface characterization and mass loss results indicated that changing the elbow geometrical configuration from a small angle to wide angle significantly changed the mechanical wear mechanism of the tested elbows. Moreover, the maximum erosive location was identified at the top of the horizontally-oriented elbow for slug flow.

scholarly journals Effect of Sand Fines Concentration on the Erosion-Corrosion Mechanism of Carbon Steel 90° Elbow Pipe in Slug Flow

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 4601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rehan Khan ◽  
Hamdan H. Ya ◽  
William Pao ◽  
Mohd Amin Abd Majid ◽  
Tauseef Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Slug Flow ◽  
Corrosion Mechanism ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Flow Loop ◽  
Material Degradation ◽  
Hydrocarbon Processing ◽  
Erosion Corrosion ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Worn Surface

Erosion-corrosion of elbow configurations has recently been a momentous concern in hydrocarbon processing and transportation industries. The carbon steel 90° elbows are susceptible to the erosion-corrosion during the multiphase flow, peculiarly for erosive slug flows. This paper studies the erosion-corrosion performance of 90° elbows at slug flow conditions for impact with 2, 5, and 10 wt.% sand fines concentrations on AISI 1018 carbon steel exploiting quantitative and qualitative analyses. The worn surface analyses were effectuated by using laser confocal and scanning electron microscopy. The experiment was conducted under air and water slug flow containing sand fines of 50 µm average size circulated in the closed flow loop. The results manifest that with the increase of concentration level, the erosion-corrosion magnitude increases remarkably. Sand fines instigate the development of perforation sites in the form of circular, elongated, and coalescence pits at the elbow downstream and the corrosion attack is much more obvious with the increase of sand fines concentration. Another congruent finding is that cutting and pitting corrosion as the primitive causes of material degradation, the 10 wt.% sand fines concentration in carrier phase increases the erosion-corrosion rate of carbon steel up to 93% relative to the 2 wt.% sand fines concentration in slug flow.

scholarly journals An Experimental Study on the Erosion-Corrosion Performance of AISI 1018 Carbon Steel and AISI 304L Stainless Steel 90-Degree Elbow Pipe

Metals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khan ◽  
Ya ◽  
Pao
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Slug Flow ◽  
Silica Sand ◽  
Corrosion Mechanism ◽  
304L Stainless Steel ◽  
Aisi 304L ◽  
Aisi 304L Stainless Steel ◽  
Erosion Corrosion

Erosion-corrosion is an unavoidable material degradation process in flow pipelines transporting abrasive particles with carrier fluids. In this study, the multiphase flow loop apparatus is employed to assess the erosion-corrosion behavior and mechanism relative to AISI 1018 carbon steel (CS) and AISI 304L stainless steel (SS) 90° long radius elbows with the inner diameter of 50.8 mm. Fine silica sand of 50 µm average size was used as a dispersed phase and erosion-corrosion tests were conducted for slug flow conditions. The erosion-corrosion analysis of 90° elbows was determined from its surface morphologies before and after the experiment using confocal and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The direct mass loss was measured to quantify the erosion-corrosion rate of the elbow configurations. Additionally, multilayer paint modeling experiments were performed to relate qualitative inferences on erosion distribution and location with the erosion-corrosion mechanism. It was observed that the erosion or corrosion pitting mechanism prevailed on the 1018 CS elbow surface, and the 304L SS displayed excellent erosion-corrosion resistance properties. Moreover, the erosion-corrosion rate was found to be 4.12 times more in the 1018 CS compared to the 304L SS with the maximum particle impaction identified at the exit of the horizontal-horizontal (H-H) 90° elbow for slug flow.

scholarly journals Influence of Sand Fines Transport Velocity on Erosion-Corrosion Phenomena of Carbon Steel 90-Degree Elbow

Metals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rehan Khan ◽  
Hamdan H. Ya ◽  
William Pao ◽  
Mohamad Zaki bin Abdullah ◽  
Faizul Azly Dzubir
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Internal Surface ◽  
Corrosion Mechanism ◽  
Flow Loop ◽  
Material Loss ◽  
Loss Analysis ◽  
Erosion Corrosion ◽  
Transport Velocity ◽  
Discrete Phase

Erosion-corrosion is an ineluctable flow assurance problem confronted in hydrocarbon transportation and production systems. In this work, the effect of sand fines velocity on the erosion-corrosion behavior of AISI 1018 carbon steel long radius 90° elbows was experimentally and numerically investigated for liquid-solid flow conditions. Experiments were effectuated for sand fines of mean diameter 50 µm circulated in a flow loop with three different velocities (0.5, 1 and 2 m/s). To elucidate the erosion-corrosion mechanism and degradation rate, the material loss analysis, multilayer paint modeling (MPM) and microscopic imaging technique were employed, with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and discrete phase modeling (DPM) also capacitating to evaluate the erosion distribution. It was perceived that increasing slurry velocity significantly changes the particle-wall impaction mechanism, leading to an increase in material degradation in the elbow bottom section up to 2 times in comparison to the low transport velocity. The erosion scars and pits development at the elbows internal surface was found to govern the wear mechanism in the carbon steel and made downstream section susceptible to erosion and corrosion. The material removal mechanisms were ascertained to change from cutting to pitting and plastic deformation with an increase of sand fines transportation velocity from 0.5 m/s to 2 m/s.

Flow Loop Study of NaCl Concentration Effect on Erosion, Corrosion, and Erosion-Corrosion of Carbon Steel in CO2-Saturated Systems

CORROSION ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 026001-1-026001-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sh. Hassani ◽  
K.P. Roberts ◽  
S.A. Shirazi ◽  
J.R. Shadley ◽  
E.F. Rybicki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Concentration Effect ◽  
Flow Loop ◽  
Nacl Concentration ◽  
Erosion Corrosion

Synergistic Erosion–Corrosion Behavior of X-65 Carbon Steel at Various Impingement Angles

2016 ◽  
Vol 139 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Pasha ◽  
H. M. Ghasemi ◽  
J. Neshati
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Corrosion Product ◽  
Corrosion Behavior ◽  
Impingement Angle ◽  
Erosion Rates ◽  
Erosion Corrosion ◽  
Sio2 Particles ◽  
Corrosion Pits

A slurry impingement rig containing 6 wt.% SiO2 particles was used to investigate synergistic erosion–corrosion behavior of X-65 carbon steel at various impingement angles. Maximum erosion–corrosion and erosion rates occurred at impingement angles of about 25 deg and 40–55 deg, respectively. The synergy value highly depended on the impingement angle. The formation of patches of porous corrosion product followed by the formation of corrosion pits led to a positive synergy under impingement angle of 25 deg. At higher impingement angles, the absence of pits probably due to the formation of a more durable tribocorrosion layer resulted in a negative synergy.

Study of Cavitation Erosion Pits on 1045 Carbon Steel Surface in Corrosive Waters

2012 ◽  
Vol 134 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Karrab ◽  
M. A. Doheim ◽  
Mohammed S. Aboraia ◽  
S. M. Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Cavitation Erosion ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Localized Corrosion ◽  
Corrosive Media ◽  
Erosion Corrosion ◽  
Aisi 1045 ◽  
Corrosion Pits ◽  
Cavitation Erosion Resistance

Cavitation erosion resistance of steels is important in many applications. The investigation of such resistance, under different conditions, should be very useful. Cavitation erosion tests were carried out on carbon steel AISI-1045 using an ultrasonic induced cavitation facility. Cavitation erosion pits and their effect on the localized corrosion were investigated in detail in three different corrosive media: distilled water, tap water, and 3% NaCl water. The results of the investigation using SEM indicated the formation of three types of pits on cavitating specimen surfaces: corrosion pits, erosion pits, and erosion-corrosion pits. The corrosion pits have different shapes, however, the lamellar structure is the dominant structure, and has a large size of about 100 μm. The erosion pits that were formed by the cavitation microjet impacts have sizes of a few micrometers. The erosion-corrosion pits were similar to the corrosion pits, except the erosion pits formed on the corrosion pit surface due to dissolution. The eroded surface removal was the largest in the case of saline water.

scholarly journals Effect of Magnetic Field on the Corrosion of API-5L-X65 Steel Using Electrochemical Methods in a Flow Loop

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (19) ◽  
pp. 9329
Author(s):  
Shahid Parapurath ◽  
Arjun Ravikumar ◽  
Nader Vahdati ◽  
Oleg Shiryayev
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Polarization Curves ◽  
Corrosion Mechanism ◽  
Flow Loop ◽  
X65 Steel ◽  
Api 5L X65 Steel

Limited studies have been conducted on the effect of a magnetic field on the corrosion behavior of steels. Investigating the effect on pipeline material in the oil and gas industries will be beneficial regarding corrosion prediction and control. In this work, the effect of a magnetic field on the corrosion process of API 5L X65 carbon steel was investigated in a well-developed flow loop using potentiodynamic polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Using permanent magnets and a well-designed corrosion electrode set-up, the corrosion mechanism of API 5L X65 steel was studied at different magnetic orientations and different flow conditions in a NaCl solution. The surface morphology of the corroded samples was studied using a scanning electron microscope, and the micro-morphologies of the corrosion deposits and the surface elemental composition were analyzed. The results show that the presence of a magnetic field increases the corrosion rate of API 5L X65 carbon steel, and that flow velocities and magnetic orientation have a significant influence on the anodic corrosion current. The results of the polarization curves indicate a negative shift in the Tafel curve, leading to an increase in the corrosion rate with the introduction of a magnetic field in the flow system. The results of the EIS show that the charge transfer rate is decreased when a magnetic field is applied. This work provides important direction in terms of the understanding of the combined effect of magnetism and flow on the corrosion in pipelines used in the oil and gas industries.

Investigation on Material Selection in Missan Oilfields Similar Environment

2014 ◽  
Vol 641-642 ◽  
pp. 427-433
Author(s):  
Shuang Cheng ◽  
Feng Lin ◽  
Pei Long Yang ◽  
Pei Ke Zhu ◽  
Jin Gen Deng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Nickel Alloy ◽  
Martensitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Material Selection ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Service Condition ◽  
Corrosion Mechanism ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Chrome Steel

This paper analyzed the corrosion environment of Missan oilfields and investigated the oilfield country tubular goods used in other similar oilfields. Summarized the effect of partial pressure ratio of H2S/CO2 and Cl-to the corrosion behavior of OCTG. This paper concluded the service condition, test results and anti-corrosion mechanism of carbon steel, low-chrome steel, modified martensitic stainless steel and nickel alloy. Finally arrived at conclusion that the nickel alloy can meet the requirement of Missan oilfields, some literature reported that the modified martensitic stainless steel can apply in H2S/CO2 environment. In the condition that be easy to replace the tubular, carbon steel and low-chrome steel tubular can meet the requirement with corrosion inhibitor.

scholarly journals Emerging surface characterization techniques for carbon steel corrosion: a critical brief review

2017 ◽  
Vol 473 (2199) ◽  
pp. 20160852 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Dwivedi ◽  
K. Lepkova ◽  
T. Becker
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Film Surface ◽  
Surface Films ◽  
Corrosive Media ◽  
Metallic Substrates ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Absorption

Carbon steel is a preferred construction material in many industrial and domestic applications, including oil and gas pipelines, where corrosion mitigation using film-forming corrosion inhibitor formulations is a widely accepted method. This review identifies surface analytical techniques that are considered suitable for analysis of thin films at metallic substrates, but are yet to be applied to analysis of carbon steel surfaces in corrosive media or treated with corrosion inhibitors. The reviewed methods include time of flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry, X-ray absorption spectroscopy methods, particle-induced X-ray emission, Rutherford backscatter spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, electron probe microanalysis, near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, X-ray photoemission electron microscopy, low-energy electron diffraction, small-angle neutron scattering and neutron reflectometry, and conversion electron Moessbauer spectrometry. Advantages and limitations of the analytical methods in thin-film surface investigations are discussed. Technical parameters of nominated analytical methods are provided to assist in the selection of suitable methods for analysis of metallic substrates deposited with surface films. The challenges associated with the applications of the emerging analytical methods in corrosion science are also addressed.

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