scholarly journals Emerging surface characterization techniques for carbon steel corrosion: a critical brief review

2017 ◽  
Vol 473 (2199) ◽  
pp. 20160852 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Dwivedi ◽  
K. Lepkova ◽  
T. Becker
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Film Surface ◽  
Surface Films ◽  
Corrosive Media ◽  
Metallic Substrates ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Absorption

Carbon steel is a preferred construction material in many industrial and domestic applications, including oil and gas pipelines, where corrosion mitigation using film-forming corrosion inhibitor formulations is a widely accepted method. This review identifies surface analytical techniques that are considered suitable for analysis of thin films at metallic substrates, but are yet to be applied to analysis of carbon steel surfaces in corrosive media or treated with corrosion inhibitors. The reviewed methods include time of flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry, X-ray absorption spectroscopy methods, particle-induced X-ray emission, Rutherford backscatter spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, electron probe microanalysis, near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, X-ray photoemission electron microscopy, low-energy electron diffraction, small-angle neutron scattering and neutron reflectometry, and conversion electron Moessbauer spectrometry. Advantages and limitations of the analytical methods in thin-film surface investigations are discussed. Technical parameters of nominated analytical methods are provided to assist in the selection of suitable methods for analysis of metallic substrates deposited with surface films. The challenges associated with the applications of the emerging analytical methods in corrosion science are also addressed.

Analytical Methods Based upon X-Ray Absorption

1953 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 689-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Liebhafsky
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Methods ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Absorption

scholarly journals Observation of Chemical State for Interstitial Solid Solution of Carbon in Low-carbon Steel by Soft X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kakeru Ninomiya ◽  
Kazutaka Kamitani ◽  
Yusuke Tamenori ◽  
Kazuki Tsuruta ◽  
Toshihiro Okajima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid Solution ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Chemical State ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Interstitial Solid Solution ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Absorption

Characterization of Polymers and Their Surfaces Using Ultra-Soft X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy

1993 ◽  
Vol 304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary E. Mitchell ◽  
Benjamin M. Dekoven ◽  
David R. Speth ◽  
Mark E. Jones ◽  
James J. Curphy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Film Thickness ◽  
Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Film Surface ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Fluorescence Yield ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Surface Sensitivity ◽  
X Ray Absorption

AbstractIn this paper we illustrate the use of Ultra Soft X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (USXAS) for the characterization of polymeric materials by highlighting three novel applications of the technique. The surface sensitivity of electron yield (3 nm) and the bulk information available from fluorescence yield USXAS (200 nm) provide unique information on the chemistry of polymer surfaces and interfaces. USXAS is sensitive to both concentration and orientation of functional groups in polymers. The systems highlighted here include the characterization of flame treated model acrylic automotive coatings, ultra-low surface energy crosslinked fluorocarbon films, and spin cast polystyrene films. The chemical and surface sensitivity of the technique are emphasized by the ability of USXAS to detect an increase in the trigonally coordinated carbon at the surface after treatment with a reducing flame. The sensitivity to functional group orientation at the surface is demonstrated by the characterization of the crosslinked flurocarbon polymer films. The results show that the pendant fluoroalkyl moieties of these polymers are strongly oriented perpendicular to the film surface. Spin coated polystyrene films were characterized as a functionv of molecular weight, film thickness and casting solvent. The pendant phenyl groups were found to be preferentially oriented towards the normal to the surface plane, independent of casting solvent, molecular weight, and film thickness

scholarly journals Observation of Chemical State for Interstitial Solid Solution of Carbon in Low-carbon Steel by Soft X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy

2018 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 628-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kakeru Ninomiya ◽  
Kazutaka Kamitani ◽  
Yusuke Tamenori ◽  
Kazuki Tsuruta ◽  
Toshihiro Okajima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid Solution ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Chemical State ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Interstitial Solid Solution ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Absorption

Surface Characterization of Amalgams Using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

1987 ◽  
Vol 66 (9) ◽  
pp. 1470-1478 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Hanawa ◽  
H. Takahashi ◽  
M. Ota ◽  
R.F. Pinizzotto ◽  
J.L. Ferracane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Surface Film ◽  
Binding Energies ◽  
Minimal Amount ◽  
Surface Films ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Argon Ion ◽  
Electron Binding Energies

This study is the first to report on the use of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS or ESCA) for studying the surface films (less than 10 nm thick) of aged amalgams. The concentrations and electron binding energies of the elements on the surfaces of four different amalgams aged for 20 min, one day, seven days, and 30 days were determined quantitatively. For comparison, the bulk compositions of the amalgams aged for seven days were also determined after removal of approximately 5 nm of material from the surface by argon-ion-sputtering. The XPS data revealed that the surface films of aged zinc-containing amalgams were not a simple oxide but were primarily composed of a (hydrated) tin and zinc oxy-hydroxide, whereas, in the zinc-free amalgams, the surface films were primarily a tin oxide. The concentration of mercury in this thin surface film after aging was depleted. This suggests that tin and/or zinc preferentially diffused to the surface and combined with oxygen, forming a surface film and diluting the mercury concentration in the surface. Another probable explanation for the depleted mercury is that a minimal amount of mercury in the surface film evaporated during the aging.

Study of Surface Films of Overbased Sulfonates and Sulfurized Olefins by X-Ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) Spectroscopy

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. Costello
Keyword(s):  
Xanes Spectroscopy ◽  
Surface Films ◽  
Edge Structure ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Lubricating Oils ◽  
Calcium Sulfonate ◽  
Synergistic Combination ◽  
X Ray Absorption

Four-ball EP tests were completed for lubricating oils containing the synergistic combination of overbased calcium sulfonate and sulfurized olefin. Using XANES spectroscopy we were able to differentiate between FeS, RSO3− and SO42− in the sulfur K-edge and L-edge spectra. It was found while the sulfurized olefin reacts very strongly with the substrate to form FeS, the overbased calcium sulfonate does not react strongly with the substrate unless sulfurized olefin present.

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