scholarly journals Evolution of the Internal Structure of Short-Period Cr/V Multilayers with Different Vanadium Layers Thicknesses

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 2936
Author(s):  
Runze Qi ◽  
Qiushi Huang ◽  
Jiani Fei ◽  
Igor V. Kozhevnikov ◽  
Yang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Columnar Growth ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
Interface Width ◽  
Water Window ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Structure Irregularities ◽  
Spectral Ranges ◽  
Discontinuous Growth

Cr/V multilayer mirrors are suitable for applications in the “water window” spectral ranges. To study factors influencing the internal microstructure of Cr/V multilayers, multilayers with different vanadium layers thicknesses varying from 0.6 nm to 4.0 nm, and a fixed thickness (1.3 nm) of chromium layers, were fabricated and characterized with a set of experimental techniques. The average interface width characterizing a cumulative effect of different structure irregularities was demonstrated to exhibit non-monotonous dependence on the V layer thickness and achieve a minimal value of 0.31 nm when the thickness of the V layers was 1.2 nm. The discontinuous growth of very thin V films increased in roughness as the thickness of V layers decreased. The columnar growth of the polycrystalline grains in both materials became more pronounced with increasing thickness, resulting in a continuous increase in the interface width to a maximum of 0.9 nm for a 4 nm thickness of the V layer.

scholarly journals Snow and weather climatic control on snow avalanche occurrence fluctuations over 50 yr in the French Alps

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 4173-4221
Author(s):  
H. Castebrunet ◽  
N. Eckert ◽  
G. Giraud
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Snow Avalanche ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Winter Climate ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
Climate Fluctuations ◽  
French Alps ◽  
Weather Patterns ◽  
Short Period

Abstract. Snow avalanche activity is controlled to a large extent by snow and weather patterns. However, its response to climate fluctuations remains poorly documented. Previous studies have focused on direct extraction of trends in avalanche and winter climate data, and this study employs a time-implicit method to model annual avalanche activity in the French Alps during the 1958–2009 period from its most representative climatic drivers. Modeled snow and weather data for different elevations and aspects are considered as covariates that explain actual observed avalanche counts, modeled instability indexes, and a combination of both avalanche activity indicators. These three series present relatively similar fluctuations over the period and good consistency with historically harsh winters. A stepwise procedure is used to obtain regression models that accurately represent trends as well as high and low peaks with a small number of physically meaningful covariates, showing their climatic relevance. The activity indicators and their regression models seen as time series show, within a high interannual variability, a predominant bell-shaped pattern presumably related to a short period of colder and snowier winters around 1980, as well as a very slight but continuous increase between 1975 and 2000 concomitant with warming. Furthermore, the regression models quantify the respective weight of the different covariates, mostly temperature anomalies and south-facing snowpack characteristics to explain the trends and most of the exceptional winters. Regional differences are discussed as well as seasonal variations between winter and spring activity and confirm rather different snow and weather regimes influencing avalanche activity over the Northern and Southern Alps, depending on the season.

scholarly journals Flow Cytometry: Principles and Clinical Applications in Hematology

2000 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 1221-1229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Brown ◽  
Carl Wittwer
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
The Past ◽  
Single File ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Multiple Characteristics ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Individual Particles

Abstract The use of flow cytometry in the clinical laboratory has grown substantially in the past decade. This is attributable in part to the development of smaller, user-friendly, less-expensive instruments and a continuous increase in the number of clinical applications. Flow cytometry measures multiple characteristics of individual particles flowing in single file in a stream of fluid. Light scattering at different angles can distinguish differences in size and internal complexity, whereas light emitted from fluorescently labeled antibodies can identify a wide array of cell surface and cytoplasmic antigens. This approach makes flow cytometry a powerful tool for detailed analysis of complex populations in a short period of time. This report reviews the general principles in flow cytometry and selected applications of flow cytometry in the clinical hematology laboratory.

scholarly journals Mechanism of thrombocytopenia in COVID-19 patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (6) ◽  
pp. 1205-1208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panyang Xu ◽  
Qi Zhou ◽  
Jiancheng Xu
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Options ◽  
Clinical Treatment ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Abstract Since December 2019, a novel coronavirus has spread throughout China and across the world, causing a continuous increase in confirmed cases within a short period of time. Some studies reported cases of thrombocytopenia, but hardly any studies mentioned how the virus causes thrombocytopenia. We propose several mechanisms by which coronavirus disease 2019 causes thrombocytopenia to better understand this disease and provide more clinical treatment options.

scholarly journals Observations of Breaking Internal Tides on the Australian North West Shelf Edge

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Lauton ◽  
Charitha Bandula Pattiaratchi ◽  
Carlos A. D. Lentini
Keyword(s):  
Wave Breaking ◽  
Kdv Equation ◽  
Vertical Mixing ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Internal Tides ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Data Set ◽  
North West ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Run Up

A comprehensive observational data set was used to examine shoreward propagating semidiurnal internal tides as they shoal, break and run-up as turbulent boluses across the edge of the Australian North West Shelf (NWS), offshore Dampier, during late winter 2013. The measured waveforms and wavefields supported the grouping of events into two distinct categories: (1) pre-; and, (2) post- wave breaking. It was found that the transition from (1) to (2) was marked by the rise of nonlinear steepening (α) and reduction in dispersion (β), both coefficients that parameterize nonlinear wave effects on the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation. We introduced a criterion for wave breaking from the dimensionless parameter (δ) that relates these two terms: wave breaking occurs when δ < 1. In the first group, dispersive effects were dominant to spread energy out of the semidiurnal wave to a dispersive wave packet of short-period internal solitary waves (ISWs). In the second, dispersion was considered small compared to the cumulative effect of nonlinear steepening. Here, the semidiurnal wave built sufficient energy at its rear face to generate wave breaking, which has been known to produce multiple turbulent boluses. Similar observations have not been described for this region during winter months and highlight that the nonlinear internal wave field is an important feature on the NWS throughout the year. Additionally, measurements obtained through autonomous ocean glider profiles revealed some of the post-breaking characteristics that included intensive vertical mixing and transport of dense water and suspended material onshore of the shelf break.

scholarly journals EEG Assessment in a 2-Year-Old Child with Prolonged Disorders of Consciousness: 3 Years’ Follow-up

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Gang Xu ◽  
Qianqian Sheng ◽  
Qinggang Xin ◽  
Yanxin Song ◽  
Gaoyan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Minimally Conscious State ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Conscious State ◽  
Disorders Of Consciousness ◽  
Phase Lag ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
Epileptiform Discharges ◽  
Interictal Epileptiform Discharges ◽  
Delta Band ◽  
Minimally Conscious

A 2-year-old girl, diagnosed with traumatic brain injury and epilepsy following car trauma, was followed up for 3 years (a total of 15 recordings taken at 0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 19, 26, and 35 months). There is still no clear guidance on the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of children with disorders of consciousness. At each appointment, recordings included the child’s height, weight, pediatric Glasgow Coma Scale (pGCS), Coma Recovery Scale-Revised (CRS-R), Gesell Developmental Schedule, computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalogram, frequency of seizures, oral antiepileptic drugs, stimulation with subject’s own name (SON), and median nerve electrical stimulation (MNS). Growth and development were deemed appropriate for the age of the child. The pGCS and Gesell Developmental Schedule provided a comprehensive assessment of consciousness and mental development; the weighted Phase Lag Index (wPLI ) in the β-band (13–25 Hz) can distinguish unresponsive wakefulness syndrome from minimally conscious state and confirm that the SON and MNS were effective. The continuous increase of delta-band power indicates a poor prognosis. Interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) have a cumulative effect and seizures seriously affect the prognosis.

scholarly journals Manifestation Forms of Intense Muscle Efforts and Factors Influencing the Development of Strength Motor Capacity

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-139
Author(s):  
Robert Stănciulescu
Keyword(s):  
Motor Skills ◽  
Physical Training ◽  
High Performance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Performance Parameters ◽  
Sports Training ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Motor Activities

Abstract Physical training, a component of the sports training aims, besides the development of morphological and functional indexes of the body and mastering a rich system of motor skills and capabilities, the development and improvement of the basic motor qualities at high performance parameters. Most motor activities require the endowment of athletes with possibilities to make intensive efforts in a very short period of time. Therefore, the issue that is focusing on the study of this field is very important for achieving the targeted performance.

scholarly journals Snow and weather climatic control on snow avalanche occurrence fluctuations over 50 yr in the French Alps

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 855-875 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Castebrunet ◽  
N. Eckert ◽  
G. Giraud
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Snow Avalanche ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Winter Climate ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
Climate Fluctuations ◽  
French Alps ◽  
Weather Patterns ◽  
Short Period

Abstract. Snow avalanche activity is controlled to a large extent by snow and weather patterns. However, its response to climate fluctuations remains poorly documented. Previous studies have focused on direct extraction of trends in avalanche and winter climate data, and this study employs a time-implicit method to model annual avalanche activity in the French Alps during the 1958–2009 period from its most representative climatic drivers. Modelled snow and weather data for different elevations and aspects are considered as covariates that explain actual observed avalanche counts, modelled instability indexes, and a combination of both avalanche activity indicators. These three series present relatively similar fluctuations over the period and good consistency with historically harsh winters. A stepwise procedure is used to obtain regression models that accurately represent trends as well as high and low peaks with a small number of physically meaningful covariates, showing their climatic relevance. The activity indicators and their regression models seen as time series show, within a high interannual variability, a predominant bell-shaped pattern presumably related to a short period of colder and snowier winters around 1980, as well as a very slight but continuous increase between 1975 and 2000 concomitant with warming. Furthermore, the regression models quantify the respective weight of the different covariates, mostly temperature anomalies and south-facing snowpack characteristics to explain the trends and most of the exceptional winters. Regional differences are discussed as well as seasonal variations between winter and spring activity and confirm rather different snow and weather regimes influencing avalanche activity over the Northern and Southern Alps, depending on the season.

DECISION CRITERIA OF UPGRADING RAILWAY STATION TRACKS LAYOUT AT METALLURGICAL ENTERPRISES

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 764-770
Author(s):  
Кирицева ◽  
E. Kiritseva ◽  
Маслак ◽  
A. Maslak
Keyword(s):  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Rolling Stock ◽  
Decision Criteria ◽  
Railway Station ◽  
Railway Stations ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Effective Operation ◽  
Operational Activity

The factors influencing the operational activity of railway stations at metallurgical enterprises were identified. It was determided that their cumulative effect leads to a mismatch between station tracks capacity and volumes of rolling stock handling. By the example of freight railway station, the guidelines for determining the ratio between volumes of rolling stock handling, and handling capacity of railway station tracks were set. As the criteria of effective operation of freight railway station, the required ratio and the factual ratio between station tracks capacity and volumes of rolling stock handling are taken

Bromotrichloromethane Hepatotoxicity. The Role of Stimulated Hepatocellular Regeneration in Recovery: Biochemical and Histopathological Studies in Control and Chlordecone Pretreated Male Rats

1990 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 667-677 ◽  
Author(s):  
Obaid M. Faroon ◽  
Harihara M. Mehendale
Keyword(s):  
Hepatic Failure ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Normal Diet ◽  
Serum Enzymes ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Hepatocellular Regeneration

It has been shown that BrCCl3 is a more potent hepatotoxin than CCl4. Pretreatment with nontoxic dietary levels of chlordecone (CD) results in amplification of BrCCl3 hepatotoxicity. The objective of this research was to investigate and compare the histopathological alterations during a time course after a low dose of BrCCl3 alone and in combination with dietary CD. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were maintained on 10 ppm dietary CD or normal diet for 15 days. On day 16, they received a single ip dose (30 μ1/kg) of BrCCl3 in corn oil (CO) vehicle or corn oil alone. Blood and liver samples were collected at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hr for serum enzymes and histopathological examination, respectively. Serum enzymes (SDH, ALT, AST) were significantly ( p < 0.05) elevated in rats receiving the CD + BrCCl3 combination in comparison to BrCCl3 alone. For 48 hr, a continuous increase in serum enzyme activities was detected in rats treated with CD + BrCCl3 combination, but not in the rats receiving other treatments (ND + BrCCl3, ND + CO, or CD + CO). The most extensive hepatolobular necrosis was observed in rats treated with the CD + BrCCl3 combination. Thirty-six hr after the administration of BrCCl3 to rats maintained on normal diet, high mitotic activity was observed, which continued through 72 hr resulting in complete restoration of hepatolobular structure. In contrast, rats receiving the combination of CD + BrCCl3 exhibited minimal and belated hepatomitotic activity for a short period of time, resulting in progressive hepatic failure, culminating in animal death. In conclusion, hepatotoxicity of a low dose of BrCCl3 alone appeared to be overcome via stimulated hepatocellular regeneration and hepatolobular restoration. CD appears to amplify BrCCl3 hepatotoxicity via interference with this hormetic mechanism, permitting a progressive and continued hepatic injury leading to complete hepatic failure, culminating in animal death.

SKP and related phases*

1956 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 185-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Forester
Keyword(s):  
Inner Core ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Vertical Component ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Amplitude Data ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Additional Support ◽  
Period Instruments

Abstract For shallow shocks, multiple SKP phases are observed after the initial SKP motion as long as 54 seconds on short-period instruments and as long as 87 seconds on long-period instruments. Amplitude data indicate that each multiple phase has a focal point similar to that of the initial SKP phase. The focal point for waves having periods of 1 to 5 seconds occurs at 131½°, and that for waves having periods of 5 to 10 seconds is broadly defined between 130° and 131°. Short-period SKP waves extend from 129° to at least 140°; long-period SKP waves, from 125° to 145°. The long-period waves are believed to be diffracted from the caustic in accordance with Airy's hypothesis. For all types of SKP phases the energy content of the short-period waves is several times less than that of the long-period waves. For the vertical component the agreement between theoretical and observed values of energy of long-period waves is good. For the horizontal component the observation of too little energy is not satisfactorily explained. SKP″, the SKP phase associated with the inner core, is observed between 114° and 125°. It records with very short periods. The observations of SKP″ present additional support for the hypothesis of large but continuous increase of velocity at the transitional boundary of the inner core.

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