scholarly journals Bottom–Up Electrodeposition of Large-Scale Nanotwinned Copper within 3D Through Silicon Via

Materials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fu-Long Sun ◽  
Zhi-Quan Liu ◽  
Cai-Fu Li ◽  
Qing-Sheng Zhu ◽  
Hao Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Through Silicon Via

scholarly journals Estimating CO2 Emissions from Large Scale Coal-Fired Power Plants Using OCO-2 Observations and Emission Inventories

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 811
Author(s):  
Yaqin Hu ◽  
Yusheng Shi
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Gaussian Model ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Emission Inventories ◽  
Bottom Up

The concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) has increased rapidly worldwide, aggravating the global greenhouse effect, and coal-fired power plants are one of the biggest contributors of greenhouse gas emissions in China. However, efficient methods that can quantify CO2 emissions from individual coal-fired power plants with high accuracy are needed. In this study, we estimated the CO2 emissions of large-scale coal-fired power plants using Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) satellite data based on remote sensing inversions and bottom-up methods. First, we mapped the distribution of coal-fired power plants, displaying the total installed capacity, and identified two appropriate targets, the Waigaoqiao and Qinbei power plants in Shanghai and Henan, respectively. Then, an improved Gaussian plume model method was applied for CO2 emission estimations, with input parameters including the geographic coordinates of point sources, wind vectors from the atmospheric reanalysis of the global climate, and OCO-2 observations. The application of the Gaussian model was improved by using wind data with higher temporal and spatial resolutions, employing the physically based unit conversion method, and interpolating OCO-2 observations into different resolutions. Consequently, CO2 emissions were estimated to be 23.06 ± 2.82 (95% CI) Mt/yr using the Gaussian model and 16.28 Mt/yr using the bottom-up method for the Waigaoqiao Power Plant, and 14.58 ± 3.37 (95% CI) and 14.08 Mt/yr for the Qinbei Power Plant, respectively. These estimates were compared with three standard databases for validation: the Carbon Monitoring for Action database, the China coal-fired Power Plant Emissions Database, and the Carbon Brief database. The comparison found that previous emission inventories spanning different time frames might have overestimated the CO2 emissions of one of two Chinese power plants on the two days that the measurements were made. Our study contributes to quantifying CO2 emissions from point sources and helps in advancing satellite-based monitoring techniques of emission sources in the future; this helps in reducing errors due to human intervention in bottom-up statistical methods.

“Forward to David the Builder!” Georgia's (re)turn to language-centered nationalism

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 522-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christofer Berglund
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
The State ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The Past ◽  
Building Project ◽  
The Rose ◽  
State Language

After the Rose Revolution, President Saakashvili tried to move away from the exclusionary nationalism of the past, which had poisoned relations between Georgians and their Armenian and Azerbaijani compatriots. His government instead sought to foster an inclusionary nationalism, wherein belonging was contingent upon speaking the state language and all Georgian speakers, irrespective of origin, were to be equals. This article examines this nation-building project from a top-down and bottom-up lens. I first argue that state officials took rigorous steps to signal that Georgian-speaking minorities were part of the national fabric, but failed to abolish religious and historical barriers to their inclusion. I next utilize a large-scale, matched-guise experiment (n= 792) to explore if adolescent Georgians ostracize Georgian-speaking minorities or embrace them as their peers. I find that the upcoming generation of Georgians harbor attitudes in line with Saakashvili's language-centered nationalism, and that current Georgian nationalism therefore is more inclusionary than previous research, or Georgia's tumultuous past, would lead us to believe.

scholarly journals Climate Dialog, Climate Action: Can Democracy Do the Job?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred Young Phillips ◽  
LaVonne Reimer ◽  
Rebecca Turner
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Ipcc Report ◽  
Climate Action

The latest IPCC report forcefully states that immediate, decisive, and large-scale actions are needed to avert climate catastrophe. This essay presumes that democratic governments are best and most desirably positioned to take these actions. Yet in the countries most pivotal to global climate, significant voting blocs are uninterested in environmental issues. The essay urges adding bottom-up dialog between environmental and anti-environmental voters, to current and future top-down technocratic “solutions.” To make this combination result in a unified pro-environment electorate, we must understand: religious objections to environmentalism; the capital-vs.-knowledge strife that slows polluting corporations’ green transitions; and the psychological mechanisms that can make inter-group dialog fruitful.

Large-Scale Patterning and Assembly of Carbon Nanotubes by Microfluidic Hydrodynamic Focusing

2011 ◽  
Vol 194-196 ◽  
pp. 503-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei Liu ◽  
Yan Peng ◽  
Qiu Quan Guo ◽  
Jun Luo ◽  
Jun Yang
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Mass Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Sample Solution ◽  
Hydrodynamic Focusing ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
General Pathway ◽  
Efficient Integration

Efficient integration of synthetic nanotubes/nanowires into functional nanodevices by bottom-up approaches is the key of mass production of nanodevices, and is still a big challenge. Here we present a simple microfluidic method of patterning and aligning a large scale of carbon nanotubes by hydrodynamic focusing: the sample solution carrying carbon nanotubes were hydrodynamically controlled by the sheath flows. This method can be used to align and position both a large scale of nanotubes and a few lines of nanotubes to designated positions, offering a general pathway for assembly of nanosystems.

scholarly journals Emissions of Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl<sub>4</sub>) from Europe

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Graziosi ◽  
Jgor Arduini ◽  
Paolo Bonasoni ◽  
Francesco Furlani ◽  
Umberto Giostra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Montreal Protocol ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Significant Discrepancy ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Atmospheric Observations ◽  
Global Emissions

Abstract. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a long-lived radiatively-active compound able to destroy stratospheric ozone. Due to its inclusion in the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, the last two decades have seen a sharp decrease in its large scale emissive use with a consequent decline of its atmospheric mole fractions. However, the Montreal Protocol restrictions do not apply to the use of carbon tetrachloride as feedstock for the production of other chemicals, implying the risk of fugitive emissions from the industry sector. The occurrence of such unintended emissions is suggested by a significant discrepancy between global emissions as derived by reported production and feedstock usage (bottom-up emissions), and those based on atmospheric observations (top-down emissions). In order to better constrain the atmospheric budget of carbon tetrachloride, several studies based on a combination of atmospheric observations and inverse modelling have been conducted in recent years in various regions of the world. This study is focused on the European scale and based on long-term high-frequency observations at three European sites, combined with a Bayesian inversion methodology. We estimated that average European emissions for 2006–2014 were 2.3 (± 0.8) Gg yr−1, with an average decreasing trend of 7.3 % per year. Our analysis identified France as the main source of emissions over the whole study period, with an average contribution to total European emissions of 25 %. The inversion was also able to allow the localisation of emission "hot-spots" in the domain, with major source areas in Southern France, Central England (UK) and Benelux (Belgium, The Netherlands, Luxembourg), where most of industrial scale production of basic organic chemicals are located. According to our results, European emissions correspond to 4.0 % of global emissions for 2006–2012. Together with other regional studies, our results allow a better constraint of the global budget of carbon tetrachloride and a better quantification of the gap between top-down and bottom-up estimates.

scholarly journals Canopy cover and anurans: nutrients are the most important predictor of growth and development

2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Freya E. Rowland ◽  
Sara K. Tuttle ◽  
María J. González ◽  
Michael J. Vanni
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Food Resource ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Resource Quality ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Primary Producer ◽  
Full Factorial ◽  
Potential Food

Bottom-up effects such as the availability of light and nutrients can have large impacts on primary producer quantity and quality, which is then translated into the growth and development of consumers. The use of “canopy cover” as a bottom-up predictive factor is a broad categorization, as canopy cover controls both the amount of light allowed into a pond and the nutrient load through leaf litter. To test how light and nutrients influence pond ecosystems, we manipulated inorganic nutrients and light in a 2 × 3 full-factorial, large-scale mesocosm experiment. Larval American Bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus (Shaw, 1802)) were reared for 6 weeks at low densities and then assessed for development, growth, and survival at the end of the experiment. We also collected weekly samples of potential food resources (phytoplankton and periphyton) for the estimation of algal production and stoichiometric quality (carbon:nitrogen:phosphorus). Light had strong effects on food resource quality; however, resource quality did not significantly predict tadpole growth or development. Instead, nutrients seemed to be the most important factor as a stimulator of total algal primary production and some unknown pathway, which in turn affected tadpole development. Ours is the first study to investigate canopy cover using a comprehensive causal model, and our results suggest in regards to tadpole growth and development, canopy cover is important mainly as a source of nutrients to ponds.

scholarly journals Facile bottom-up synthesis of partially oxidized black phosphorus nanosheets as metal-free photocatalyst for hydrogen evolution

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (17) ◽  
pp. 4345-4350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Tian ◽  
Bining Tian ◽  
Bethany Smith ◽  
M. C. Scott ◽  
Qin Lei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Effect Transistors ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Black Phosphorus ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Metal Free ◽  
Wet Chemical Synthesis ◽  
Intense Activity

Few-layer black phosphorus (BP) nanosheets were first reported as a 2D material for the application of field-effect transistors in 2014 and have stimulated intense activity among physicists, chemists, and material and biomedical scientists, driving research into novel synthetic techniques to produce BP nanosheets. At present, exfoliation is the main route toward few-layer BP nanosheets via employing bulk BP as raw material. However, this is a complicated and time-consuming process, which is difficult for the large-scale synthesis of BP nanosheets. Moreover, BP degrades rapidly when exfoliated to nanoscale dimensions, resulting in the rapid loss of semiconducting properties. Here, we report the direct wet-chemical synthesis of few-layer BP nanosheets in gram-scale quantities in a bottom-up approach based on common laboratory reagents at low temperature, showing excellent stability due to partial oxidation of surface. Solvent and temperature are two critical factors, controlling not only the formation of BP nanosheets but also the thickness. The as-prepared BP nanosheets can extract hydrogen from pure water (pH = 6.8), exhibiting more than 24-fold higher activity than the well-known C3N4 nanosheets. Our results reporting the ability to prepare few-layer BP nanosheets with a facile, scalable, low-cost approach take us a step closer to real-world applications of phosphorene including next-generation metal-free photocatalysts for photosynthesis.

Successful bottom-up faculty collaboration during institutional change

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 308-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsuying C. Ward ◽  
Ming-Tsan P. Lu ◽  
Brendan H. O'Connor ◽  
Terry Overton
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Change ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Institutional Transformation ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Faculty Collaboration ◽  
Teaching And Learning Environment ◽  
Starting Point

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to outline findings from practitioner research with a university faculty learning community (FLC) that organized itself to effect bottom-up change. The study explores beliefs about the efficacy of collaboration among members of the FLC and serves as a best case of grassroots faculty collaboration during a period of institutional change. Design/methodology/approach – This is a case study using semi-structured interviews with FLC members and document review of short-term learning data from students who participated in workshops offered by the FLC. Findings – Creative faculty responses to challenges posed by large-scale institutional transformation improved the teaching and learning environment for faculty and students. This case study highlights four characteristics that were crucial to the success of this FLC and which could provide a helpful starting point for faculty collaboration at other institutions. Research limitations/implications – This is a preliminary, self-reflective study with a small number of participants working at a unique institution. Findings are presented not as strictly generalizable truths about faculty collaboration in higher education, but as “lessons learned” that may be valuable to other faculty seeking to take a more proactive role in contexts of institutional change. Practical implications – This case study highlights four characteristics that were crucial to the success of this FLC and which could provide a helpful starting point for faculty collaboration at other institutions. Social implications – This study illustrates how bottom-up, faculty-led collaboration can address institutional problems in a university setting. Creative faculty responses to challenges posed by large-scale institutional transformation can improve the teaching and learning environment for faculty and students. Originality/value – This study documents one FLC’s innovative responses to institutional challenges and shifts the conversation about university-based teaching and learning away from bureaucratic mandates related to faculty interactions and productivity and toward faculty’s organic responses to changing institutional conditions.

Large scale and cost effective generation of 3D self-supporting oxide nanowire architectures by a top-down and bottom-up combined approach

RSC Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (51) ◽  
pp. 45923-45930 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peixun Fan ◽  
Minlin Zhong ◽  
Benfeng Bai ◽  
Guofan Jin ◽  
Hongjun Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Combined Approach ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Effective Generation

Large-scale and cost-effective generation of desired 3D self-supporting macro–micronano-nanowire architectures is realized by a top-down and bottom-up combined approach.

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