scholarly journals A Critical Review of Radiation Therapy: From Particle Beam Therapy (Proton, Carbon, and BNCT) to Beyond

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 825
Author(s):  
Yoshitaka Matsumoto ◽  
Nobuyoshi Fukumitsu ◽  
Hitoshi Ishikawa ◽  
Kei Nakai ◽  
Hideyuki Sakurai
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Nuclear Reactions ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Multidisciplinary Treatment ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Particle Beam ◽  
Particle Therapy ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Particle Beam Therapy

In this paper, we discuss the role of particle therapy—a novel radiation therapy (RT) that has shown rapid progress and widespread use in recent years—in multidisciplinary treatment. Three types of particle therapies are currently used for cancer treatment: proton beam therapy (PBT), carbon-ion beam therapy (CIBT), and boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). PBT and CIBT have been reported to have excellent therapeutic results owing to the physical characteristics of their Bragg peaks. Variable drug therapies, such as chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and immunotherapy, are combined in various treatment strategies, and treatment effects have been improved. BNCT has a high dose concentration for cancer in terms of nuclear reactions with boron. BNCT is a next-generation RT that can achieve cancer cell-selective therapeutic effects, and its effectiveness strongly depends on the selective 10B accumulation in cancer cells by concomitant boron preparation. Therefore, drug delivery research, including nanoparticles, is highly desirable. In this review, we introduce both clinical and basic aspects of particle beam therapy from the perspective of multidisciplinary treatment, which is expected to expand further in the future.

Particle Radiation Therapy Using Proton and Heavier Ion Beams

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 953-964 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Schulz-Ertner ◽  
Hirohiko Tsujii
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Particle Beam ◽  
Particle Beams ◽  
Particle Radiation ◽  
Dose Distributions ◽  
Normal Tissues ◽  
Tumor Visualization ◽  
Physics Laboratories ◽  
Beam Delivery ◽  
Particle Beam Therapy

Particle beams like protons and heavier ions offer improved dose distributions compared with photon (also called x-ray) beams and thus enable dose escalation within the tumor while sparing normal tissues. Although protons have a biologic effectiveness comparable to photons, ions, because they are heavier than protons, provide a higher biologic effectiveness. Recent technologic developments in the fields of accelerator engineering, treatment planning, beam delivery, and tumor visualization have stimulated the process of transferring particle radiation therapy (RT) from physics laboratories to the clinic. This review describes the physical, biologic, and technologic aspects of particle beam therapy. Clinical trials investigating proton and carbon ion RT will be summarized and discussed in the context of their relevance to recent concepts of treatment with RT.

Experimental determination of modulation power of lung tissue for particle therapy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Michael Burg ◽  
Veronika Flatten ◽  
Matthias Witt ◽  
Larissa Derksen ◽  
Uli Weber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Tissue ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Particle Beam ◽  
Particle Therapy ◽  
New Material ◽  
Carbon Ion Beam ◽  
Porcine Lungs ◽  
Micro Structures

Abstract In particle therapy of lung tumors, modulating effects on the particle beam may occur due to the microscopic structure of the lung tissue. These effects are caused by the heterogeneous nature of the lung tissue and cannot be completely taken into account during treatment planning, because these micro structures are too small to be fully resolved in the planning CT. In several publications, a new material parameter called modulation power (P mod ) was introduced to characterize the effect. For various artificial lung surrogates, this parameter was measured and published by other groups and ranges up to approximately 1000 µm. Studies investigating the influence of the modulation power on the dose distribution during irradiation are using this parameter in the rang of 100 to 800 µm. More precise measurements for P mod on real lung tissue have not yet been published. In this work, the modulation power of real lung tissue was measured using porcine lungs in order to produce more reliable data of P mod for real lung tissue. For this purpose, ex-vivo porcine lungs were frozen in a ventilated state and measurements in a carbon ion beam were performed. Due to the way the lungs were prepared and transferred to a solid state, the lung structures that modulate the beam could also be examined in detail using micro CT imaging. An optimization of the established methods of measuring the modulation power, which takes better account of the typical structures within lung tissue, was developed as well.

scholarly journals Particle Beam Therapy for Cancer of the Skull Base, Nasal Cavity, and Paranasal Sinus

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuyoshi Fukumitsu
Keyword(s):  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Skull Base ◽  
Paranasal Sinus ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Particle Beam ◽  
Ion Beams ◽  
Carbon Ion ◽  
Carbon Ion Beam ◽  
Future Direction ◽  
Particle Beam Therapy

Particle beam therapy has been rapidly developed in these several decades. Proton and carbon ion beams are most frequently used in particle beam therapy. Proton and carbon ion beam radiotherapy have physical and biological advantage to the conventional photon radiotherapy. Cancers of the skull base, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinus are rare; however these diseases can receive the benefits of particle beam radiotherapy. This paper describes the clinical review of the cancer of the skull base, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinus treated with proton and carbon ion beams, adding some information of feature and future direction of proton and carbon ion beam radiotherapy.

scholarly journals Target motion management in breast cancer radiation therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elham Piruzan ◽  
Naser Vosoughi ◽  
Seied Rabi Mahdavi ◽  
Leila Khalafi ◽  
Hojjat Mahani
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Imaging Modality ◽  
The Body ◽  
Target Motion ◽  
Particle Therapy ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Time Motion ◽  
Intrafractional Motion

Abstract Background Over the last two decades, breast cancer remains the main cause of cancer deaths in women. To treat this type of cancer, radiation therapy (RT) has proved to be efficient. RT for breast cancer is, however, challenged by intrafractional motion caused by respiration. The problem is more severe for the left-sided breast cancer due to the proximity to the heart as an organ-at-risk. While particle therapy results in superior dose characteristics than conventional RT, due to the physics of particle interactions in the body, particle therapy is more sensitive to target motion. Conclusions This review highlights current and emerging strategies for the management of intrafractional target motion in breast cancer treatment with an emphasis on particle therapy, as a modern RT technique. There are major challenges associated with transferring real-time motion monitoring technologies from photon to particles beams. Surface imaging would be the dominant imaging modality for real-time intrafractional motion monitoring for breast cancer. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) guidance and ultra high dose rate (FLASH)-RT seem to be state-of-the-art approaches to deal with 4D RT for breast cancer.

scholarly journals Particle therapy using protons or carbon ions for cancer patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED): a retrospective multi-institutional study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takayuki Hashimoto ◽  
Yusuke Demizu ◽  
Haruko Numajiri ◽  
Tomonori Isobe ◽  
Shigekazu Fukuda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Particle Beam ◽  
Particle Therapy ◽  
Field Size ◽  
Cardiac Resynchronization ◽  
Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices ◽  
Passive Scattering ◽  
Particle Beam Therapy

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the outcomes of particle therapy in cancer patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs). Materials and methods From April 2001 to March 2013, 19,585 patients were treated with proton beam therapy (PBT) or carbon ion therapy (CIT) at 8 institutions. Of these, 69 patients (0.4%, PBT 46, CIT 22, and PBT + CIT 1) with CIEDs (64 pacemakers, 4 implantable cardioverter defibrillators, and 1 with a cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator) were retrospectively reviewed. All the patients with CIEDs in this study were treated with the passive scattering type of particle beam therapy. Results Six (13%) of the 47 PBT patients, and none of the 23 CIT patients experienced CIED malfunctions (p = 0.105). Electrical resets (7) and over-sensing (3) occurred transiently in 6 patients. The distance between the edge of the irradiation field and the CIED was not associated with the incidence of malfunctions in 20 patients with lung cancer. A larger field size had a higher event rate but the test to evaluate trends as not statistically significant (p = 0.196). Conclusion Differences in the frequency of occurrence of device malfunctions for patients treated with PBT and patients treated with CIT did not reach statistical significance. The present study can be regarded as a benchmark study about the incidence of malfunctioning of CIED in passive scattering particle beam therapy and can be used as a reference for active scanning particle beam therapy.

scholarly journals Radiotherapy Dosimetry Audits in Taiwan Hospitals

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
An-Cheng Shiau ◽  
Shih-Ming Hsu ◽  
Pei-Yun Huang ◽  
Chiu-Ping Chen ◽  
Yi-Ting Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Radiation Treatment ◽  
Electron Beams ◽  
Beam Quality ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Quality Measurement ◽  
High Dose Rate ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Photon Beams

Abstract Purpose: This study examines the practice of the regulation of Standards for Medical Exposure Quality Assurance (SMEQA) in Taiwan based on on-site quality audit for radiation therapy systems from 2016 to 2019. Methods and Materials: about 81 radiation therapy departments, 141 medical linear accelerators, 9 gamma knifes, 34 high dose rate brachytherapy systems, 20 Tomotherapys and 6 Cyberknives were audited yearly. The inspection was implemented in two stages. Data collection and analysis for each institute’s documents including QA operating procedure, ion chamber and electrometer calibration reports, and a questionnaire relating to machine type and staffing, were requested first and reviewed by specially trained auditors. On-site measurements of SMEQA core items, including beam output, beam profile and energy constancy for external beam therapy systems, and the source strength, positioning and timer accuracy for brachytherapy systems were audited second. More than 300 photon beams were measured from linacs, Gamma knives, Cyberknives and Tomotherapys, and more than 400 electron beams from linacs each year.Results: The radiation treatment resource is about 8.9 therapy machines or 7.5 MV/MeV/ion beam therapy machines per million population, respectively, and there are on average about 1.20 medical physicists per radiation therapy unit in Taiwan. There were more than 78% and 75% of photon and electron beams respectively from linacs with deviations measured to the stated reference-point dose within 1.0%. Photon beams have lower beam quality measurement deviations than electron beams, and more than 90% of photon beams from linacs were within 1.0%. Including in-plane and cross-plane measurements, more than 90% and 85% of photon and electron beams respectively with flatness consistency within 1.0%. Beam symmetry as an absolute value has more than 75% of measurements within 1.0%. All audit measurements in this study were within the SMEQA acceptance criteria.Conclusions: On-site machine QA audits have been implemented from 2016 to 2019 for all radiation therapy units each year. The measurement results have shown a high quality machine performance in Taiwan.

Nuclear Reactions in Deuterium Titanium

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-135
Author(s):  
D.M. Vanderwalker
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Reactions ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Exothermic Reaction ◽  
Pure Titanium ◽  
Fundamental Interest ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Iodide Titanium ◽  
A Cell ◽  
After Hours ◽  
Quantity Of Heat

There is a fundamental interest in electrochemical fusion of deuterium in palladium and titanium since its supposed discovery by Fleischmann and Pons. Their calorimetric experiments reveal that a large quantity of heat is released by Pd after hours in a cell, suggesting fusion occurs. They cannot explain fusion by force arguments, nor can it be an exothermic reaction on the formation of deuterides because a smaller quantity of heat is released. This study examines reactions of deuterium in titanium.Both iodide titanium and 99% pure titanium samples were encapsulated in vacuum tubes, annealed for 2h at 800 °C. The Ti foils were charged with deuterium in a D2SO4 D2O solution at a potential of .45V with respect to a calomel reference junction. Samples were ion beam thinned for transmission electron microscopy. The TEM was performed on the JEOL 200CX.The structure of D charged titanium is α-Ti with hexagonal and fee deuterides.

scholarly journals Charged particle single nanometre manufacturing

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 2855-2882 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip D Prewett ◽  
Cornelis W Hagen ◽  
Claudia Lenk ◽  
Steve Lenk ◽  
Marcus Kaestner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Charged Particle ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Nanoimprint Lithography ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Particle Beam ◽  
Vacuum System ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Tunneling Microscopy ◽  
Charged Particle Beam

Following a brief historical summary of the way in which electron beam lithography developed out of the scanning electron microscope, three state-of-the-art charged-particle beam nanopatterning technologies are considered. All three have been the subject of a recently completed European Union Project entitled “Single Nanometre Manufacturing: Beyond CMOS”. Scanning helium ion beam lithography has the advantages of virtually zero proximity effect, nanoscale patterning capability and high sensitivity in combination with a novel fullerene resist based on the sub-nanometre C60 molecule. The shot noise-limited minimum linewidth achieved to date is 6 nm. The second technology, focused electron induced processing (FEBIP), uses a nozzle-dispensed precursor gas either to etch or to deposit patterns on the nanometre scale without the need for resist. The process has potential for high throughput enhancement using multiple electron beams and a system employing up to 196 beams is under development based on a commercial SEM platform. Among its potential applications is the manufacture of templates for nanoimprint lithography, NIL. This is also a target application for the third and final charged particle technology, viz. field emission electron scanning probe lithography, FE-eSPL. This has been developed out of scanning tunneling microscopy using lower-energy electrons (tens of electronvolts rather than the tens of kiloelectronvolts of the other techniques). It has the considerable advantage of being employed without the need for a vacuum system, in ambient air and is capable of sub-10 nm patterning using either developable resists or a self-developing mode applicable for many polymeric resists, which is preferred. Like FEBIP it is potentially capable of massive parallelization for applications requiring high throughput.

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