scholarly journals Biomass and Cordycepin Production by the Medicinal Mushroom Cordyceps militaris—A Review of Various Aspects and Recent Trends towards the Exploitation of a Valuable Fungus

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 986
Author(s):  
Dimitrios Kontogiannatos ◽  
Georgios Koutrotsios ◽  
Savvina Xekalaki ◽  
Georgios I. Zervakis
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Fruit Body ◽  
Cordyceps Militaris ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Ophiocordyceps Sinensis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Significant Research ◽  
Caterpillar Fungus ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Large Scale Cultivation

Cordyceps militaris is an entomopathogenic ascomycete with similar pharmacological importance to that of the wild caterpillar fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis. C. militaris has attracted significant research and commercial interest due to its content in bioactive compounds beneficial to human health and the relative ease of cultivation under laboratory conditions. However, room for improvement exists in the commercial-scale cultivation of C. militaris and concerns issues principally related to appropriate strain selection, genetic degeneration of cultures, and substrate optimization. In particular, culture degeneration—usually expressed by abnormal fruit body formation and reduced sporulation—results in important economic losses and is holding back investors and potential growers (mainly in Western countries) from further developing this highly promising sector. In the present review, the main factors that influence the generation of biomass and metabolites (with emphasis on cordycepin biosynthesis) by C. militaris are presented and evaluated in conjunction with the use of a wide range of supplements or additives towards the enhancement of fungal productivity in large-scale cultivation processes. Moreover, physiological and genetic factors that increase or reduce the manifestation of strain degeneration in C. militaris are outlined. Finally, methodologies for developing protocols to be used in C. militaris functional biology studies are discussed.

Appearance of atypical Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici phenotypes in north-western Europe

2007 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mogens S. Hovmøller ◽  
Annemarie F. Justesen
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Yellow Rust ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Genetic Interpretation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Diverse Origin ◽  
Large Scale Cultivation ◽  
Short Time

A combination of large-scale cultivation of highly susceptible cultivars and mild winters caused severe yield losses due to yellow rust in NW Europe in the early 1990s, but in recent years the disease has become less predominant. Several atypical Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici pathotypes have been observed in recent years, showing virulence spectra which made them able only to infect cultivars covering less than 5% of the wheat and triticale area in Denmark. Some were even unable to grow on any of the standard ‘European’ and ‘World’ yellow rust differentials. We observed 2 distinct groups of atypical pathotypes, each subdividing into 2 highly divergent AFLP phenotypes. It was striking that AFLP diversity among unusual pathotypes, sampled within a short time period in a small area on very few host cultivars, which induced limited or no selection on the pathogen population, was 3–4 times higher than among isolates sampled from a large number of cultivars with different Yr-genes in 4 different countries during more than 25 years. The repeated occurrence of atypical phenotypes of diverse origin may suggest a more frequent and even more distant dispersal of P. striiformis uredospores than previously anticipated. Finally, the disease reactions conferred by these unusual types on a wide range of differentials were used to discuss the limits for a genetic interpretation in terms of assessment of virulence and avirulence in pathogen isolates.

scholarly journals Flood vulnerability and risk assessment of urban traditional buildings in a heritage district of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 2221-2241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dina D'Ayala ◽  
Kai Wang ◽  
Yuan Yan ◽  
Helen Smith ◽  
Ashleigh Massam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Exceedance Probability ◽  
Kuala Lumpur ◽  
Flood Vulnerability ◽  
Management Actions ◽  
Vulnerability Model ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract. Flood hazard is increasing in frequency and magnitude in major South East Asian metropolitan areas due to fast urban development and changes in climate, threatening people's property and life. Typically, flood management actions are mostly focused on large-scale defences, such as river embankments or discharge channels or tunnels. However, these are difficult to implement in town centres without affecting the value of their heritage districts and might not provide sufficient mitigation. Therefore, urban heritage buildings may become vulnerable to flood events, even when they were originally designed and built with intrinsic resilient measures, based on the local knowledge of the natural environment and its threats at the time. Their aesthetic and cultural and economic values mean that they can represent a proportionally high contribution to losses in any event. Hence it is worth investigating more localized, tailored mitigation measures. Vulnerability assessment studies are essential to inform the feasibility and development of such strategies. In this study we propose a multilevel methodology to assess the flood vulnerability and risk of residential buildings in an area of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, characterized by traditional timber housing. The multiscale flood vulnerability model is based on a wide range of parameters, covering building-specific parameters, neighbourhood conditions and catchment area conditions. The obtained vulnerability index shows the ability to reflect different exposure by different building types and their relative locations. The vulnerability model is combined with high-resolution fluvial and pluvial flood maps providing scenario events with 0.1 % annual exceedance probability (AEP). A damage function of generic applicability is developed to compute the economic losses at individual building and sample levels. The study provides evidence that results obtained for a small district can be scaled up to the city level, to inform both generic and specific protection strategies.

scholarly journals Immunogenicity of Externally Activated Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3559
Author(s):  
Onur Sahin ◽  
Ashokkumar Meiyazhagan ◽  
Pulickel M. Ajayan ◽  
Sunil Krishnan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Clinical Results ◽  
Immunogenic Cell Death ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Significant Research ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Spatiotemporal Control

Nanoparticles activated by external beams, such as ionizing radiation, laser light, or magnetic fields, have attracted significant research interest as a possible modality for treating solid tumors. From producing hyperthermic conditions to generating reactive oxygen species, a wide range of externally activated mechanisms have been explored for producing cytotoxicity within tumors with high spatiotemporal control. To further improve tumoricidal effects, recent trends in the literature have focused on stimulating the immune system through externally activated treatment strategies that result in immunogenic cell death. By releasing inflammatory compounds known to initiate an immune response, treatment methods can take advantage of immune system pathways for a durable and robust systemic anti-tumor response. In this review, we discuss recent advancements in radiosensitizing and hyperthermic nanoparticles that have been tuned for promoting immunogenic cell death. Our review covers both preclinical and clinical results, as well as an overview of possible future work.

scholarly journals A Comprehensive Review on Biology, Genetic Improvement, Agro and Process Technology of German Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.)

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Ramesh Chauhan ◽  
Sanatsujat Singh ◽  
Vikas Kumar ◽  
Ashok Kumar ◽  
Amit Kumari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Process Development ◽  
Floral Biology ◽  
Oil Extraction ◽  
Plant Ecology ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Process Technology ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Large Scale Cultivation

German chamomile (M. chamomilla) is recognized as a star herb due to its medicinal and aromatic properties. This plant is found across a wide range of climatic and soil conditions. Both the flower heads and blue essential oils of German chamomile possess several pharmacological properties of an anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiseptic, antispasmodic and sedative, etc., nature, which makes it a highly sought after herb for use in many pharma and aroma industries. Chamomile tea, prepared from its flower heads, is also a well-known herbal tea for mind and body relaxation. Though it is a high-demand herb, farmers have not adopted this plant for large scale cultivation as a crop, which could improve their livelihood, due to the high cost in flower heads harvesting, loss in over mature and immature flower heads picking during harvesting, unavailability of varieties and agrotechnologies for machine harvesting, a lack of efficient process development of oil extraction and in the lack of improved stable varieties. There are many studies that have reported on the phytochemistry and pharmacological uses of chamomile, which further explore its importance in the medicine industry. Several studies are also present in the literature on its cultivation practices and plant ecology. However, studies on breeding behavior, genetic improvement, varietal development and mechanical harvesting are scarce in German chamomile. Hence, keeping in mind various aspects of farmers’ and researchers’ interest, earlier reports on taxonomy, floral biology, processing of oil extraction, active constituents, uses, agronomy, breeding challenges and opportunities in German chamomile are summarized in this review.

scholarly journals An Intelligent IoT Based People Evacuation Guidance Model for Fire Hazard

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 4238-4242
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Personal Digital Assistant ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Shopping Malls ◽  
Public Buildings ◽  
The People ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fire Smoke ◽  
Guidance Model

With the development of science and technology, the design of modern architecture is becoming more and more attractive. The large-scale public buildings such as shopping malls, office buildings, Research centres and education centres are increasing dramatically. In case of sudden disasters and the overloaded electricity may easily cause fire and the fire smoke, fire in large buildings spread over a wide range of areas and produces physical damages, several hazard to life and property and atmospheric pollution. This paper proposes An Intelligent IOT based People Evacuation Guidance Model for Fire Hazard to guide the people by constructing the evacuation path dynamically based on the real time situation to reach the safety exit quickly in large public buildings using their Personal Digital Assistant like mobile phone, tabs etc. Whenever a fire breaks out, IOT module alerts the people to find the safety exit. Thus, the proposed system minimizes danger and economic losses by guiding the optimized evacuation path. The performance of the proposed system will be compared with the existing system and the result of improvement will be shown.

scholarly journals Internal and External Microbial Community of the Thitarodes Moth, the Host of Ophiocordyceps sinensis

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang ◽  
Hong ◽  
Mai ◽  
Zhu ◽  
Guo
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Extreme Environments ◽  
Its Sequencing ◽  
Entomogenous Fungus ◽  
Ophiocordyceps Sinensis ◽  
Core Species ◽  
Β Diversity ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
Large Scale Cultivation

Ophiocordyceps sinensis is a widely known medicinal entomogenous fungus, which parasitizes the soil-borne larva of Thitarodes (Hepialidae, Lepidoptera) distributed in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau and its adjacent areas. Previous research has involved artificial cultivation of Chinese cordyceps (the fungus-caterpillar complex), but it is difficult to achieve large-scale cultivation because the coupling relation between the crucial microbes and their hosts is not quite clear. To clarify the influence of the internal microbial community on the occurrence of Chinese cordyceps, in this study, the unfertilized eggs of Thitarodes of different sampling sites were chosen to analyze the bacterial and fungal communities via 16S rRNA and ITS sequencing for the first time. The results showed that for bacteria, 348 genera (dominant genera include Wolbachia, Spiroplasma, Carnobacterium, Sphingobium, and Acinetobacter) belonging to 26 phyla (dominant phyla include Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Tenericutes, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Bacteroidetes), 58 classes, 84 orders, and 120 families were identified from 1294 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The dominant bacterial genus (Spiroplasma) may be an important bacterial factor promoting the occurrence of Chinese cordyceps. For fungi, 289 genera, mainly including Aureobasidium, Candida, and Cryptococcus, were identified, and they belonged to 5 phyla (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota, Glomeromycota, and Zygomycota), 26 classes, 82 orders, and 165 families. Eight bacterial OTUs and 12 fungal OTUs were shared among all of the detected samples and were considered as core species. Among them, Wolbachia, Spiroplasma, Carnobacterium, Aureobasidium, and Phoma may play important roles in helping the host larva to digest foods, adapt to extreme environments, or resist pathogens. On the other hand, the external (soil) microbial community was synchronously and comparatively analyzed. Comparative analysis revealed that external microbial factors might play a more significant role in the occurrence of Chinese cordyceps, owing to the significant differences revealed by α-diversity and β-diversity analyses among different groups. In summary, the results of this study may contribute to the large-scale cultivation of Chinese cordyceps.

scholarly journals Active constituents of Litsea cubeba

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (3 Part A) ◽  
pp. 1745-1752
Author(s):  
Quan Zhou ◽  
Dongfang Zheng ◽  
Yong Zhao ◽  
Ting Wang ◽  
Yafeng Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Litsea Cubeba ◽  
Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Large Scale Cultivation ◽  
Active Substances

Litsea cubeba is a plant of Lauraceae and Litsea. It is a valuable plant and has a wide range of uses, including in traditional Chinese medicine. Herein, Litsea cubeba wood was harvested from Henan Province, The active ingredients were extracted from Litsea cubeba wood by modern techniques such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), thermal gravimetric analysis, and thermal desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The analysis results show that the wood of Litsea cubeba contains a large amount of valuable active substances that can be utilized in medicine, bio-energy, and spices and flavorings, and large-scale cultivation of this plant could be beneficial.

Electron microscopy study of reactively sputter-deposited Ti/N films on silicon

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1362-1363
Author(s):  
V. C. Kannan ◽  
A. K. Singh ◽  
R. B. Irwin ◽  
S. Chittipeddi ◽  
F. D. Nkansah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Hexagonal Phase ◽  
Microscopy Study ◽  
Electron Microscopy Study ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Tin Films ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fcc Phase ◽  
Circuits Vlsi

Titanium nitride (TiN) films have historically been used as diffusion barrier between silicon and aluminum, as an adhesion layer for tungsten deposition and as an interconnect material etc. Recently, the role of TiN films as contact barriers in very large scale silicon integrated circuits (VLSI) has been extensively studied. TiN films have resistivities on the order of 20μ Ω-cm which is much lower than that of titanium (nearly 66μ Ω-cm). Deposited TiN films show resistivities which vary from 20 to 100μ Ω-cm depending upon the type of deposition and process conditions. TiNx is known to have a NaCl type crystal structure for a wide range of compositions. Change in color from metallic luster to gold reflects the stabilization of the TiNx (FCC) phase over the close packed Ti(N) hexagonal phase. It was found that TiN (1:1) ideal composition with the FCC (NaCl-type) structure gives the best electrical property.

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