scholarly journals Adapting an Ergosterol Extraction Method with Marine Yeasts for the Quantification of Oceanic Fungal Biomass

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 690
Author(s):  
Katherine Salazar Alekseyeva ◽  
Barbara Mähnert ◽  
Franz Berthiller ◽  
Eva Breyer ◽  
Gerhard J. Herndl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Membranes ◽  
Fungal Biomass ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Open Ocean ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Marine Yeasts ◽  
Oceanic Water ◽  
Plant Matter ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Chloroform Methanol

Ergosterol has traditionally been used as a proxy to estimate fungal biomass as it is almost exclusively found in fungal lipid membranes. Ergosterol determination has been mostly used for fungal samples from terrestrial, freshwater, salt marsh- and mangrove-dominated environments or to describe fungal degradation of plant matter. In the open ocean, however, the expected concentrations of ergosterol are orders of magnitude lower than in terrestrial or macrophyte-dominated coastal systems. Consequently, the fungal biomass in the open ocean remains largely unknown. Recent evidence based on microscopy and -omics techniques suggests, however, that fungi contribute substantially to the microbial biomass in the oceanic water column, highlighting the need to accurately determine fungal biomass in the open ocean. We performed ergosterol extractions of an oceanic fungal isolate (Rhodotorula sphaerocarpa) with biomass concentrations varying over nine orders of magnitude. While after the initial chloroform-methanol extraction ~87% of the ergosterol was recovered, a second extraction recovered an additional ~10%. Testing this extraction method on samples collected from the open Atlantic Ocean, we successfully determined ergosterol concentrations as low as 0.12 pM. Thus, this highly sensitive method is well suited for measuring fungal biomass from open ocean waters, including deep-sea environments.

Membrane curvature and the control of GTP hydrolysis in Arf1 during COPI vesicle formation

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 619-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Antonny ◽  
J. Bigay ◽  
J.-F. Casella ◽  
G. Drin ◽  
B. Mesmin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Membranes ◽  
Membrane Curvature ◽  
Gtp Hydrolysis ◽  
Membrane Fission ◽  
Transport Vesicles ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Copi Vesicle ◽  
Membrane Budding ◽  
Gtpase Cycle ◽  
Adp Ribosylation Factor

The GTP switch of the small G-protein Arf1 (ADP-ribosylation factor 1) on lipid membranes promotes the polymerization of the COPI (coat protein complex I) coat, which acts as a membrane deforming shell to form transport vesicles. Real-time measurements for coat assembly on liposomes gives insights into how the GTPase cycle of Arf1 is coupled in time with the polymerization of the COPI coat and the resulting membrane deformation. One key parameter seems to be the membrane curvature. Arf-GAP1 (where GAP stands for GTPase-activating protein), which promotes GTP hydrolysis in the Arf1–COPI complex is highly sensitive to lipid packing. Its activity on Arf1-GTP increases by two orders of magnitude as the diameter of the liposomes approaches that of authentic transport vesicles (60 nm). This suggests that during membrane budding, Arf1-GTP molecules are progressively eliminated from the coated area where the membrane curvature is positive, but are protected from Arf-GAP1 at the bud neck due to the negative curvature of this region. As a result, the coat should be stable as long as the bud remains attached and should disassemble as soon as membrane fission occurs.

A Compact Extraction Apparatus for Use with the Semimicro Method for Determining Total Lipids in Fish Meal

1971 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 1132-1134
Author(s):  
Harry Miller ◽  
George M Knobl
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Method ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Total Lipids ◽  
Methanol Extraction ◽  
Extraction Apparatus ◽  
Chloroform Methanol

Abstract A compact glass extraction apparatus has been designed for use with the semimicro chloroform-methanol extraction method for determining lipids in fish meal. No further handling is required after placing the sample in the extractor; this eliminates manipulative errors and makes the procedure more efficient. Results obtained with the use of this extractor agreed favorably with those from the semimicro method in which a blender was used and with results from AOAC 7.052. It is recommended that the method be studied collaboratively.

A Rare Record of the Salp, Thetys Vagina (Tunicata: Thaliacea) From Western Scottish Waters

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 833-834 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Sims
Keyword(s):  
Hawaiian Islands ◽  
Open Ocean ◽  
Warm Water ◽  
Short Paper ◽  
Oceanic Water ◽  
Western Atlantic ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Asexual Form ◽  
Solitary Form ◽  
Sexual Form

There are no species of salps (Order: Salpida) indigenous to British waters. Those species that can be found, the most abundant being Salpa fusiformis Cuvier (Fraser, 1981) are carried to British and Irish waters from the open ocean of the western Atlantic. Because of this salps can be good indicators of oceanic water movements near to Britain (Fraser, 1981). The largest species of the Salpidae is Thetys vagina (Tilesius, 1802) which generally reaches ≥230 mm in total length (TL) in the solitary asexual form and ~250 mm TL in the aggregate sexual form (Metcalf, 1918; Fraser, 1981). However, a solitary form measuring 333 mm TL was caught in a trawl from the Hawaiian islands (Nakamura & Yount, 1958). The distribution of T. vagina is usually limited to warm water throughout the Atlantic, including the Mediterranean, Indian and Pacific Oceans (Berrill, 1950). Up to 1981 there have been only two records of T. vagina in British waters (Fraser, 1981). This short paper describes, to the best of my knowledge a third recording of this salp from British waters.

scholarly journals Simultaneous differential staining of nucleic acids, proteins, conjugated proteins and polar lipids by a cationic carbocyanine dye.

1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 411-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
M R Green
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Polar Lipids ◽  
Differential Staining ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Carbocyanine Dye ◽  
Chloroform Methanol ◽  
Multiple Interactions

The multiple interactions of the cationic carbocyanine dye, 1-ethyl-naptho-[1,2d]thiazolin-2-ylidene)-2-methylpropenyl]naptho[1,2d]thiazolium bromide, 'Stains-described. Many of these substances could be distinguished from one another on the basis of color in conjunction with chemical and enzymatic digestions. Further studies with this dye have shown that under certain conditions polar lipids as well may be distinguished from these substances. Stains-all has a highly sensitive metachromatic reaction for the presence of polar lipids. It is possible to detect the lipids in large part because they are green and contrast with a red- or pink-stained protein background and with the blue-purple of nuclei or cartilage. Where other green substances occur as in sialoglycoproteins of mucous or membranes, the lipids can be distinguished because they are extracted by chloroform-methanol (2:1) or pyridine.

scholarly journals Rapid, Highly-Sensitive and Ecologically Greener Reversed-Phase/Normal-Phase HPTLC Technique with Univariate Calibration for the Determination of Trans-Resveratrol

Separations ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 184
Author(s):  
Prawez Alam ◽  
Faiyaz Shakeel ◽  
Mohammed H. Alqarni ◽  
Ahmed I. Foudah ◽  
Mohammed M. Ghoneim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Phase ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Normal Phase ◽  
Commercial Formulation ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Validation Parameters ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Chloroform Methanol

The rapid, highly-sensitive and ecologically greener reversed-phase (RP)/normal-phase (NP) high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) densitometric technique has been developed and validated for the determination of trans-resveratrol (TRV). The reversed-phase HPTLC-based analysis of TRV was performed using ethanol–water (65:35, v v−1) combination as the greener mobile phase, while, the normal-phase HPTLC-based estimation of TRV was performed using chloroform–methanol (85:15, v v−1) combination as the routine mobile phase. The TRV detection was carried out at 302 nm for RP/NP densitometric assay. The linearity was recorded as 10–1200 and 30–400 ng band−1 for RP and NP HPTLC techniques, respectively. The RP densitometric assay was observed as highly-sensitive, accurate, precise and robust for TRV detection in comparison with the NP densitometric assay. The contents of TRV in commercial formulation were recorded as 101.21% utilizing the RP densitometric assay, while, the contents of TRV in commercial formulation were found to be 91.64% utilizing the NP densitometric assay. The greener profile of RP/NP technique was obtained using the analytical GREEnness (AGREE) approach. The AGREE scales for RP and NP densitometric assays were estimated 0.75 and 0.48, respectively. The recorded AGREE scale for the RP densitometric assay indicated that this technique was highly green/the ecologically greener compared to the NP densitometric assay. After successful optimization of analytical conditions, validation parameters, AGREE scale and chromatography performance, the RP densitometric assay with univariate calibration was found to be better than the NP densitometric assay for the analysis of TRV.

Chloroform-Methanol Extraction Method for Determination of Fat in Foods: Collaborative Study

1983 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 927-932 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chester E Daugherty ◽  
Harry G Lento ◽  
◽  
M L Adams ◽  
E W Beckert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Processed Foods ◽  
Methanol Extraction ◽  
Complete Extraction ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
Chloroform Methanol

Abstract Achloroform-methanol extraction method (complete extraction of fat in 3 min) for determining fat in processed and prepared foods has been studied collaboratively. Fourteen collaborators reported single replicate fat results on 7 samples representative of various food types and 2 spiked samples by the proposed method. Each sample was accompanied by a blind duplicate. For statistical purposes, the blind duplicates were treated as paired observations, and there were 2 laboratory outliers. There was a 97.9% agreement among the results from the remaining 12 collaborators and the Associate Referee for the unfortified samples. Recoveries of 93.8 and 98.3% were obtained on fortified samples, based on results obtained from 11 collaborators. The statistical analysis of the results indicate (ranges for standard deviations were Sr = 0.083-0.528, Sb = 0.101-0.379, Sd = 8.130-0.631, for fat values ranging from 1.58 to 26.91%) that this method is adequate for quantitating the fat content in a wide variety of processed foods for nutritional labeling. The method has been adopted official first action.

Determination of Lipids in Fish Meal

1966 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 946-949 ◽  
Author(s):  
C F Lee ◽  
M E Ambrose ◽  
P Smith
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Ether ◽  
Alkaline Hydrolysis ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Total Lipids ◽  
Methanol Extraction ◽  
Aoac Method ◽  
Chloroform Methanol

Abstract Lipids were extracted from a series of twelve menhaden meals by six methods, and results were compared. The chloroformmethanol extraction method developed by Smith, et al., extracts approximately the same amount of lipids as the official AOAC method, 22.037. The Torry-TNO method with chloroform-methanol extraction, and acid and alkaline hydrolysis methods extract lesser amounts of lipids, but all methods extract more than the ethyl ether method, 22.032. The Smith-Ambrose-Knobl method, rather than AOAC method 22.037, is recommended for extraction of total lipids from fish meal because of its simplicity and efficiency.

scholarly journals Optimization of a novel lipid extraction process from microalgae

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaojie Ren ◽  
Chao Wei ◽  
Qi Yan ◽  
Xin Shan ◽  
Mengyun Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Organic Solvents ◽  
Total Lipid ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Lipid Extraction ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Extraction Solvent ◽  
Lipid Yield ◽  
Chloroform Methanol

AbstractPrevious study found that the solvent extraction efficiency of lipid in microalgae could be greatly improved by washing algae cells before the second time extraction. Based on the "organic solvents–water–organic solvents" method, this research further studied the effect of four solvent systems (acetone, chloroform/methanol, chloroform/methanol/water, dichloromethane/methanol), two types of water treatment (vortex and ultrasonic), three water treatment time gradient (0 s, 30 s, 120 s) on the lipid extraction at three different microalgae growth stages (3rd day, 5th day, 9th day). The results show that the combination of water treatment type, treatment time and solvent is very important to the efficiency of lipid extraction. The total lipid extracted was generally increased by 10–30% after water treatment. Especially under the condition of 120 s vortex water treatment with dichloromethane/methanol as extraction solvent, the total lipid extracted increased by 61.14%. In addition, microalgae cells at different culture stages had different sensitivity to water treatment. In this study, under the combination of chloroform/methanol/water as extraction solvent and vortex water treatment for 120 s, the highest lipid yield was obtained on the ninth day of cell culture, which accounts 47.88% of the cell dry weight (478 mg/g cell dry weight). The changes of cell morphology and structure after water treatment were studied by scanning electron microscope, and it was found that water treatment could seriously destroy the cell membrane damaged by solvent, thus promoting the release of lipids. This study further optimizes the "solvent–water–solvent" lipid extraction method, which neither produces impurities nor damages the lipid quality, and can reduce the amount of organic solvent applied in the classical lipid extraction method with the same lipid yield, so it has a broad application prospect.

scholarly journals Development of a Solid-phase Extraction Method for the Trace Analysis of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Open-ocean Water

2015 ◽  
Vol 64 (10) ◽  
pp. 759-768
Author(s):  
Eriko YAMAZAKI ◽  
Sachi TANIYASU ◽  
Kodai SHIMAMURA ◽  
Shunya SASAKI ◽  
Nobuyoshi YAMASHITA
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase Extraction ◽  
Trace Analysis ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Open Ocean ◽  
Perfluoroalkyl Substances ◽  
Phase Extraction ◽  
Ocean Water
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