scholarly journals Molecular and Biological Properties of Snakins: The Foremost Cysteine-Rich Plant Host Defense Peptides

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 220
Author(s):  
Tao Su ◽  
Mei Han ◽  
Dan Cao ◽  
Mingyue Xu
Keyword(s):  
Host Defense ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Host Defense Peptides ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Defense Peptides

Plant host defense peptides (HDPs), also known as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), are regarded as one of the most prevalent barriers elaborated by plants to combat various infective agents. Among the multiple classes of HDPs, the Snakin class attracts special concern, as they carry 12 cysteine residues, being the foremost cysteine-rich peptides of the plant HDPs. Also, their cysteines are present at very highly conserved positions and arranged in an extremely similar way among different members. Like other plant HDPs, Snakins have been shown to exhibit strong antifungal and antibacterial activity against a wide range of plant pathogens. Moreover, they display diversified biological activities in many aspects of plant growth and the development process. This review is devoted to present the general characters of the Snakin class of plant HDPs, as well as the individual features of different Snakin family members. Specifically, the sequence properties, spatial structures, distributions, expression patterns and biological activities of Snakins are described. In addition, further detailed classification of the Snakin family members, along with their possible mode of action and potential applications in the field of agronomy and pathology are discussed.

Cryptic Host Defense Peptides: Multifaceted Activity and Prospects for Medicinal Chemistry

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (14) ◽  
pp. 1274-1290
Author(s):  
Bruna de Oliveira Costa ◽  
Octávio Luiz Franco
Keyword(s):  
Host Defense ◽  
Medicinal Chemistry ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Proteolytic Processing ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Host Defense Peptides ◽  
Clinical Phase ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Defense Peptides ◽  
Endogenous Precursor

Host defense peptides (HDPs) comprise a heterogeneous group of evolutionarily conserved and biologically active small molecules that are produced by different organisms. HDPs are widely researched because they often have multiple biological activities, for example antimicrobial, immunomodulatory and anticancer activity. In this context, in this review we focus on cryptic HDPs, molecules derived specifically from proteolytic processing of endogenous precursor proteins. Here, we explore the biological activity of such molecules and we further discuss the development of optimized sequences based on these natural cryptic HDPs. In addition, we present clinical-phase studies of cryptic HDPs (natural or optimized), and point out the possible applicability of these molecules in medicinal chemistry.

scholarly journals Profiles of expression pattern and tissue distribution of host defense peptides genes in different chicken (Gallus gallus) breeds related to body weight

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengtian Li ◽  
Irfan Ahmed ◽  
Zhiqiang Xu ◽  
Shuai Sun ◽  
Tao Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
First Line ◽  
Host Defense Peptides ◽  
Immune Organs ◽  
Defense Peptides

AbstractHost defense peptides (HDPs) are an important first line of defense with antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties. Selection for increased body weight is suggested to be related to reduced immune response. We studied the relationships among body weight, age, and the HDP expression patterns in intestine and immune organs. We used chickens with marked differences of body sizes. The non-selected Daweishan mini chickens showed the highest indexes of immune organs and the lowest concentrations of the plasma immune parameters C3, C4, IgA, and IgY, while the commercial Avian broiler showed the opposite results. The Daweishan mini chickens showed the highest mRNA expressions of HDP genes in small intestine followed by the semi-selected Wuding chickens. Compared with local breeds, broiler chickens showed higher mRNA expression of HDP genes in spleen, thymus, and bursa. Body weight and HDP expression levels were negatively correlated in the intestine and positively in the immune organs. These results indicated that the HDP immune regulatory roles in small intestine acted as first line of defense in innate immunity in local breeds, and as an adaptive immunity in broiler chickens. Selection was associated with the expression profiles of HDP genes in a chicken, age, and organ-specific manner.

scholarly journals Profiles of expression pattern and tissue distribution of host defense peptides genes in different chicken (Gallus gallus) breeds related to body weight

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0238675
Author(s):  
Zhengtian Li ◽  
Irfan Ahmed ◽  
Zhiqiang Xu ◽  
Shuai Sun ◽  
Tao Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
First Line ◽  
Host Defense Peptides ◽  
Immune Organs ◽  
Immune Parameters ◽  
Defense Peptides

Host defense peptides (HDPs) are an important first line of defense with antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties. Selection for increased body weight is hypothesized to be related to reduced immune response. We studied the relationships among body weight, age, and the HDP expression patterns in intestine and immune organs. We used chickens with marked differences of body sizes. The non-selected Daweishan mini chickens showed the highest indexes of immune organs and the lowest concentrations of the plasma immune parameters C3, C4, IgA, and IgY, while the commercial Avian broiler showed the opposite results. The Daweishan mini chickens showed the highest mRNA expressions of HDP genes in small intestine followed by the semi-selected Wuding chickens. Compared with local breeds, broiler chickens showed higher mRNA expression of HDP genes in spleen, thymus, and bursa. Body weight and HDP expression levels were negatively correlated in the intestine and positively in the immune organs. Our results indicated that the HDP immune regulatory roles in small intestine acted as first line of defense in innate immunity in local breeds, and as an adaptive immunity in broiler chickens. Selection was associated with different expression expressions of HDP genes in breed-, age-, and organ-specific manners.

scholarly journals Induction of Chicken Host Defense Peptides within Disease-Resistant and -Susceptible Lines

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1195
Author(s):  
Hyun-Jun Jang ◽  
Melissa Monson ◽  
Michael Kaiser ◽  
Susan J Lamont
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Poly I:C ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Host Defense Peptides ◽  
Polycytidylic Acid ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Defense Peptides

Host defense peptides (HDPs) are multifunctional immune molecules that respond to bacterial and viral pathogens. In the present study, bone marrow-derived cells (BMCs) and chicken embryonic fibroblasts (CEFs) were cultured from a Leghorn line (Ghs6) and Fayoumi line (M15.2), which are inbred chicken lines relatively susceptible and resistant to various diseases, respectively. The cells were treated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) and, subsequently, mRNA expression of 20 chicken HDPs was analyzed before and after the stimulation. At homeostasis, many genes differed between the chicken lines, with the Fayoumi line having significantly higher expression (p < 0.05) than the Leghorn line: AvBD1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 7 in BMCs; CATH1, CATH3, and GNLY in CEFs; and AvDB5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 in both BMCs and CEFs. After LPS treatment, the expression of AvBD1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 12, CATH1, and CATHB1 was significantly upregulated in BMCs, but no genes changed expression in CEFs. After poly(I:C) treatment, AvBD2, 11, 12, 13, CATHB1 and LEAP2 increased in both cell types; CATH2 only increased in BMCs; and AvBD3, 6, 9, 14, CATH1, CATH3, and GNLY only increased in CEFs. In addition, AvBD7, AvBD14, CATH1, CATH2, GNLY, and LEAP2 showed line-specific expression dependent upon cell type (BMC and CEF) and stimulant (LPS and poly(I:C)). The characterization of mRNA expression patterns of chicken HDPs in the present study suggests that their functions may be associated with multiple types of disease resistance in chickens.

scholarly journals Identification of Synthetic and Natural Host Defense Peptides with Leishmanicidal Activity

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 2484-2491 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Marr ◽  
S. Cen ◽  
R. E. W. Hancock ◽  
W. R. McMaster
Keyword(s):  
Host Defense ◽  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
Leishmania Major ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Host Defense Peptides ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Leishmanicidal Activity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Defense Peptides

ABSTRACTLeishmaniaparasites are a major public health problem worldwide. Effective treatment of leishmaniasis is hampered by the high incidence of adverse effects to traditional drug therapy and the emergence of resistance to current therapeutics. A vaccine is currently not available. Host defense peptides have been investigated as novel therapeutic agents against a wide range of pathogens. Here we demonstrate that the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 and the three synthetic peptides E6, L-1018, and RI-1018 exhibit leishmanicidal activity against promastigotes and intramacrophage amastigotes ofLeishmania donovaniandLeishmania major. We also report that theLeishmaniaprotease/virulence factor GP63 confers protection toLeishmaniafrom the cytolytic properties of alll-form peptides (E6, L-1018, and LL-37) but not thed-form peptide RI-1018. The results suggest that RI-1018, E6, and LL-37 are promising peptides to develop further into components for antileishmanial therapy.

Antiviral Activities of Human Host Defense Peptides

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (9) ◽  
pp. 1420-1443 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Brice ◽  
Gill Diamond
Keyword(s):  
Host Defense ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Host Defense Peptides ◽  
Enveloped Viruses ◽  
Human Host ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Defense Peptides

Peptides with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity are found widely expressed throughout nature. As they participate in a number of different aspects of innate immunity in mammals, they have been termed Host Defense Peptides (HDPs). Due to their common structural features, including an amphipathic structure and cationic charge, they have been widely shown to interact with and disrupt microbial membranes. Thus, it is not surprising that human HDPs have activity against enveloped viruses as well as bacteria and fungi. However, these peptides also exhibit activity against a wide range of non-enveloped viruses as well, acting at a number of different steps in viral infection. This review focuses on the activity of human host defense peptides, including alpha- and beta-defensins and the sole human cathelicidin, LL-37, against both enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. The broad spectrum of antiviral activity of these peptides, both in vitro and in vivo suggest that they play an important role in the innate antiviral defense against viral infections. Furthermore, the literature suggests that they may be developed into antiviral therapeutic agents.

Complementary Effects of Host Defense Peptides Piscidin 1 and Piscidin 3 on DNA and Lipid Membranes: Biophysical Insights into Contrasting Biological Activities

2015 ◽  
Vol 119 (49) ◽  
pp. 15235-15246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Hayden ◽  
Gina K. Goldberg ◽  
Bryan M. Ferguson ◽  
Mason W. Schoeneck ◽  
M. Daben J. Libardo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Defense ◽  
Lipid Membranes ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Host Defense Peptides ◽  
Defense Peptides ◽  
Piscidin 3

Geographically Distinct Expression Profile of Host Defense Peptides in the Skin of the Chinese Odorous Frog, Odorrana margaretae

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 288-297
Author(s):  
LING Guiying ◽  
LI Li ◽  
GAO Jiuxiang ◽  
YU Haining ◽  
WANG Yipeng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Defense ◽  
Expression Profile ◽  
Host Defense Peptides ◽  
Defense Peptides

Human Host Defense Peptides - Role in Maintaining Human Homeostasis and Pathological Processes

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 654-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malgorzata Anna Dawgul ◽  
Katarzyna E. Greber ◽  
Wieslaw Sawicki ◽  
Wojciech Kamysz
Keyword(s):  
Host Defense ◽  
Host Defense Peptides ◽  
Human Host ◽  
Defense Peptides
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