scholarly journals Phytophthora palmivora–Cocoa Interaction

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
Francine Perrine-Walker
Keyword(s):  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Phytophthora Palmivora ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Black Pod ◽  
Rot Disease ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

Phytophthora palmivora (Butler) is an hemibiotrophic oomycete capable of infecting over 200 plant species including one of the most economically important crops, Theobroma cacao L. commonly known as cocoa. It infects many parts of the cocoa plant including the pods, causing black pod rot disease. This review will focus on P. palmivora’s ability to infect a plant host to cause disease. We highlight some current findings in other Phytophthora sp. plant model systems demonstrating how the germ tube, the appressorium and the haustorium enable the plant pathogen to penetrate a plant cell and how they contribute to the disease development in planta. This review explores the molecular exchange between the oomycete and the plant host, and the role of plant immunity during the development of such structures, to understand the infection of cocoa pods by P. palmivora isolates from Papua New Guinea.

scholarly journals The expression of pathogenicity-related genes in Phytophthora palmivora causing black pod rot disease on cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 284-295
Author(s):  
Masanto Masanto ◽  
Arif Wibowo ◽  
Nur Fathurahman Ridwan ◽  
Widhi Dyah Sawitri ◽  
Koji Kageyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Phytophthora Palmivora ◽  
Black Pod ◽  
Rot Disease ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

Genetic diversity of native cultivated cacao accessions (Theobroma cacao L.) in Nicaragua

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 254-257
Author(s):  
Erwin Aragon ◽  
Claudia Rivera ◽  
Helena Korpelainen ◽  
Aldo Rojas ◽  
Paula Elomaa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Phytophthora Palmivora ◽  
Genetic Composition ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Black Pod ◽  
Black Pod Disease ◽  
Parental Lines ◽  
Resistant Genotypes ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

A total of 60 farmers' cacao accessions (Theobroma cacao L.) from Nicaragua were investigated using microsatellite markers to reveal their genetic composition and to identify potentially resistant genotypes against the black pod disease caused by Phytophthora palmivora. These accessions were compared with 21 breeders' accessions maintained locally, two Criollo accessions from Costa Rica and two accessions from Ecuador. The analyses showed a low level of differentiation among groups of farmers' accessions (FST = 0.06) and that six Nicaraguan accessions were genetically closely related to the two Criollo accessions used as a reference. In addition, seven distinct genotypes were found to have allelic composition that may indicate linkage to resistance alleles, thus being potential parental lines in future breeding programmes.

scholarly journals Symbiotic and endophytic fungi as biocontrols against cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) phytopathogens

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Amanda Villamizar-Gallardo ◽  
Oscar Orlando Ortíz-Rodriguez ◽  
Jhon Wilmer Escobar
Keyword(s):  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Phytophthora Palmivora ◽  
Mycotoxigenic Fungi ◽  
Black Pod ◽  
Antagonistic Potential ◽  
Native Strains ◽  
Biological Methods ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

ABSTRACT Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is a tropical tree, seriously affected by fungal diseases. To control several pathogens, biological methods are prescribed since they are friendly to the environment and easy to use. The main objective of this study was to assess the biocontrol effect of two native strains, Trichoderma viride and Botryosphaeria quercum, on phytopathogens such as Phytophthora palmivora and Moniliophtora roreri, causal agents of black pod and frosty pod rot diseases, respectively. In addition, biocontrolers were faced on potential mycotoxigenic fungi such as Aspergills flavus and Fusarium solani, which are very common on cocoa. The Bio-Control Index (BCI) was calculated to determine the in vitro biocontrol effect against the four phytopathogens. Results indicated that the best biocontrol agent of phytopathogens was B. quercum, showing BCI of 82.3%, 80.7%, 63.3% and 59.7% for each tested phytopathogen, respectively. Competition for substrate was the dominant biocontrol strategy. As to the origin of strains, those coming from the Department Norte de Santander and Santander showed the highest average inhibition percentage. This study provides an initial screening to the endophytic and antagonistic potential of fungi, specifically those capable of colonizing cocoa pods and soils. Thus, these strains can be used as an efficient biological control alternative against several known phytopathogens of cocoa in the field.

scholarly journals Performance and suggested alternative strategies in developing Indonesian cocoa export business

1970 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bambang Dradjat ◽  
Herman Herman
Keyword(s):  
Phytophthora Palmivora ◽  
High Humidity ◽  
Sterile Soil ◽  
Ammonia Gas ◽  
Alternative Strategies ◽  
Black Pod ◽  
Wet Climate ◽  
Rot Disease ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Observation Results

Black pod rot disease (BPRD) which is caused by Phytophthora palmivora is one of the main diseases of cocoa cultivations particularly in plantations with wet climate. Black pod rot can develop rapidly under high humidity environments, particularly during rainy seasons. This disease can cause loss of harvest of up to 46.63% in East Java. The various control efforts attempted so far have not resulted in significant improvements. Urea, in addition to functioning as fertilizer, can also produce the ammonia gas which is believed to be able to suppress black pod rot. This research aims to determine the effectiveness of black pod rot control using the combination of lime and urea. This research was conducted from June to September 2013. The materials used in test included sterile soil, black pod rot infected cocoa, urea, and agricultural lime. Observation results showed that ammonia could form from urea. Lime can increase the speed of the formation. The ammonia gas forming from 0.06% urea and 0.3% lime can control the P. palmivora fungus inside the soil. Key words: Pod rot, P. palmivora, urea, lime, ammonia

scholarly journals Observations on the Potential of an Endophytic Fungus Associated with Cacao Leaves against Phytophthora palmivora

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 528-538
Author(s):  
Joan P. Sadoral ◽  
Christian Joseph R. Cumagun
Keyword(s):  
Endophytic Fungus ◽  
Data Distribution ◽  
Phytophthora Palmivora ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Homogeneity Of Variances ◽  
Colletotrichum Siamense ◽  
Black Pod ◽  
Asymptomatic Infections ◽  
Rot Disease ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Characterization

A study was conducted to test the pathogenicity of an endophytic fungus associated with asymptomatic cacao leaves, to determine its identity through cultural, morphological and molecular characterization, and to evaluate itsantagonistic ability vs. Phytophthora palmivora causing cacao black pod rot disease. Experiments were carried out under laboratory and shade house conditions. Homogeneity of variances and normal data distribution were determined using Bartlett’s and Shapiro–Wilk tests, respectively. Inoculation of the endophyte in healthy cacao seedlings and pods at 5 × 105 to 1 × 106 conidia per mL by spraying resulted in asymptomatic infections. The endophyte was recovered from artificially inoculated tissues 14 and 26 days after inoculation (DAI) (UF18 seedlings), and at 10 (K9 seedlings) and 14 DAI from cacao pods. The endophyte was identified as Colletotrichum siamense based on its cultural, morphological and molecular characteristics. In vitroanti-pathogen assays showed that C. siamense had the potential to limit pathogen growth by antibiosis. At 3, 5 and 7 days after incubation period (DAIP), growth of the pathogen in co-cultivation with the endophyte measured 60.0, 70.0 and 71.0 mm, respectively, which wasconsiderably lower than the growth of the pathogen alone.

scholarly journals ​Control Activity and Antibiotic Gene Detection of Endophytic Bacteria in Suppressing Cocoa Black Pod Disease (Phytophthora palmivora Butl.)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rian Arini ◽  
Gusti Ayu Kade Sutariati ◽  
Andi Khaeruni ◽  
Teguh Wijayanto ◽  
Novita Pramahsari Putri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endophytic Bacteria ◽  
Disease Suppression ◽  
Phytophthora Palmivora ◽  
Antibiotic Biosynthesis ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Pcr Product ◽  
Black Pod ◽  
Black Pod Disease ◽  
Rot Disease

Background: Black pod rot disease of cocoa caused by (Phytophthora palmivora Butl.) is one of the major diseases on cocoa plantations worldwide. Many attempts have been made to prevent or reduce the infection of pathogens, but they have not provided optimum results. This study aims to detect antibiotic genes in endophytic bacteria that can suppress cocoa black pod disease. Methods: Eight endophytic bacteria were isolated from healthy cocoa pods and twigs that showed potentials in suppressing P. palmivora growth in vitro were used in suppressing of black pod rot disease in vivo tests. Antibiotic biosynthesis-related genes from eight endophytic bacterial isolates were confirmed by using PCR method, which includes phenazine-1-carboxylic (PCA), pyrrolnitrin (PRN), phenazine-1-carboxamide acid (PCN), pyoluteorin (PLT) and 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DPAG/Phl). Result: The endophytic bacteria, 4RSI, 5BR B3 and 2RW B2 isolates showed the highest disease suppressing index to black pod rot disease in vivo, i.e., 70.27%, 70.08% and 56.64%. The isolates 5BR B3 and 2RW B2 DNA yielded PCR product by using PCA primers (1400 bp), PRN primers (700 bp) and DAPG primers (1600 bp), while the 5RSI isolate yield PCR product using PRN primers only. Endophytic bacterial isolates 5BRB3 and 2RW B2 provided partial disease suppression to pod rot disease by inhibit pathogen growth and antibiotic compounds production.

DNA-based electrochemical nanobiosensor for the detection of Phytophthora palmivora (Butler) Butler, causing black pod rot in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) pods

2019 ◽  
Vol 107 ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
Anthony James DM. Franco ◽  
Florinia E. Merca ◽  
Myrna S. Rodriguez ◽  
Johnny F. Balidion ◽  
Veronica P. Migo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Phytophthora Palmivora ◽  
Black Pod ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L
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